The Reasons for this Symposium on Past, Present and Future of Subnuclear Physics

Transcription

1 Subnuclear Physics: Past, Present and Future Pontifical Academy Sciences, Scripta Varia 119, Vatican City The Reasons for this Symposium on Past, Present and Future Subnuclear Physics ANTONINO ZICHICHI Pontifical Academy Sciences, Vatican City INFN and University Bologna, Italy CERN, Geneva, Switzerland World Federation Scientists, Beijing, Geneva, Moscow, New York This is first time that Pontifical Academy Sciences places field Subnuclear Physics at centre its attention. On behalf all my colleagues engaged in this frontier Modern Science I would like to express to our President, H.E. Pressor Werner Arber and to our Chancellor H.E. Monsignor Marcelo Sánchez Sorondo, our deep gratitude. This Seminar has two purposes: one is Pure Physics, or is Scientific Culture. Our field activity competes in terms number people and financial support with gigantic projects such as one aimed at having man going to satellite Sun called Mars. This is why we cannot ignore tax payers, i.e. Culture our Time, called Modern Culture. As you know H.H. Benedict XVI has focused attention Modern Culture to complex property our form living matter called Reason. The greatest achievement Reason in Immanentistic Sphere our existence is Rigorous Experimental Logic, called Science. Science is latest achievement Reason; it came 3 thousands years after discovery Rigorous Theoretical Logic, called Mamatics; Subnuclear Physics: Past, Present and Future 21

2 ANTONINO ZICHICHI and 10 thousands years (probably even ) after discovery Permanent Collective Memory (better known as Written Language). The future Subnuclear Physics needs our engagement in order to have Culture our Time supporting Subnuclear Physics. For this to happen depends on our engagement for Scientific Culture. Let me give you an example. When people see my friend David Scott, Commander Apollo XV, performing famous Galilei experiment at Moon and saying Galilei was Right we need to explain that if this could be done it is because in our Labs we have been able to continue Galileian search in trying to understand Logic Nature: i.e. first level Science. Tonight you will see NASA film at Michelangelo s Italian State Basilica Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri. It is first level Science that has given all instruments we use in every daylife and life-expectations over 80 years to our form living matter. We need to let tax payers know that effective motor for progress in immanent part our world is scientific discovery, which is a direct consequence Reason. Thanks to H.H. Benedict XVI, Reason is finally going to be a strong part Modern Culture. Our field is most recent achievement Reason in search to understand Logic Nature. It was borned slightly more that a (1/2) century ago, in 1947 with three discoveries: 1) Lamb-shift; 2) so much wanted but never found before nuclear glue, i.e. meson and 3) Strange particles. Let me show few pictures years 1929, 1947, 1947 and Subnuclear Physics: Past, Present and Future

3 THE REASONS FOR THIS SYMPOSIUM ON PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF SUBNUCLEAR PHYSICS 1963 This is first example what is now "standard" in experimental subnuclear physics: very large acceptance detectors. On rails neutron missing mass spectrometer. PAPLEP Proton AntiProton into Lepton Pairs first search for 3 rd lepton and PS V. Figure 4 The pre-shower technology o implemented in CERN experimental set- up for study rare decay modes pseudoscalar and vector mesons. 6 Subnuclear Physics: Past, Present and Future 25

4 ANTONINO ZICHICHI SUBNUCLEAR PHYSICS: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE Why Past? Enrico Fermi: Neir Science Nor Civilization Could Exist Without Memory. On occasion twenty-fifth anniversary Ettore Majorana Foundation and Centre for Scientific Culture (EMFCSC), in order to promote values scientific culture worldwide and following a proposal by World Federation Scientists (WFS), a special law was voted unanimously by Sicilian Parliament to establish Ettore Majorana Prize Erice Science for Peace. The Prize is to be awarded to men Culture and Science, who played a leading role in promoting and implementing goals outlined in Erice Statement. P.A.M. Dirac, P.L. Kapitza, A.D. Sakharov, E. Teller, V.F. Weisskopf, J.B.G. Dausset, S.D. Drell, M. Gell-Mann, H.W. Kendall, L.C. Pauling, A. Salam, C. Villi, R. Doll, J.C. Eccles, T.D. Lee, L. Montagnier, Qian Jaidong, J.S. Schwinger, U. Veronesi, G.M.C. Duby, R.L. Garwin, S.L. Glashow, D.C. Hodgkin, R.Z. Sagdeev, K.M.B. Siegbahn, Y.P. Velikhov, J. Karle, J.M.P. Lehn, A. Magnéli, N.F. Ramsey, H. Rieben, J.J. van Rood, C.S. Wu, R.L. Mössbauer, A. Müller, H. Kohl, M.S. Gorbachev, H.H. John Paul II, R. Clark, M. Cosandey, A. Peterman, R. Wilson, J. Alderdice, J.J. Friedman, M. Koshiba, S. Coleman, A.N. Chilingarov, P.C.W. Chu, L. Esaki, W.N. Lipscomb Jr., J. Szysko, M.-K. Wu, H.A. Hauptman, D.H. Hubel, R. Huber, B.I. Samuelsson, H. Sun, A.E. Yonath, G. 't Hot, Y.T. Lee, W. Arber, S.C.C. Ting. 26 Subnuclear Physics: Past, Present and Future

5 THE REASONS FOR THIS SYMPOSIUM ON PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF SUBNUCLEAR PHYSICS You are invited to propose one name with Motivation for 2012 Prize. Figure 5 Subnuclear Physics: Past, Present and Future 27

6 ANTONINO ZICHICHI Present and Future need no explanation n 1947 SUBNUCLEAR PHYSICS is born Lamb shift meson Strange particles These three great discoveries are now understood as being: 1) first example virtual physics; 2) first example a bound system made a quark-antiquarkk pair; 3) first example a new flavour beyond first family. Without Virtual Physics we could never have reached dream Gauge Unification icatio and great competition with Historian who have invented Virtual History. Figure 6 28 Subnuclear Physics: Past, Present and Future

7 THE REASONS FOR THIS SYMPOSIUM ON PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF SUBNUCLEAR PHYSICS GUT (Grand Unified ied Theory): Mamatics a tic THE UNIFICATION OF ALL FUNDAMENTAL FORCES The lines in Figure 8 result from calculations executed with a supercomputer using following system equations: µ d i dµ = b i 2 2 b ij i i j This is a system coupled non-linear differential equations where existence Superworld is taken for granted. This system describes how gauge couplings ( 1, 2, 3 ) vary with µ, basic parameter which depends on energy elementary process, from maximum level Energy (Planck Scale) to energy level our world. j Figure 7 During more than ten years (from 1979 to 1991), 1 no one had realized that t energy threshold for existence Superworld rld was strongly dependent endent on running masses. This is now called: EGM effect fect (from initials Evolution on Gaugino Masses). 1 Subnuclear Physics: Past, Present and Future 29

8 ANTONINO ZICHICHI Figure 8 30 Subnuclear Physics: Past, Present and Future

9 THE REASONS FOR THIS SYMPOSIUM ON PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF SUBNUCLEAR PHYSICS To compute energy threshold using only running gauge couplings (,, ) corresponds to neglecting n g nearly three orders rs magnitude in energy threshold for discovery first particle ( lightest) Superworld [1], as illustrated in Figure 9. Figure 9 Figure 9 illustrates EGM effect fect which lowers by a factor threshold for production lightest superparticle. The mamatical formalism used to obtain results shown in Figures 8 and 9 is a system three differential fe non-linear equations (shown in Figure 7) describing how gauge couplings i, j (with i = 1, 2, 3; and J = 1, 2, 3 but i j), vary with µ, basic parameter am which depends on energy a given elementary process. 1 Subnuclear Physics: Past, Present and Future 31

10 ANTONINO ZICHICHI DETAILS Figure Subnuclear Physics: Past, Present and Future

11 THE REASONS FOR THIS SYMPOSIUM ON PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF SUBNUCLEAR PHYSICS The GAP between E GUT and E Planck Figure 11 Subnuclear Physics: Past, Present and Future 33

12 ANTONINO ZICHICHI A different fe way to describe e how gauge couplings 1, 2, 3 vary with energy ergy is reported in Figure 12. The simplest way to get GUT ( point where all fundamental forces are toger: Grand Unification Theory) would be straight line. But real world does not follow this platonic straight line. The sequence points ( big red points), in steps 100 GeV, is very different fe from Platonic line (dotted blue points). The way nature goes is reported rt by sequence big red points which h are result mamatics tics reported in Figure 12. PLATONIC VERSUS REAL GUT The big red points represents real GUT. They have a sequence 100 GeV in energy. The last point where ideal platonic straight line intercepts oretical prediction is at energy Grand Unification. This corresponds to E GU = GeV. Or detailed information on oretical inputs: number fermionic families, N F, is 3; number Higgs particles, N H, is 2. The input values gauge couplings at Z 0 -mass is 3 (M Z ) = ± 0.008; or input is ratio weak and electromagnetic couplings also measured at Z 0 -mass value: sin 2 W (M Z ) = ± The Platonic GUT is straight line dotted blue points. Figure Subnuclear Physics: Past, Present and Future

13 THE REASONS FOR THIS SYMPOSIUM ON PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF SUBNUCLEAR PHYSICS All l problems mentioned so far are based on computations using existence Virtual Phenomena na which h have to obey Fundamental nt Logic Nature, i.e. Virtual Physics which is most exact limit we are able to compute towards perfect knowledge Logic Nature started by Galileo Galilei. Virtual Physics has given rise to existence Virtual History. From Virtual Physics to Virtual History What is Virtual History? If we compare Virtual History and Virtual Physics, conclusion is that only if destiny was re Virtual History could obey same Logic as Virtual Physics does. VIRTUAL HISTORY Table 1 Subnuclear Physics: Past, Present and Future 35

14 ANTONINO ZICHICHI 1947 SUBNUCLEAR PHYSICS is born Lamb shift OK meson NOW Strange particles Figure Subnuclear Physics: Past, Present and Future

15 THE REASONS FOR THIS SYMPOSIUM ON PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF SUBNUCLEAR PHYSICS From meson to Third Family Leptons Figure 14 (g2) µ (±) 0,5% This experiment required construction largest and highest precision "flat" magnet world, whose schematic drawing is reported in Figure Subnuclear Physics: Past, Present and Future 37

16 ANTONINO ZICHICHI Figure 15: (Figure from [20]). General plan 6-metre magnet. M: bending magnet; Q: pair quadrupoles; 1, Be, 2, 3: injection assembly consisting ng Be-moderator and counters 1, 2, 3; T: : methylene-iodide target; counters 66', 77': "backward" and "forward" electron telescopes. A stored and ejected muon is registered as a coincidence idence 4, 5, 66',, gated by a 1, 2, 3 and by eir a forward or backward ard electron signal. Figure Subnuclear Physics: Past, Present and Future

17 THE REASONS FOR THIS SYMPOSIUM ON PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF SUBNUCLEAR PHYSICS Figure 17 The first high precision measurement QED radiative effects fects outside (electron and photon) world [21] are in Figures 16 and 17. Conclusion: µ is a heavy electron to within ± 0,5%. 4 µ GF ± Figure 18: (Figure from [22]) The diagram above shows thatt experimental results on µ obtained in Chicago and Carnegie were affected fe by a rate dependent systematic effect fect which h invalidates data. The CERN result is first without this trouble. Subnuclear Physics: Past, Present and Future 39

18 ANTONINO ZICHICHI Figure 19 Figure 20: (Figure from [23]) The expected number (e ± µ ) pairs vs. m HL, i.e. heavy lepton mass, s for two types universal weak couplings heavy lepton. 40 Subnuclear Physics: Past, Present and Future

19 THE REASONS FOR THIS SYMPOSIUM ON PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF SUBNUCLEAR PHYSICS Figure 21 From meson to Instantons we need experimental en discovery PS V Figure 22 Subnuclear Physics: Past, Present and Future 41

20 ANTONINO ZICHICHI 1947 SUBNUCLEAR UCLEAR PHYSICS S is born Lamb shift OK meson OK Strange particles NOW Figure Subnuclear Physics: Past, Present and Future

21 THE REASONS FOR THIS SYMPOSIUM ON PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF SUBNUCLEAR PHYSICS THE EFFECTIVE ENERGY ER Figure 24: The first paper per where effective fective energy was introduced in study high energy (pp) interactions at ISR. The proliferation in "dynamic" sector was multitude final states produced by pairs interacting ng particles, in strong, electromagnetic tic and weak processes: s: Strong EM Weak p K Kpp p ppp p pnn p ppp p e epp µ p e + e p It is introduction effective fective energy which allowed one to put all l different fe e final states on same basis. Subnuclear Physics: Past, Present and Future 43

22 ANTONINO ZICHICHI This basis is quantities measured in multihadronic final states: i) average charged multiplicity; li it < n ch > ; ii) fractional energy distribution; d / dx i ; iii) transverse momentum distribution d / dpti ; etc..... Figure 25: Reproduction on conclusions a review paper [24]. 44 Subnuclear Physics: Past, Present and Future

23 THE REASONS FOR THIS SYMPOSIUM ON PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF SUBNUCLEAR PHYSICS Recall Myth Only High p hadronic processes s could be compared with DIS p ep µp Figure 26: A synsis s high transverse momentum myth. Figure 27 SM&B THE STANDARD MODEL AND BEYOND RGEs ( 3); i (i 1, 2, m (j j q, l, G, H)) : ( 1/24) j ƒ (kk 2 ). GUT ( GUT & GAP (10 10 ) GeV. SUSY SY (to stabilize mf/mp F/m ). RQST (to quantize Gravity). Gauge Principle (hidden and expanded dimensions).. Ho How a Fundamental Force is generated: SU(3); SU(2); U(1) and Gravity. The Physics Imaginary Masses: SSB.. Th The Imaginary Mass in SU(2)U(1) produces masses (mm W ± ; m Z 0; m q ; m l), including m = 0. The Imaginary Mass in SU(5)SU(3)SU(2)U(1) ( or in any higher (not containing U(1)) ) Symmetry metry Group SU(3) SU(2)U(1) produces Monopoles. Th The Imaginary Mass in SU(3) c generates Confinement. Flavour Mixings & CP, T (direct, not via SSB). No need for it but it is re. Anomalies & Instantons. s. Basic Features es all Non-Abelian Forces. Figure 28 Subnuclear Physics: Past, Present and Future 45

24 ANTONINO ZICHICHI NOTE q quark and squark; m F Fermi mass scale; l lepton and slepton; m P Planck mass scale; G Gauge boson and Gaugino; k quadrimomentum; H Higgs and Shiggs; C Charge Conjugation; RGEs Renormalization Group Equations; P Parity; GUT Grand Unified ied Theory; T Time Reversal; SUSY SY Supersymmetry; y; Breakdown Symmetry y Operators. rs RQST Relativistic Quantum String Theory; SSB Spontaneous Symmetry y Breaking. Figure 29 The five basic steps in our understanding Logic Nature The renormalization group equations (RGEs) imply thatt gauge couplings ( i ) and masses (m j ) all run with k 2. It is this running which allows GUT, suggests SUSY and produces need for a non point-like description (RQST) physics processes, thus opening way to quantize gravity. All forces originate in same way: gauge principle. Imaginary masses play a central role in describing nature: SSB S & Confinement. The mass-eigenstates are mixed when Fermi forces come in: matrix describing mixing is product two fundamental matrices. Why mixing ing is re? The Abelian force QED has lost its role being guide for all fundamental forces. The non-abelian gauge forces dominate and have features which are not present in QED. 46 Subnuclear Physics: Past, Present and Future

25 THE REASONS FOR THIS SYMPOSIUM ON PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF SUBNUCLEAR PHYSICS Figure 22 Instantons The Instanton [25, 26] is a solution classical field equations in Euclidean space-time. It is originated by properties vacuum which is strongly coupled to field quanta a given gauge force. In a quantized world Instanton nt corresponds to tunnelling effects fects in Minkowski space-time. These tunnelling effects fects are recognized ed in practice by fact that y violate a global symmetry-law. y- There are two kinds Instantons, ntons, one for QCD and one for QFD, electro-weak forces. In both cases, SU(3) c and SU(2) L, i.e. QCD and QFD, effects fects produced by Instantons can be understood in terms properties Dirac sea. In fact, vacuum, made fermions, has fermionic properties. In QCD, se properties determine "non-spontaneous", n-s neous", i.e. direct, breakdown "chirality" invariance. nce. This has allowed to understand behaviour and ' ' mesons [27, 28, 29, 30]. 2 Subnuclear Physics: Past, Present and Future 47

26 ANTONINO ZICHICHI In SU(2) L effect Instantons is linked to fact that non-abelian gauge force, QFD, acts only on left-handed states and Instantons generate baryon number non-conservation, which is anor U(1) breaking. Instantons typically have effect explicity breaking U(1) symmetries. Why we need Instantons? In order to explain PS V. SU(3) States Note that SU(3) states are (in terms quark composition): (8 th multiplet SU(3) octet) (SU(3) singlet). In real world we have physical states with PS 10 and V 45 uu + dd 2ss (m 500Mev) J PC + = 0 4 uu + dd + '(m 950Mev) 2ss 4 J PC = 1 uu + dd (m 750Mev) 2 (m 1020Mev) ss = 8 cos ' = 8 sin PS PS 1 sin + cos 1 PS PS = 8 cosv 1 sinv = 8 sinv + 1 cosv. 48 Subnuclear Physics: Past, Present and Future

27 THE REASONS FOR THIS SYMPOSIUM ON PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF SUBNUCLEAR PHYSICS Figure 30 Subnuclear Physics: Past, Present and Future 49

28 ANTONINO ZICHICHI 1963 This is first example what is now "standard" in experimental subnuclear physics: very large acceptance detectors. On rails neutron missing mass spectrometer. PAPLEP Proton AntiProton into Lepton Pairs first search for 3 rd lepton and PS V. Figure 4 50 Subnuclear Physics: Past, Present and Future

29 THE REASONS FOR THIS SYMPOSIUM ON PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF SUBNUCLEAR PHYSICS Figure 22 Anomalies The anomalies correspond to quantum effects fects [31, 32]. The term "anomaly" is not so well-chosen since it refers to several different fe features in elementary particle ory. The term originated in QED where radiative effects fects were first discovered. It was introduced in order to describe quantum effects fects in Abelian QFT such as "anomalous" magnetic moment ment muon. Non-Abelian QFT have chiral anomalies which must be cancelled, thus imposing severe conditions on basic structures matter fields (example: top quark needed in third family). Anomalies exist also in Abelian ories, such as those needed to describe 0 [33, 3, 34, 35]. They can thus be used to predict physical processes. Subnuclear Physics: Past, Present and Future 51

30 ANTONINO ZICHICHI Relativistic i Quantum String Theory (RQST) The Standard Model deals with only two three known forces. However quantum mechanics is contagious and gravity cannot avoid quantization. ion. Much our hope has become focused on string ory. Unfortunately RQST has not yet descended to low energy, and goes on making predictions at inaccessible i energies. Figure 31 ANTIPARTICLES and ANTIMATTER ATTER Figure Subnuclear Physics: Past, Present and Future 3

31 THE REASONS FOR THIS SYMPOSIUM ON PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF SUBNUCLEAR PHYSICS The problem understanding n ding difference ference between mass and matter ter is illustrated in Figure 33. The incredible series events which originated with problem understanding stability matter is shown in Figure 34, toger with unexpected violation Symmetry Operators (C, P, T, CP) and discovery Matter-Antimatter r Symmetry. When (1905) Einstein discovered that mc 2 = E he could not sleep at night. (Peter G. Bergmann testimony) Figure 33 Figure 34 shows s seven en decades developments, ents, started from antielectron n and C-invariance and brought us to discovery nuclear antimatter and to unification n all gauge forces. 3 Subnuclear Physics: Past, Present and Future 53

32 ANTONINO ZICHICHI THE INCREDIBLE STORY TO UNDERSTAND D THE ORIGIN OF THE STABILITY OF MATTER SEVEN DECADES FROM THE ANTIELECTRON N TO ANTIMATTER ATTER AND THE UNIFICATION ION OF ALL L GAUGE FORCES The validity C invariance from 1927 to After discovery by Thomson in 1897 first example an elementary particle, Electron, it took genius Dirac to oretically discover Antielectron thirty years after Thomson Dirac equation [36]; existence antielectron is, soon after, oretically predicted. Only a few years were needed, after Dirac s oretical discovery, to experimentally confirm (Anderson, Blackettt and Occhialini [37]) existence Dirac antielectron Discovery C operator [(charge conjugation) H. Weyl and P.A.M..M. Dirac [38]]; discovery P Symmetry Operator [E.P. Wigner, G.C. Wick and A.S. Wightman [39, 40]]; discovery T operator (time reversal) [E.P.. Wigner, J. Schwinger and J.S.. Bell [41, 42, 43, 44]]; discovery CPT Symmetry Operator from RQFT ( ) invariance: [45] Validity C nc e + [37]; [46]; [47]; 3 [48] but see LOY [49]. The new era starts: C ; P ; CP (*) Lee & Yang P ; C [50] Before experimental discovery P & C, Lee, Oehme, Yang (LOY) [49] point out that existence second neutral K-meson, 3, is pro neir C invariance nor CP invariance. Flavour antiflavour mixing does not imply CP invariance C.S.. Wu et al. P ; C [51]; CP ok [52] KK L : CP [53] QED divergences & Landau poles The crisis RQFT & triumph S-matrix ory (i.e. negation RQFT) Nuclear antimatter is (experimentally) discovered d [54]. See also [55] The discovery [56] at SLAC Scaling (free quarks inside a nucleon at very high q 2 ) but in violent (pp) collisions no free quarks at ISR are experimentally found [57]. Theorists s consider Scaling as being evidence for RQFT not to be able to describe Physics Strong Interactions. The only exception is G. 't Hot who discovered ed in 1971 that t -function has negative sign for non-abelian n ories [58] = ; 't Hot; Politzer; Gross & Wilczek. The discovery non-abelian gauge ories. Asymptotic freedom in interaction between quarks and gluons [58] All gauge couplings with run q 2 but y do not converge towards a unique point A.P. & A.Z. point out that new degree freedom due to SUSY allows three couplings to towards, converge hidden side: final interacting particles: a unique point [59] QCD has a 2 3 multitude ude states for each pair i (e+ e ; p ; p; Kp; p; pp; etc. ) The introduction Effective fe Energy allows l to discover Universality properties rties [60] in multihadronic final states All gauge couplings converge towards a unique point at gauge unification energy: E 16 GU 1016 GeV with GU 1/24 [61, 1] The Gap [62] between E GU & String Unification Energy: E SU Planck 1995 CPT loses its foundations scale (T.D. E. at Planck. Lee) [63] No CPT orem from M-ory (B. Greene) [64] A.Z. points out need for new experiments to establish if matter-antimatter antimatter symmetry or asymmetry are at work. (*) The symbol stands for Symmetry metry Breakdown. Figure Subnuclear Physics: Past, Present and Future 3

33 THE REASONS FOR THIS SYMPOSIUM ON PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF SUBNUCLEAR PHYSICS 50 th ANNIVERSARY A OF THE KARLSRUHE K NUCLIDE N CHART C ANTIPARTICLES ICLES AND ANTIMATTER: THE BASIC DIFFERENCE Antonino Zichichi CERN, Geneva, Switzerland Enrico Fermi Centre, Rome, Italy INFN N and University Bologna, Italy «Those e who say that antihydrogen n is antimatter should realize that we are not made hydrogen and we drink water, not liquid hydrogen». These are Dirac s own words to a group physicists ists (Figure 35) gared around him, who, with a single equation [36, 65], opened ed new horizons to human knowledge. Figure 35: Dirac surrounded by young physicists in Erice, after a lecture when he explained difference between antiparticles and antimatter. a tter. It is on this occasion on that he made statement previously quoted. Subnuclear Physics: Past, Present and Future 55

34 ANTONINO ZICHICHI Figure 36: Letter by Mrs Mancy Dirac. 56 Subnuclear Physics: Past, Present and Future

35 3 THE REASONS FOR THIS SYMPOSIUM ON PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF SUBNUCLEAR PHYSICS TOF ± 75 psec D / No Signal signal Figure 37: Schematic layout experimental set-up that allowed discovery antimatter. The combined system bending magnets (BM) coupled with magnetic quadrupoles (Q) and Separator allowed to have most intensive negative beam ever built (authors beam-project: M. Morpurgo, G. Petrucci and A. Zichichi). The scintillation counters, #1, #2, #3, are for time flight (TOF) measurements. The precision achieved was 75 psec. 1 and 2 are Cerenkov detectors for particles identification. Subnuclear Physics: Past, Present and Future 57

36 ANTONINO ZICHICHI Figure 38: Front cover book celebrating ebrating 30th anniversary ary antideuteron discovery. 58 Subnuclear Physics: Past, Present and Future 3

37 THE REASONS FOR THIS SYMPOSIUM ON PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF SUBNUCLEAR PHYSICS Note 1 To obtain water, hydrogen is not sufficient by itself. You also need oxygen whose nucleus is made 8 protons and 8 neutrons. Hydrogen is only element in Mendeleev s Table to be constituted two charged particles, electron and proton, without any role being played by Nuclear Forces. The first element on which Nuclear Forces come into play is heavy hydrogen, whose nucleus, called deuteron, is made with one proton and one neutron. For se two particles to remain toger nuclear glue is needed. Starting from heavy hydrogen, all elements Table, to exist, must have ir nuclei made with protons, neutrons and nuclear glue. If se last two ingredients, neutron and nuclear glue, were not available, nothing but light hydrogen could exist. Farewell water and farewell all material which we are familiar with. Note 2 In Dirac s famous statement, 70 years oretical and experimental discoveries are taken into consideration, with conclusion that existence antimatter is supported exclusively on an experimental basis. In fact as evidenced by T.D. Lee [63], CPT orem is invalidated at Planck Scale ( GeV) where all Nature s Fundamental Forces converge. Since Grand Unification is source everything, if CPT collapses at energy level Grand Unification we can n bid farewell to all that derives from CPT. Subnuclear Physics: Past, Present and Future 59

38 ANTONINO ZICHICHI Figure 39 : Eugene P. Wigner, A. Zichichi and Paul Dirac (Erice, 1982). Conclusions This Seminar is devotedd to review main steps as seen from reference frame, each one us has choosen and cannot not refore be unbiased. Let me cite Rabi: «Physics y c s is Intellectual Freedom. Our interest is to understand nature. It is to our liking to choose best way. Every physicist has his own interests and his own likes and dislikes». s This Seminar should review development e Subnuclear Physics associated with a concrete concern cer n about future our field. 60 Subnuclear Physics: Past, Present and Future 4

39 THE REASONS FOR THIS SYMPOSIUM ON PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF SUBNUCLEAR PHYSICS It is this concern at origin our activity devoted towards implementation new projects. The experimental results acquired so far in Subnuclear Physics tell us that Standard Model cannot be definitive ory, in spite fact that it is most powerful synsis all known n and rigorously measured phenomena. Looking back at last 64 years, amount new knowledge acquired is really overwhelming. Richard P. Feynman 1964, Erice Global & Local Consevation Laws from Discussions at International School Subnuclear Physics. «If a cat were to disappear in Pasadena and at same time appear in Erice, that would be an example global conservation cats. This is not way cats are conserved. Cats or charge or baryons are conserved in a much more continuous way. If any se quantities begin to disappear in a region, n y begin to appear in a neighbouring region. Consequently, we can identify a flow charge out a region with disappearance charge inside region. This identification divergence a flux with time rate change a charge density is called a local conservation law. A local conservation law implies that total charge is conserved globally, but reverse does not hold. However, relativistically it is clear that non-local global conservation laws cannot exist, since to a moving observer cat will appear in Erice before it disappears in Pasadena.» We could relax and enjoy Standard Model, but we already know that this superb synsis is just starting point a new horizon. For this new horizon to be investigated, a project for a new collider able to work at extreme energy and luminosity is needed. 4 Subnuclear Physics: Past, Present and Future 61

40 ANTONINO ZICHICHI This is ELN (Euroasiatic LOng Intersecting Storage Accelerator), a (pp) collider with highest energy and luminosity which could be built with simple extrapolation presently known technologies. The ELN project is very ambitious but we should be encouraged by our previous experiences. In fact, path leading to ELN has already gone through Gran Sasso project (now largest and most powerful underground laboratory in world), LEP-white-book which allowed this great European venture to overcome many difficulties that had blocked its implementation during many years, HERA collider (now successfully completed), and roots LHC, as for example 5-metres diameter (not 3 metres) for 27 Km (not 13 Km) LEP tunnel, and LAA-R&D project, implemented to find detector technologies needed for LHC. These past achievements in project realization are mentioned in order to corroborate my optimism and enthusiasm in encouraging new actions and new ideas for future Subnuclear Physics in Europe and in world, all having as focus CERN, greatest Subnuclear Physics Lab in world. 62 Subnuclear Physics: Past, Present and Future

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