Heat stress in dairy cows and the role of nutrition

Transcription

1 Heat stress in dairy cows and the role of nutrition Roel Baakman Technical support manager Lallemand Animal Nutrition

2 Presentation Content 1. Introduction Threshold for heat stress 2. Negative impact of heat stress Rumen health and feed efficiency Oxidative stress 3. How to assess heat stress 4. Nutritional management Practical solutions to combat heat stress

3 Lallemand: A passion for fermentation Our core activity is the development, production and marketing of yeast, bacteria and their derivatives: BAKING OENOLOGY BREWING / DISTILLED SPIRITS HEALTH SOLUTIONS PHARMA ANIMAL NUTRITION FOOD INGREDIENTS SPECIALTY CULTURES BIOFUELS PLANT CARE

4 Responding to market demands Specific Applications Yeast and bacteria probiotics Yeast derivatives Antioxidants Silage inoculants Manure/slurry management Biofilms Bioremediation Competitive Exclusion

5 Heat stress A common problem In many parts of the world More extreme weather conditions Increasing production levels Breeds from mild climates Underestimated impact Even during short periods of heat stress Immediate impact + recovery after heat stress period

6 Introduction (THI) Temperature humidity index (THI) Meteorological station can underestimate by 3 units the THI inside barns Shock et al, 2016 Burgos and Collier, Threshold for Dairy Cows : THI 68-72

7 Introduction Impact of heat stress Decreased performance Decreased milk production Suppressed immunity Reduced milk quality Decreased reproduction Reduced conception Decreased welfare Acidosis and lameness Long-term effects subsequent lactation or offspring

8 What happens with the cow s rumen health? > THI 68 RESPIRATION æ RUMINATION æ FEED INTAKE æ RUMEN MICROFLORA ACTIVITY Impaired rumen health and risk for SARA: Ø Rumen ph decreases below 5.8 Ø Milk yield, milk fat content and feed efficiency decreases Ø Other consequences and symptoms lameness, masees, reduced concepeon rate

9 Reduced rumination activity RuminaJng acjvity % of cows lying cow, which are ruminajng For 10 points of difference of THI : Loss of 60 minutes of rumination time per day Mathew Haan, Penn State Extension Published 02/11/ Out of summer (Low THI) Summer months (High THI) Lallemand internal database/ 556 audits RuminaJon Saliva produceon is decreased Bicarbonate is reduced à because of paneng RuminaEng is an indicator rumen moelity à important for removal of SCFA Less ruminaeon will again have a depressing effect on feed intake

10 Feed intake (behavior) DMI variation 30 % 25 % 20 % Heat stress 1. Sudden drop in feed intake 2. Changing feeding behavior (over) eat during the morning Large impact on rumen ph/ health! (acidosis) 15 % 10 % 5 % Upper criecal temperature/ THI - 5 % - 10 % - 15 % - 20 % - 25 % - 30 % Thermo neutral zone Normal feed intake Mader Nebraska university Ambient temperature

11 Changes in rumen microflora Exposure to heat and high humidity affects the rumen microbiota causing significant shifts of microbial populations (direct impact of the rumen temperature): Drastic decrease of fibrolytic Fibrobacter genus Increase of the relative populations of the Clostridium coccoides- Eubacterium rectale group of the genus Streptococcus (involved in acidosis occurrence) As a result, fiber degradation and feed efficiency could be affected and the risk for SARA is increased (Tajima et al., 2007; Uyeno et al., 2010)

12 How to asses heat stress = Visible indicators REI tool, Lallemand RuminaEon acevity Risk Level: <60% of cows lying which are ruminaeng RespiraEon, paneng, foam, drewling Manure consistency LocomoEon score Risk Level: <90% of cows with a good locomoeon score Milk fat : protein Risk Level: <1,2 SomaEc cell count Risk Level: < cells/ml Feed intake/ Rumen fill Lallemand internal database shows that 40-60% of farms is in the challenging zone during summer period

13 Heat stress abatement and feeding strategies Cooling Feed/diet quality AddiJves

14 Nutritional management Provide clean and sufficient drinking water Feeding fresh and palatable feed Feed more often Use high quality silage Palatable Easily digestible Do not change the ration dramatically Increase the energy content (increase concentrate) Make sure there is still enough fiber Adjust the protein content Minerals Use additives to support rumen health and antioxidant status

15 Silage quality Feeding spoiled silages (includes molds / mycotoxins) in rations can have a negative effect on rumen fermentation efficiency L.A. Whitlock, T. Wistuba, M. K. Siefers, Cattlemen s Day, 2000

16 Silage quality Harvest management is a priority! ü Chop at proper moisture and length ü Pack quickly ü Pack tightly ü Seal quickly ü Use plastic and weights ü Manage the feed-out rate upon opening ü Properly manage the pile face upon opening Silages additives can help Heterofermentatitive bacteria such as the L. buchneri NCIMB and L. hilgardii CNCM I-4785, which produces antifungal compounds that improves stability at feedout

17 Feeding additives: Live yeast and rumen health Live yeast (Levucell SC) will improve rumen funceoning Lactate-producing bacteria Lactate-utilizing bacteria Microbial population optimization Anaerobic condition (thanks to oxygen scavenging) Rumen ph Fiber degradation

18 Levucell SC and rumen ph Levucell SC reduces the risk of SARA and improves the fiber digesebility

19 Benefits during heat stress LEVUCELL SC combined with sodium bicarbonate improves milk yield and rumen efficiency during heat stress Ration: Corn silage (25.7%) on a dry matter basis, alfalfa hay (16%), concentrate (58.3%) Temperature-Humidity Index (THI): 54 days at THI 81 (severe heat stress) 3.5% fat-corrected milk (kg/day) Milk Yield (+5.1%) and Feed Efficiency (+8.5%) kg +5.10% Feed efficiency (FCM*/ kg DMI**) g +8.10% 1.53 Rumen ph Rumen ph with positive consequences on practical indicators (manure consistency) pt 6.10 CONTROL (270g sodium bicarbonate) LEVUCELL SC I x10 9 CFU/head/d CONTROL (270g sodium bicarbonate) LEVUCELL SC I x10 9 CFU/head/d *FCM : 3.5% Fat Corrected Milk) **DMI : Dry Matter Intake) 270g sodium bicarbonate LEVUCELL SC I *10 10 CFU/head/d (180g sodium bicarbonate) Trial: University of Teheran, IRAN, 2013

20 Oxidative stress > THI 68 Lower immunity Decreased concepjon rate OxidaEve stress Increased maintenance energy SCC in milk masjjs OxidaJve stress Ø Imbalance between reaceve oxidaeve species and aneoxidants availability Ø Impact on cow s health and ferelity

21 Somatic cell count during the summer Somatic Cells per ml milk 150, , , , , ,000 90,000 80,000 70,000 60, Year Year Year Year 4

22 Antioxidants Primary anjoxidants = prevenjon Secondary anjoxidants = repair ROS (O 2 -, H 2 0 2, OH ): physiologically produced by the mitochondria during cell respiraeon process and by immune cells (acevated phagocytes) in the fight against pathogens.

23 Benefit of antioxidants on milk quality Switzerland, commercial farm, 2015

24 Conclusions Heat stress is very costly to dairy farmers Do not underestimate the impact Risk of impaired rumen functioning and health Short-term and long-term impact Managing the risk: Monitor the risk of heat stress and asses cow s rumen health (Lallemand Forward Services and on farm-tools) Implement heat abatement strategies and feeding strategies Feed quality silage, take control with inoculants(magniva) Use feed additives such as live yeast (Levucell SC) and extra antioxidants (Alkosel and Melofeed) to support the rumen

25 Thank you for your attention

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