6 Thermal Comfort. i. The total metabolic rate for this person is determined by multiplying the specific metabolic rate by the body surface area (A)
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1 6 Thermal Comfort 6.1 A person working in a factory (heavy machine work, 2.4 met), wearing a light working suit (0.75 clo). Assume a body work Efficiency 1"]=15%; Determine the heat loss and the muscle power output (yv). Compare these results with those determined for his state when he returns home while reclining on his sun-bed (0.8 met, Efficiency 1"]=3%), Justify any assumption required. Ans (37 W,211 W; 2W,79 W) i. The total metabolic rate for this person is determined by multiplying the specific metabolic rate by the body surface area (A) convert 2.4 met to 140 W/m2 M = 140 x 1.77 = Walts By definition the efficiency of the body is 1"] = W/M, Hence the rate of work is found as: W = 1"] x M = 0.15 x = 37 Walts The total heat loss Q = M - W = = 210 Walts ii. When silting on the sun-bed, similar procedure as that in (a) is used, hence: M = 46 x 1.77 = 81.4 W (33%, of the value calculated in part i) For this case, efficiency =3%, hence W = 0.03 x 81.4 = 2.4 W (6.5%, of the value calculated in part i) Q = M - W = 79 W (37%, of the value calculated in part i)
2 6.2 Determine the latent heat losses by category, for a person engaged in a Heavy machining (M=139.2 W/m2) in an ambient where the air temperature is 23 C and the relative humidity is 50%. Assume skin temperature of 34 C and physical efficiency of 10%. Ans (10.9 W, 28.2 W, 12.8 W) The partial pressure of water vapour is determined first: xtdb 17.27x23 p, = <I>xO.6105xe t" = 0.5xO.6105xe = 1404 Pa Heat loss by diffusion qd = 3.05x1 0-3X ( 256 ts Ps ) = 3.05x1 0-3 x(256x ) = 10.9 W/m2 Heat loss by evaporation qe = 0.42 (M - W ) = 0.42 ( x ) = 28.2W/m2 Heat loss by respiration qres = M (34 - t db ) x1 0-5X M ( Ps ) = x139.2(34-23) x1 0-5X ( ) = 12.8 W/m2 Hence total latent heat is the sum of all three parts found above, times the body surface area: QL = 1.77 [ ] = 92 W
3 6.3 Determine the heat release by convection from a human body (Assume clothing factor of 1.0 clo, body (clothed) temperature is 34 C, and air temperature 24 C) for two situations: (a) When the average air velocity is 0.5 m/s (b) In a draft free room. Ans (182W, 90W) (a) at 0.5 mis, the convection coefficient, hc = 12.1 V0 5 = 12.1 (0.5) 5 = W/m2K The clothing factor fel = lei = x1 = 1.2 The convection heat loss Qc = hc fel A (tel -tal = 8.556x 1.2 X 1.77 X (34-24) = 182 Walts (b) For free convection, ie when the air velocity is zero The convection coefficient he = 2.38 ( tel _ta)025 = 2.38 (34-24 )025 = 4.23W/m2K The convection heat loss Qc = hc fel A (tel -tal = 4.23x 1.2 X 1.77 X ( 34-24) = 90 Walts
4 6.4 Determine the radiant heat transfer from the human body for two situations: i. Clothing factor = 0 clo, body temperature is 36 C; and the dry bulb temperature of the air is 24 C, ii. Clothing factor = 1.0 clo, body (clothed) temperature is 32 C; and the dry bulb temperature of the air is 24 C Ans (82.8W, 63.5W) (a) Since lei = 0 clo The clothing factor Fel = lei = 1.0 The radiant heat loss Qr = hr fel A (tel -tal = 3.90x 1 X 1.77 X (36-24) = 82.8 Walts (b) Since lei = 1.0 clo The clothing factor Fel = lei = 1.15 The convection heat loss Qr = hr fel A (tel - tal = 3.90x 1.15 X 1.77 X ( ) = 63.5 Walts
5 6.S Determine the Comfort temperature for personnel in a factory (Medium Activity level 1.6 met), under the following conditions: i. in winter condition with clo = 1.S; and ii. in summer time with clo = O.S Ans (14.6 C, 22.2 C) The Comfort Temperature te~m : te~m = 33.S - 3 lei - ( MIA )[ O.OS lei 1 i. For winter time, the comfort temperature is determined: M = 1.6 met = 93 W/m2 te = 33.S -3x1.S - 93( Sx1.S) = 14.S8 c ii. For summer time, the comfort temperature is determined: te = 33.S -3xO.S - 93( SxO.S) = c
6 6.6 Investigate the rate of heat dissipation by respiration with the change of ambient dry bulb temperature tdb varying between 5 and 30 C for a person walking gently ( metabolic rate per unit body area of 69.6 W/m2). Assume relative humidity of 50%, barometric pressure of 1 bar. Ans. (complete in tabular form) The partial pressure of water vapour is determined first: xtdb x5 p, = <I>xO.6105xe t" = 0.5xO.6105xe ' = 436 Pa The heat loss by respiration is : qres = M ( 34 - tdb ) x1 0-5X M ( Ps ) qres = x69.6(34-5) x1 0-5X 69.6 ( ) = W/m2 The total heat loss by respiration: Q res = 1.77 x = W Repeat calculations for tdb =10-30 C Dry bulb temperature tdb Vapour pressure P s Respiration C kpa W heat loss Q res
7 6.7 Investigate the rate of heat dissipation by convection for a male runner with the change of running at an average speed of 4 m/s if the air temperature varies between C. Assume an average clothes temperature of 34 C, and clothing factor of 0.5clo. Ans (@10 C, 1130 W) At V > 0 hc = 12.1 Va 0.5 = 12.1 X 4 5 = 24.2 fel = lei = xO.5= 1.1 Qc = hc fel A (tel.-ta) = X dt Ta Convection heat loss,qe C (W)
8 6.8 Investigate the rate of heat dissipation by radiation for a person sunbathing in the nude with the variation of the air temperature ( c ). Assume an average body temperature of 35 C, and that only half the body area (0.9 m 2 ) is exposed to radiative heat loss. Ans (@20 C, 52.65W) The clothing factor (nude) fel = lei = 1.0 the radiant heat coefficient: hr =3.9 W/m2K A = 0.9 m 2 The radiant heat loss is found using Qr = hr fel A (tel -tal =3.9 X 1 X 0.9 x(35-ta) = 3.51 X dt Ta Radiation heat loss Qrad C W
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