Improving fire safety through engineering (rational designs)
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1 Improving fire safety through engineering (rational designs) Johan van den Heever Fire Safety Indaba, Cape Town 2013 'Promoting responsible fire safety in Southern Africa' 1
2 Introduction What is fire safety engineering? What is a rational design? What is the enabling legislation? What is the process? 'Promoting responsible fire safety in Southern Africa' 2
3 Fire safety engineering According to the UK IFE definition: Fire Engineering is the application of scientific and engineering principles, rules [Codes], and expert judgement, based on an understanding of the phenomena and effects of fire and of the reaction and behaviour of people to fire, to protect people, property and the environment from the destructive effects of fire. 'Promoting responsible fire safety in Southern Africa' 3
4 What is a rational design? According to SANS T: 2011 Undertaken by a competent person to achieve the same level of fire safety implied in 4.2 to 4.59 According to an article which appeared in the Engineering News : Rational fire design is the detailed design of fire safety and prevention mechanisms and strategies in a building in order to comply with the National Building Regulations, where prescriptive requirements cannot be met. 'Promoting responsible fire safety in Southern Africa' 4
5 Applicable legislation The Fire Brigade Services Act As amended The function of SANS codes and standards Applicable legislation National Building Regulations and Building Standards Act (Act 103 of 1977 as amended) National Building Regulations (Parts A, T and W) Local Authority By-Laws National Veld and Forest Fire Act (Act 101 FPASA of 1998) Occupational Health and Safety Act and Regulations
6 National Building Regulations and Building Standards Act, (Act 103 of 1977 as amended): SANS T:2011: Annex A: T1(2) (b) Note 1,2 and 3 What is the enabling legislation? Most importantly: Annex B: B.1 and B.2: Shall be undertaken by competent person in accordance with the requirements of BS 7974 (design requirements and framework application)
7 The function of BS 7974 in South Africa Annex B of SANS indicates that: Rational designs should achieve the same level of safety implied in Part T Rational designs shall be in accordance with BS 7974 Any relevant standards or technical documents can be used during the process 'Promoting responsible fire safety in Southern Africa' 7
8 The function of BS 7974 in South Africa BS 7974 provides a process by which: Competent persons can demonstrate that due diligence has been applied during the design process Approving authorities can assess that due diligence has been applied 'Promoting responsible fire safety in Southern Africa' 8
9 The fire engineering process START Qualitative Design Review (QDR) Unsatisfactory Quantitative analysis of design Assessment against criteria Satisfactory END 'Promoting responsible fire safety in Southern Africa' Reporting & presentation of results 9
10 The Design Process At its most superficial level, it is recommended that a fire engineered project should comprise of the following three stages: 1. Qualitative design review (QDR) 2. Quantitative analysis 3. Assessment against criteria 'Promoting responsible fire safety in Southern Africa' 10
11 QDR Flowchart REVIEW ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN ESTABLISH FIRE SAFETY OBJECTIVES IDENTIFY FIRE HAZARDS AND CONSEQUENCES ESTABLISH FIRE SCENARIOS FOR ANALYSIS IDENTIFY ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA & METHODS OF ANALYSIS ESTABLISH TRIAL FIRE SAFETY DESIGNS Document QDR process so that the underlying philosophies and assumptions can be understood by third parties 'Promoting responsible fire safety in Southern Africa' 11
12 QDR: Review of architectural design Building characterisation: Layout, geometry, construction Environmental influences: Climatic conditions affecting structural load, smoke ventilation, external fire spread Occupant characteristics: occupancy type, population, distribution, AFD Management of fire safety: Likely extent and nature of building management 'Promoting responsible fire safety in Southern Africa' 12
13 QDR Flowchart REVIEW ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN ESTABLISH FIRE SAFETY OBJECTIVES IDENTIFY FIRE HAZARDS AND CONSEQUENCES ESTABLISH FIRE SCENARIOS FOR ANALYSIS IDENTIFY ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA & METHODS OF ANALYSIS ESTABLISH TRIAL FIRE SAFETY DESIGNS Document QDR process so that the underlying philosophies and assumptions can be understood by third parties 'Promoting responsible fire safety in Southern Africa' 13
14 Life safety QDR: Establish fire safety objectives Occupants can leave relatively safely or risk to occupants is low Fire-fighters can operate in reasonable safety Collapse does not endanger people near the building 'Promoting responsible fire safety in Southern Africa' 14
15 QDR: Establish fire safety objectives Loss prevention Minimise fire damage to: Structure and fabric of the building Building contents On-going business viability Corporate image 'Promoting responsible fire safety in Southern Africa' 15
16 QDR: Establish fire safety objectives Environmental protection Limit: Effects on adjacent buildings or facilities Release of hazardous materials into environment 'Promoting responsible fire safety in Southern Africa' 16
17 QDR Flowchart REVIEW ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN ESTABLISH FIRE SAFETY OBJECTIVES IDENTIFY FIRE HAZARDS AND CONSEQUENCES ESTABLISH FIRE SCENARIOS FOR ANALYSIS IDENTIFY ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA & METHODS OF ANALYSIS ESTABLISH TRIAL FIRE SAFETY DESIGNS Document QDR process so that the underlying philosophies and assumptions can be understood by third parties 'Promoting responsible fire safety in Southern Africa' 17
18 QDR: Identification of fire hazards and consequences Review to include: Ignition sources Combustible contents Construction materials Nature and activities of building Building layout Any unusual factors Consider consequences on fire safety objectives under consideration 'Promoting responsible fire safety in Southern Africa' 18
19 QDR Flowchart REVIEW ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN ESTABLISH FIRE SAFETY OBJECTIVES IDENTIFY FIRE HAZARDS AND CONSEQUENCES ESTABLISH FIRE SCENARIOS FOR ANALYSIS IDENTIFY ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA & METHODS OF ANALYSIS ESTABLISH TRIAL FIRE SAFETY DESIGNS Document QDR process so that the underlying philosophies and assumptions can be understood by third parties 'Promoting responsible fire safety in Southern Africa' 19
20 QDR: Establish trial fire safety design Establish various fire protection strategies Select cost-effective strategies that satisfy criteria and meet objectives Actually establishing trial fire safety strategies Considerations when developing trial designs include: - Control on materials - Automatic suppression and detection - Compartmentation 'Promoting responsible fire safety in Southern Africa' 20
21 QDR: Establish trial fire safety design - Other automatic systems - Smoke control - Means of escape - First aid fire-fighting - Fire service facilities - Fire safety management 'Promoting responsible fire safety in Southern Africa' 21
22 QDR: Assessment criteria and converting objectives into engineering terms Example for single storey warehouse Life safety objective OBJECTIVE DESIGN TARGET PERFORMANCE CRITERIA OCCUPANTS ABLE TO LEAVE IN REASONABLE SAFETY MAINTAIN TENABLE CONDITIONS ON ESCAPE ROUTES UNTIL OCCUPANTS HAVE EVACUATED ENSURE SMOKE LAYER REMAINS: >2,5M ABOVE FLOOR < C UNTIL EVACUATION IS COMPLETE 'Promoting responsible fire safety in Southern Africa' 22
23 QDR Flowchart REVIEW ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN ESTABLISH FIRE SAFETY OBJECTIVES IDENTIFY FIRE HAZARDS AND CONSEQUENCES ESTABLISH FIRE SCENARIOS FOR ANALYSIS IDENTIFY ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA & METHODS OF ANALYSIS ESTABLISH TRIAL FIRE SAFETY DESIGNS Document QDR process so that the underlying philosophies and assumptions can be understood by third parties 'Promoting responsible fire safety in Southern Africa' 23
24 QDR: Acceptance criteria and methods of analysis Objectives are broad and not specific enough for a basis for engineering design Assessment criteria therefore needs to be set to ensure objectives have been met Objectives may need to be converted into engineering terms The most appropriate method of analysis also needs to be identified 'Promoting responsible fire safety in Southern Africa' 24
25 QDR Flowchart REVIEW ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN ESTABLISH FIRE SAFETY OBJECTIVES IDENTIFY FIRE HAZARDS AND CONSEQUENCES ESTABLISH FIRE SCENARIOS FOR ANALYSIS IDENTIFY ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA & METHODS OF ANALYSIS ESTABLISH TRIAL FIRE SAFETY DESIGNS Document QDR process so that the underlying philosophies and assumptions can be understood by third parties 'Promoting responsible fire safety in Southern Africa' 25
26 QDR: Establish fire scenarios for analysis (worst likely case) Characterisation of fire scenarios for analysis should include the following where relevant: Fire type Internal/external ventilation conditions Performance of each fire safety measure Type, size and location of ignition sources Distribution and type of fuel 'Promoting responsible fire safety in Southern Africa' 26
27 QDR: Establish fire scenarios for analysis (worst likely case) Fire load density Fire suppression State of doors Breakage of windows Building ventilation system 'Promoting responsible fire safety in Southern Africa' 27
28 QDR: Establish fire scenarios for analysis Consider the consequences for each fire scenario Several fires may need to be modelled e.g.: A quick developing fire may be worst for escape but easiest to detect A hot fire may be worst in terms of smoke temperature but best in terms of smoke volume production A fire in the centre of a room may make escape difficult but in a corner will grow quickly 'Promoting responsible fire safety in Southern Africa' 28
29 QDR: Establish fire scenarios for analysis Characterise design fires in terms of: Heat release rate Toxic species production rate Smoke production rate Fire size Time to key events such as flashover 'Promoting responsible fire safety in Southern Africa' 29
30 QDR: Establish fire scenarios for analysis More complete descriptions of design fires may include: Incipient phase Growth phase Fully developed phase Decay phase Extinction 'Promoting responsible fire safety in Southern Africa' 30
31 QDR: Establish fire scenarios for analysis To simplify smoke control calculations, it may be possible to assume a fully developed fire with a constant heat output from the time of ignition The location of the design fire should be specified (geometry of space and location in room) Location may influence fire service deployment time (e.g. upper floors of high rise versus single storey) 'Promoting responsible fire safety in Southern Africa' 31
32 QDR: Establish fire scenarios for analysis (worst likely case) Characterisation of fire scenarios for analysis should include the following where relevant: Fire type Internal/external ventilation conditions Performance of each fire safety measure Type, size and location of ignition sources Distribution and type of fuel 'Promoting responsible fire safety in Southern Africa' 32
33 BS 7974: Application of fire safety engineering principles to the design of buildings Code of Practice (Sub-systems) PD-0:2002: Guide to the design framework and fire safety engineering procedures. PD-1:2003: (Sub-system 1) initiation and development of fire within the enclosure of origin. PD-2:2002: (Sub-system 2) spread of smoke and toxic gases within and beyond the enclosure of origin. PD-3:2003: (Sub-system 3) structural response and fire spread beyond the enclosure of origin. PD-4:2003: (Sub-system 4) detection of fire and activation of fire protection systems. 'Promoting responsible fire safety in Southern Africa' 33
34 BS 7974: Application of fire safety engineering principles to the design of buildings Code of Practice (Sub-systems continue) PD-5:2002: (Sub-system 5) fire service intervention PD-6:2004: (Sub-system 6) evacuation. PD-7:2003: Probabilistic fire risk assessment PD-8:2012: Property protection, business and mission continuity, and resilience 'Promoting responsible fire safety in Southern Africa' 34
35 The Design Process At its most superficial level, it is recommended that a fire engineered project should comprise of the following three stages: 1. Qualitative design review (QDR) 2. Quantitative analysis 3. Assessment against criteria 'Promoting responsible fire safety in Southern Africa' 35
36 Understanding the Quantitative Assessment component 'Promoting responsible fire safety in Southern Africa' 36
37 Quantitative Analysis Having concluded the design criteria, objectives and acceptance criteria.. someone now needs to prove and conclude the design A means of analysis and technical assessment must now be performed This may simply be logical reasoning 'Promoting responsible fire safety in Southern Africa' 37
38 Quantitative Analysis Quantitative analysis is technical fire engineering Of the QDR team, only the fire engineer needs to be able to carry out the quantitative analysis. However, all concerned to have a working knowledge of the quantitative fire engineering process. 'Promoting responsible fire safety in Southern Africa' 38
39 The Design Process At its most superficial level, it is recommended that a fire engineered project should comprise of the following three stages: 1. Qualitative design review (QDR) 2. Quantitative analysis 3. Assessment against criteria 'Promoting responsible fire safety in Southern Africa' 39
40 Assessment against criteria Suitability of the fire safety design needs to be assessed against the objectives and design criteria identified during the QDR 'Promoting responsible fire safety in Southern Africa' 40
41 In closing: Responsibility rests on Building Owner, appointed Fire Engineer, Building Control officer and the Fire Safety Officer to conclude that the rational design has satisfied the Regulations of SANS T:2011, T1 (1) (a) to (e) and (2) 'Promoting responsible fire safety in Southern Africa' 41
42 Thank you. 'Promoting responsible fire safety in Southern Africa' 42
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