Send in Task 4 ANSWERS. Chapters 6 & 7

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1 Send in Task 4 ANSWERS Chapters 6 & 7 1. Explain the use of the words in italics in the following sentences. What words do they modify (bestämma)? Are they adjectives or adverbs? Ex. I really love English. 'really' modifies the verb 'love' and is an adverb. a) Sean tried hard but he had a hard time keeping up with Pete who spoke terribly fast about his life in the fast lane. 1st 'hard'- ADV, modifies clause, 2nd 'hard' is an ADJ which modifies the N 'time'; 'terribly' ADV modifies ADV 'fast' which modifies V 'spoke', 2nd 'fast' is an ADJ which modifies N 'lane'. b) He had a happy look on his face as he walked quickly down the street, singing quietly to himself. 'happy'- ADJ modifies N 'look'; ADV 'quickly' modifies V 'walked'; ADV 'quietly' modifies nonfinite V 'singing'. c) We arrived late because we missed the early bus. ADV 'late' modifies clause 'we arrived'; ADJ 'early' modifies N 'bus'. d) She gave a lively impression and was very friendly. ADJ 'lively' modifies N 'impression'; ADJ 'friendly' is a subject predicative and modifies 'she'. e) She was alone but did not seem lonely. ADJ 'alone' & 'lonely' are subject predicatives and modifies 'she'. f) He thought that he had answered wrong when in fact he had answered completely correctly. ADV 'wrong' & 'correctly' modify verb 'had answered'; ADV 'completely' modifies ADV 'correctly' g) These socks smell extremely bad.. 2. Most English manner adverbs end in ly (and are derived from adjectives). However, this is not always the case. Illustrate and exemplify some manner adverbs without ly, and their collocation (=in this case what verbs they tend to be used with). 'fast' 'ran/drove fast'; 'sideways' 'go sideways'; 'straight' 'drive straight' 3. Translate and comment on/explain your translation of the words in italics in the following sentences: a) Det lustiga är att politikerna ignorerar problemet; till och med en blind kan ju se att denna lösning är omöjlig. The funny thing... a blind person b) Vad bryr sig de döda om det övernaturliga. the dead... the supernatural c) Det här är en skola för döva. the deaf d) Det sorgliga är att det verkar som om de rika blir allt rikare. The sad thing.. the rich e) Try to give some guidelines for when it is possible to use adjectives as heads of noun phrases in English. Give your own examples. 'the rich', 'the supernatural', 'the British', 'the subconscious' referring to groups & abstract phenomena.

2 4. What is special about sentences formed with verbs like smell and taste in English, and how does that differ from Swedish? Give a few examples to illustrate. these can be both linking/copular and transitive verbs in English, ex. I smell nice (linking verb) vs. I smell smoke (transitive verb). in Swedish they are only linking verbs and link subject predicatives to the subject. Also, Swedish takes an ADV following these verbs while English (when these verbs are acting as subject predicatives) takes an ADJ. (when these verbs are transitive - in English only, not Swedish- then they tend to take nouns. 'smoke' is a noun.) 5. Identify the adjectives and adverbs in the sentences below. Translate into English and justify and explain your use of adjectives and adverbs: ADV are in italics, ADJ are underlined. a) Han gick otroligt långsamt över gatan. unbelievably slowly b) Hon verkade förvånansvärt glad över att se mig. surprisingly happy/glad c) Barn kan verkligen vara extremt livliga. truly... extremely lively d) Vi blev glatt överraskade över att kaffet smakade så gott. happily surprised... so good 6. Identify the adverbials in the sentences below. Then translate into English and comment on the changes in word order that are normally necessary in Standard English. adverbials are underlined.. a) Jag tror att jag efter min utbildning kommer att söka jobb utomlands.. After my education I think I will look for work abroad. / I think... abroad after my education. b) Jag kommer efter denna inledning att presentera en rad intressanta idéer. After this introduction I will present a range of interesting ideas. / I... ideas after this intro. c) Polisen har i många amerikanska städer lyckats bekämpa brottsligheten. In many American cities the police have succeeded in fighting crime. / The police...crime in many American cities. d) Man kan utan större problem ladda ned film olagligt frän nätet. You can dowload films illegally from the web without too much difficulty. / Without...difficulty you can...web. e) Jag är säker på att hon alltid kommer att ställa upp för mig. I'm sure that she will always stand up for me. f) Du måste komma ihåg att inte berätta något för någon. You must remember not to tell anyone anything.

3 g) Först efteråt förstod jag hur hemskt det här är. Only afterwards did I realise how awful this is. h) När hon efter några dagar fördes till huset ombads hon att skriva under en bekännelse. When she was driven to the house after some days she was requested to sign a confession. / She was requested...confession when she was driven to the house after some days. i) Knappt hade jag gått och lagt mig förrän det knackade på dörren. No sooner had I gone to bed than there was a knock on the door. j) Om de av någon anledning inte har fått ditt brev, erbjud dig då att ringa tillbaka inom några dagar. If for some reason they have not received your letter, offer to ring back in a few days. k) Vi bestämde oss för att inte åka till Boston. We decided not to travel to Boston. 7. Identify the grammatical problem in the sentences below, correct the error and try to explain what the problem is: a. The strangest was that she didn t answer. 'the strangest thing', need a N b. Parents can impossibly check all the programs their children watch. 'cannot', need 'not' to negate c. The scottish team defended themselves remarkably bad. 'Scottish' (capitalize), 'badly' (need an ADV) d. He thinks American cars are better than Swedish. 'Swedish ones' need a placeholder, either 'ones' or 'cars' e. The police tried to stop as many people as possibly from entering the house. 'possible', need ADJ after 'as' f. The prisoners were treated cruel and many of them died. 'cruelly', need ADV g. It s much more easier to speak English than to write it. just 'easier', not 'more easier', as - er is already comparative. h. She is very admired among her peers. 'much', as 'admired' is a past participle used as an adjective here. i. Moreover will there be extra sessions focusing on sustainability. 'there will be', word order in

4 main clause, regardless of adverbial ('moreover'). j. Chocolate tastes so well. 'good', 'well' is an adverb and we expect a subject predicative which is usually an adjective phrase, noun phrase or dependent clause after 'tastes' (when it's a linking verb). k. She said to never press the red button. 'never to press', don't split infinitives l. Never before I had dreamed of meeting the famous star. 'had I dreamed', 'never before' is a negative adverbial and only in these cases do you reverse the Auxiliary V & S in English. m. They go rarely to the beach. 'rarely go', most ADV precede the main V n. She is worst player on the team. 'the worst player', superlative form takes definite article. o. Supernatural is all around us. 'the supernatural', when ADJ are used as NPs they need the definite article. 8. Identify the adverbials in the sentences below (there might be more than one) and indicate what they modify, i.e., a particular clause element (and if so which one) or the clause itself. Then indicate what meaning the adverbial communicates. For example, does the adverbial communicate politeness, attitude, extent, manner, contrast, comparison, condition, summary, order, explanation, topic change or does it answer when, where, why or how? Ex. Sam drives really slowly. 'really slowly' is the adverbial. it modifies 'Sam driving' which is the clause. it tells us manner (that is, 'how'). adverbials will be underlined, and what they modify will be in '[]'; their meaning will be in capitals. a. To start with ORDER[I wish you [would drive] more carefully. MANNER] b. Although he actually loved dancing, CONTRAST[he never EXTENT[came] to the dance hall WHERE.] c. [[I honestly ATTITUDE still DURATION [like] listening to jazz] in the evening WHEN]. d. At this point WHEN[I recommend caution and likewise, ADDITION[using your seatbelt.]] e. By the way, TOPIC CHANGE[[how's your sister doing] these days WHEN?] f. All in all, SUMMARY[it [was] probably PROBABILITY/MODALa good day's work with a spade and shovel.]

5 g. [This is in other words EXPLANATION your final chance.] h. [[There was moreover ADDITION penthouse suite] at the top of the hotel. WHERE] i. If you read this CONDITION [you'll undoubtedly ATTITUDE/MODAL[regret] it.] 9. Identify the adverbs in the sentences below (there might be more than one). Then identify the role played by the adverbs. Are they adverbials, premodifier in a noun phrase, premodifier in an adverb phrase, postmodifier in a noun phrase, or object of a preposition? ADV underlined. a. I sang loudly while rubbing my tummy. modifies clause so it's an adverbial b. She looks really tall in that dress. premodifies adjective 'tall' c. I suggest that you read the above notice carefully. modifies verb 'read' so it's an adverbial d. They loved each other very much that year. 'very' premodifies adv 'much' which modifies clause so adverb phrase 'very much' is an adverbial e. They looked everywhere out there but still couldn't find him anywhere. 'everywhere' modifies verb 'looked' and so is an adverbial, 'there' is prepositional complement (object of the prepositional phrase), 'anywhere' modifies clause 'couldn't find him' and is an adverbial, 'still' modifies VP 'couldn't find' and is an adverbial, 'not' in 'couldn't' modifies verb 'could find' and is an adverbial. 10. Give the comparative forms of the adverbs below (ex. small, smaller, smallest) a. honestly, more honestly, most honestly b. quick, quicker, quickest c. suddenly, more suddenly, most suddenly d. good, better, best e. well, better, best

6 11. Identify the adjective phrases in the sentences below (there might be more than one) and indicate whether they are being used attributively or predicatively. If they are used predicatively, indicate what they modify, subject or object. If they are used attributively, indicate whether they are premodifiers or postmodifiers. AdjP are underlined, A= attributive, P= predicative, the thing modified is in '[]'. a. The undergraduate student is a very hardworking [person] capable of much good work. 'hardworking' premodifies head of NP 'person' & is A. 'capable..work' postmodifies head 'person' & is A. 'undergraduate' is premodifier of head N 'student' and is A. b. The irate customer found [him] highly unpleasant in the extreme. P, 'highly..extreme' is the Object Predicative (ObjPred) and is P. 'irate' is premodifier of head N 'customer' and is A. c. She judged [the [official] responsible] corrupt and refused to pay the exorbitant [fee] charged. 'responsible'- A, postmodifies 'official', 'corrupt- P (ObjPred, describes 'the official responsible'), 'charged'- A, postmodifies head N 'fee'. 'exorbitant'- A, premodifies 'fee' d. [I] was soon sorry to see him go. P, SubjPred (Subject Predicative) e. Having heard from a [citizen] frustrated with the policy, the politicians decided to reconsider. A, postmodifies head 'citizen' f. The manual sets out the [procedure] required by the committee. A, postmodifies head N 'procedure' g. There's [something] strange about that man. A, postmodifies 'something'

7 Chap 8 Pronouns 1. To translate the Swedish pronoun man into English can be tricky and there are several solutions. Explain and illustrate different ways of expressing man in English, depending on the context. Give your own examples. In France they eat pommes frites. If you cannot talk you might at least write. Spinach is good for you, but you should avoid overcooking it. 2. Give some guidelines on how to use the preparatory subjects it and there in English on the basis of the Swedish examples below: (Subjects are in square brackets.) a) Det är [något jag måste säga dig]. There is b) Det är konstigt [att han inte svarar i telefon]. It is c) Finns det [mer smör] i kylen? Is there d) Är det långt [in till staden härifrån]? Is it (translation: Is it far to the city from here? e) Det satt [en kvinna] vid ett av borden. A woman sat at one of the tables./there sat a woman at one of the tables. 'There' and 'it' are often used sentence- initially when the subject has been shifted further forward in the sentence. Use 'there' when the subject that's moved forward is a noun phrase and you want to express existence or emphasize the subject. Use 'it' when the subject is a dependent clause. Look at the sentences above, the subject is in brackets. 3. Explain and show with your own examples some differences and distinctions in meaning and usage between the question pronouns what and which. 'Which' refers to a limited choice while 'what' isn't restricted to any particular options, eg. Which pizza did they eat? What did they eat? 'Which' can also be followed by 'of', eg. 'which of these do you like?'' while 'what' cannot. 4. Translate the sentences below and explain your use of pronouns. In some cases more than one translation is possible; try to give alternatives. a) Vem av dem sa det? Which of them said it? Vilket av husen är ditt? Which one of the houses is yours? b) Vems är den här boken? Whose is this book? Whose book is this? c) Vem talade du med? Who did you speak to? Whom did you speak to? To whom did you speak? d) Vilken film såg ni? Vi såg båda två faktiskt. Which film did you see? We saw both actually. We saw both of them actually.

8 e) Vilka färger gillar du bäst? Which colours do you like best? What colours do you like best? (depends on whether you're looking at a few colours and choosing between them or whether you're asking the person generally and they can choose any colour.) 5. Which relative constructions (who/which/that/- ) are possible in the sentences below? Justify your answers. What are the relative clauses, what do they modify, and which ones are restrictive (R) vs. non- restrictive (NR)? Why? ('- ' means no pronoun is needed) a. The woman I was talking to is my dentist. who/whom/that/- R b. This is the book changed my life. that/which R c. He told me to shut up, really annoyed me. which NR d. Their new car, must have cost a fortune, was stolen last night. which NR e. My grandmother, I loved a lot, was a remarkable woman. who/whom NR f. She is the best singer ever lived. that/who R Restrictive relative clauses identify their antecedent and cannot be omitted as easily as nonrestrictive relative clauses which simply provide extra information and can be omitted. 6. What is the difference in meaning between the sentences below, and how does that affect the choice of relative pronoun? Can you use another relative pronoun in one of these? Which one? a) Snakes which are poisonous should be avoided. restrictive relative clause, can also use 'that' b) Snakes, which are poisonous, should be avoided. nonrestrictive relative clause In the restrictive case, you're saying that the snakes to be avoided are the poisonous ones, i.e., identifying which snakes to avoid. In the nonrestrictive case you're giving additional information about snakes, so here you're implying that all snakes are poisonous.

9 7. Fill in an appropriate quantifying pronoun and try to explain your choice: (more than one answer is possible; I explain the particular meaning that goes along with my choices below, but other choices are possible with different meanings) a. Do you have Queen records? (några) 'any' if you're not sure if they have any, 'some' if you assume they have some b. Didn t you have Queen records? (några) 'some' assumes they exist, 'any' if you're not sure c. You had better talk to the teachers. (någon av) one of (just one, singular) d. You had better talk to the teachers. (några av) some of (a few, plural) e. Do you know about this? (någonting) 'anything' assumes you may not know anything, 'something' assumes you do f. Is there telephone around here? (någon) a (assumes there might be one) g. Are there toilets on this floor? (några) any (not sure if there are any) h. Can I offer you to drink? (något) something/anything (either one, depending on what you assume) 8. Explain the use of and difference between these quantifiers (hint: focus on difference between countable and uncountable). Give examples. a) Much/many much goes with uncountables, many with countable plurals. b) Little/a little both go with uncountables, 'little' assumes there's not much (negative), 'a little' assumes there's some (positive) c) Little/few 'few' goes with countable plurals d) A large amount of/a large number of 'a large amount of' goes with uncountables, 'a large number of' goes with countable plurals. 9. Identify the grammatical problem in the sentences below, correct the error and try to explain what the problem is: a1) He had to do all the talking since none of his parents was very good at English. 'were' is more commonly used in practice with 'none'; 'neither' is better than 'none' however as 'none' typically applies to 2+ individuals/things where 'neither' applies to 2 indviduals and people usually just have two parents. a2) Have you got any jacket to lend me? a b) He hurt the back while working out at the gym. his

10 You didn t have computers in the 1940 s. They It s a big difference between living in Sweden and living in South Africa. There's The one who likes sheep should go to Wales. Those, someone, anyone, one, people Much people don t realise the importance of reading. many We didn t know which of the children that had smashed the window. omit pronoun She wants to concentrate herself on learning grammar. omit pronoun 10. Translate the prepositional phrases in italics into English: (a) Looking into his rearview mirror he saw a car behind him as he completed his turn into the street. (bakom sig) (b) Making her way down the alley, she pushed a battered shopping cart in front of her (framför sig) What is the difference between Swedish and English as regards the use of pronouns after prepositions of place in cases like these? behind him, behind himself, in front of her, in front of herself English doesn't use the reflexive pronoun after these spatial prepositions; reflexive pronouns are only used after a particular few prepositions to create more abstract meanings, eg. 'by myself' alone, very different from 'by me', which is spatial. Swedish has a reflexive pronoun here ('sig').

11 11. For each case, discuss whether it or there should be used: (a) s wonderful [to be a father]. It (b) is [a risk] that people will become over cautious. There (c) was [a terrible storm] last night. There certain weather elements take 'there' (d) 's raining cats and dogs outside! empty 'it' for weather expressions, no extraposed subject (e) was my mother that discovered the rat under the table. empty 'it', cleft consruction, focuses on 'my mother' 12. Translate the following sentences: (a) Belgian skater Lieve Lissens broke arm on May 5, her (b) Bevis put hands in pockets and sighed. his his What is the difficulty from a Swedish learner s point of view between the following terms? broke the arm broke his arm put the hands in the pocket put his hands in his pockets Swedish doesn't use the personal pronoun for body parts and clothes, but English does when the body part/clothing belongs to the subject and the sentence isn't passive.