Motivation. Korpus-Abfrage: Werkzeuge und Sprachen. Overview. Languages of Corpus Query. SARA Query Possibilities 1
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1 Korpus-Abfrage: Werkzeuge und Sprachen Gastreferat zur Vorlesung Korpuslinguistik mit und für Computerlinguistik Charlotte Merz 3. Dezember 2002 Motivation Lizentiatsarbeit: A Corpus Query Tool for Automatically Annotated Corpora Corpus Query Tool Theoretical Part about Corpus Query Charlotte Merz 2 Overview Corpus Query Tools: SARA Theoretical Considerations: Parameters of Corpus Query Corpus Query Languages My Own Corpus Query Tool Languages of Corpus Query Scripting languages (perl, tgrep, etc.): Not very intuitive or easy to use Corpus Query Languages Formal construct designed to retrieve data from corpora Emphasis on linguistic information (trade-off between linguistic correctness and performance) SQL For database queries only Charlotte Merz Charlotte Merz 4 Corpus Query Tools: SARA SARA: SGML-Aware Retrieval Application Query Tool for British National Corpus (BNC: 100 Million words, PoS-tagged) Makes use of Corpus Query Language Graphical interface ( Query Builder ) as well as Corpus Query Language CQL SARA Query Possibilities 1 Word query (e.g. colour retrieves colour, coloured, colouring, etc. ) Phrase query home _ centre retrieves home loan centre or home improvement center Pattern query colo?r retrieves all instances of color and colour Charlotte Merz Charlotte Merz 6
2 SARA Query Possibilities 2 SARA Query Builder PoS-query colour =NN1 retrieves all instances of colour as a noun colour =VVI retrieves all instances of colour as infinitive SGML-query <body> retrieves all instances of the SGML-tag <body> Charlotte Merz 7 Query Builder: visual interface to create complex queries Scope node (left) e.g. search within the scope of a single SGMLelement <body> Content node (right) Find colour in combination with PoS-tag VVB or VVI (BNC Tagset: VVI is infinitive of lexical verb, VVB is base form of lexical verb, except infinitive) Charlotte Merz 8 SARA Query Builder SARA Result Display Charlotte Merz Charlotte Merz 10 SARA CQL 1: Atomic Query Atomic query: A word, punctuation mark, or delimited string (e.g. jam,?, Mrs. ) A word-and-pos pair (e.g. CAN =NN1) A phrase (e.g. not in your life ) A pattern (e.g. colo?r) An SGML query (e.g. <body>) Wildcard character _ (e.g. home _ center) Charlotte Merz 11 SARA CQL 2: Unary Operators Unary operators: Case: $ operator makes query casesensitive operator makes query search within headers as well as bodies of texts Not:! Operator matches everything which is not a solution to the query (e.g.!cat dog finds occurrences of cat not preceded by cat ) Charlotte Merz 12
3 SARA CQL 3: Binary Operators Binary operators: Sequence: blanks between two queries (e.g. cat dog) Disjunction: operator matches cases which satisfy either query (e.g. cat dog) Join: * (order matters) and # (order does not matter) operator match cases which satisfy both queries (e.g. cat * dog) Charlotte Merz 13 SARA Conclusion Disadvantages: no syntactic mark-up in BNC -> retrieval options less comlex no delexicalized search options for PoS output functions restricted Advantages: SGML search options query builder BNCWeb refines BNC query Charlotte Merz 14 SARA Literature: Burnard, Lou Introducing SARA: An SGML-Aware Retrieval Application for the British National Corpus at d96a.htm SARA handbook Internet Resources: SARA trial version for 30 days at Simple Search online at Charlotte Merz 15 Corpus Query Tools: Two-part system: TIGERRegistry and TIGERRegistry: import and preprocessing of corpora : querying, display and export of query results corpora: NEGRA treebank ( syntactically annotated sentences) other corpora converted to TIGERXML-format Charlotte Merz 16 Architecture TIGERRegistry NEGRA format UPenn format XML format TIGER format index -ing lookup Index (see next slide) Source: Lezius and König 2000a: Charlotte Merz 17 Architecture Source: Lezius and König 2000a:114 Query (TIGER format) UPenn format XML format Query (TIGER format) conversion parsing Results conversion TIGERRegistry (see previous slide) lookup Search Space Filter Query Optimization Query Evaluation Index Charlotte Merz 18
4 Description/Query Language 1 TIGER Description Language serves two purposes: to encode the syntactic annotation of the corpus to define queries TIGER Description Language Levels: node level node relation level graph description level Description/Query Language 2 Node level: nodes are feature-value pairs (e.g. word= Farbe, pos= NN ) combination of nodes with Boolean expressions (e.g. [word= Farbe & pos= NN ]) Node relation level: nodes are combined by the following two relations: direct precedence (horizontal dimension) direct dominance (vertical dimension, operator >) (e.g. [cat= PP ] > [pos= APPRART ]) Charlotte Merz Charlotte Merz 20 Description/Query Language 3 MO PP 500 AC NK Am 0 APPRART 502 OC VP 501 S HD HD Abend 1 wurde 2 gespielt 3. 4 NN VAFIN VVPP $. Graph description level: (restricted) Boolean expressions combine node relations (e.g. [cat= VP ] > [pos= APPRART ] & [cat= VP ] > [pos= VVPP ]) Charlotte Merz 21 Conclusion Disadvantages: TIGER Description Language has to be learned in order to carry out queries only one output function (with syntactic annotation) Advantages: conversion of different corpus formats to TIGERXML graphical syntax output, highlighting of searched element Charlotte Merz 22 Literature: Lezius, Wolfgang and König, Esther Towards a Search Engine for Syntactically Annotated Corpora. KONVENS Lezius, Wolfgang and König, Esther The TIGER Language. Smith, George A Brief Introduction to the TIGER Sample Corpus Internet Resources: TIGER Project Charlotte Merz 23 Corpus Query Languages: Overview Formal construct designed to retrieve data from corpora Corpus query language depends on project; many different versions available Conflict between traditional linguistic description languages (i.e. grammar formalisms) and efficiency Charlotte Merz 24
5 Corpus Query Languages: Elements Corpus query languages consist of the following elements: Symbols for constituents; Symbols to describe the order of these constituents (horizontally as well as vertically); Boolean operators to combine (sequences of) constituents; Further options such as case-sensitiveness, number, etc Charlotte Merz 25 General Parameters of Corpus Query Research question: query for word, syntactic constituents, statistical information, etc.? User: beginner, intermittent user, experienced user? Corpus annotation: plain text, PoS-tagged, syntactically annotated, semantic tags? Charlotte Merz 26 Technical Considerations of Corpus Query Data storage: plain text, XML-encoded text, NEGRA Export Format, database, etc. Architecture: local program vs. client/server-architecture Interface: textual input vs. graphical interface Output: KWIC, PoS-tags, syntactic structures, graphical output, lemmas, etc. My Own Corpus Query Tool User: beginner (can be extended to professional user) Architecture: webbased query interface (PHP & HTML) MySQL database on server at IFI Graphical query interface Corpus storage and retrieval from a database Charlotte Merz Charlotte Merz 28 Database Systems User Application Programs/Queries A database is a logically coherent collection of data with some inherent meaning A database is administered by a database management system (DBMS) Data in a database is modelled in a scheme which describes their meaning (meta-data) Relational Database Systems are based on tables Charlotte Merz 29 Software to Process Queries/Programs Software to Access Stored Data Database Definition Stored Database DBMS Simplified Database Environment (Elmasri, Navathe 2000:6) Charlotte Merz 30
6 Advantages of Database Systems Centralized realization of all database functions (such as data definition, data organization, data integrity, access to specific data) allows consistent access to data Integration of all data avoids redundancy Data is independent of applications Database systems take measures to guarantee data integrity and control of multiple users meta-data informs about structure of data Charlotte Merz 31 Relational Database Schema (excerpt) Word Sentence Txt Tag Parent Edgelabel SemName SemType Lemma Tag Txt Description TagSimple TagSimple Txt Description Charlotte Merz 32 Primary Key Foreign Key table word Relational Database: MySQL Tables (excerpt) table tag SQL SQL (Structured Query Language) is a relational data definition and manipulation language SQL query structure: SELECT <attribute list> FROM <table list> WHERE <condition> example query for word vom SELECT Txt FROM word WHERE Txt= vom Charlotte Merz Charlotte Merz 34 Query Possibilities Query Interface Query for words single word word followed by word in variable distance Query for PoS-tags single PoS-tag PoS-tag followeg by PoS-tag in variable distance Query for syntactical constituents Query for lemma Corpus-Browsing Charlotte Merz Charlotte Merz 36
7 Result Display Simple Query: KWIC with PoS-tags Advanced/Lemma Query: full annotation in verticalized sentence table (see left) My Own Corpus Query Tool: Conclusion Disadvantages: restricted versatility of query Advantages: easy handling different types of result display Performance with large corpora? Charlotte Merz Charlotte Merz 38 Literature Literature: Plaehn, Oliver Datenbank- Dokumentation. Elmasri, Ramez and Navathe, Shamkant Fundamentals of Database Systems. Internet Resources: CorpusQuery/start.html Charlotte Merz 39
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