Identifying Idioms in Chinese Translations
|
|
- Gilbert Wilson
- 8 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Identifying Idioms in Chinese Translations Wan Yu Ho, Christine Kng,* Shan Wang and Francis Bond Linguistics and Multilingual Studies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore * St. John s College, Santa Fe; Hopkins-Nanjing Center, Nanjing L120002@e.ntu.edu.sg, kngcyl@gmail.com, wangshanstar@gmail.com, bond@ieee.org Abstract Optimally, a translated text should preserve information while maintaining the writing style of the original. When this is not possible, as is often the case with figurative speech, a common practice is to simplify and make explicit the implications. However, in our investigations of translations from English to another language, English-to-Chinese texts were often found to include idiomatic expressions (usually in the form of Chengyu 成 语 ) where there were originally no idiomatic, metaphorical, or even figurative expressions. We have created an initial small lexicon of Chengyu, with which we can use to find all occurrences of Chengyu in a given corpus, and will continue to expand the database. By examining the rates and patterns of occurrence across four genres in the NTU Multilingual Corpus, a resource may be created to aid machine translation or, going further, predict Chinese translational trends in any given genre. Keywords: Translation shift, Idioms, Chinese, English, Chengyu 1. Introduction Due to intrinsic syntactic differences, as well as cultureinfluenced semantic differences between languages (or language dialects), it can be difficult or even impossible to achieve a perfect translation in which all information is transmitted from one language to another. In most cases, one has to decide the parts of information to be left out so as to achieve the best possible translation, as it is often not possible to preserve the exact style of writing, its evoked senses, or both, in translation. Baker (1992, 2007) presents four translational universals: explicitation, standardization, simplification, and normalization, and there appears to be overlaps between explicitation and simplification, and standardization and normalization. Explicitation states that when it is not possible to preserve both meaning and style, it is preferable to make explicit the implied meanings instead, sacrificing style for semantic fidelity. Simplification refers to a reduction in lexical density (Ghadessy, M. & Gao, Y., 2001), wherein the translation tends to feature many more frequently-used or common words as compared to the original text. In standardization, the translated text tends to trend towards a more formal register or the standard grammar of the target language, while normalization refers to a tendency of translators to follow the conventional writing styles of the target language and stay away from idiosyncratic or otherwise creative uses of the language. 1.1 Translating Idioms An idiom is a (usually fixed) expression whose meaning cannot be predicted from the meanings of the constituent words (Collins English Dictionary, n.d.). As idioms evoke additional senses to the figurative meaning, they are also often indicative of and encapsulate the culture in which they originate. While they enhance naturalness and create an impression of fluency (Baker, 2007), their cultural specificity also means that it is often nearly impossible to fully translate all of the evoked senses into the target language. For cases in which an exact idiomatic equivalent or approximation cannot be found, a translator would normally replace the idiom with a non-idiomatic synonym, for it is more important to preserve the idiomatic meaning rather than the evoked senses. If translating an idiom into a non-idiomatic phrase results in the shedding of information and meaning, then the opposite would also be true: translating a non-idiom to an idiomatic expression would add information and meaning to the text. Nida and Taber (1974) explain this as allowing the message to speak meaningfully to people in terms of their own lives and behaviour. Perhaps the inclusion of culturally-specific expressions enables the reader to better understand a piece of writing by framing it in a context which they would be intimately familiar with.
2 However, the general preference of translators to translate idioms into cultural equivalents, approximants, or nonidioms instead of the other way around would mark the latter as an exception. We would hence expect English-to-Chinese translations to be simplified and made explicit, as is par for the course. However, while tagging concepts across languages in the NTU Multilingual Corpus (Tan & Bond, 2011), or NTU- MC, it was noted that, contrary to predictions, idiomatic expressions often appeared in the translated Chinese texts where there was none in the original (Kng & Bond, 2012). To investigate this further, we have created a small lexicon of Chengyu, using which we tagged all occurrences of Chengyu across the four genres in the NTU-MC. We hope that by examining frequency patterns of Chengyu in translations into English-to-Chinese translated texts of different genres, a resource can be created to aid machine translation, and perhaps predict translational trends in Chinese translations based on a given genre, including the most common Chengyu used. 2. The NTU Multilingual Corpus The NTU-MC was created and made public in 2011 (Tan & Bond, 2011) was still developing. Currently it comprises approximately 595,000 words (26,000 sentences) in seven languages (Arabic, Chinese, English, Indonesian, Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese) from seven language families (Afro-Asiatic, Sino-Tibetan, Indo-European, Austronesian, Japonic, Korean as a language isolate and Austro-Asiatic) (Tan & Bond 2012; Bond et al. 2013). This allows for the comparison of the same text in different languages, as well as aids investigations into translational trends between languages. The parallel multilingual texts have been expanded to comprise several different genres (story, news, essay, and tourism) compiled from a variety of sources. The story genre has the two Sherlock Holmes short stories The Adventure of the Speckled Band and The Adventure of the Dancing Men. The news genre comprised publications from Kyoto University Corpus 1 (Kurohashi and Nagao, 2003). The text used for the essay genre was The Cathedral and the Bazaar (Raymond, 1999); the tourism genre comprised text from the Official Singapore Tourism Website Chengyu ( 成 语 ) Chengyu, often translated into English as Chinese idioms are prototypically four-character, non-compositional phrases derived from historical lore or classical literature. Wu (1995, pp. 81) describes Chengyu as follows: The Chinese idiom 'Chengyu ' is a set phrase, an old expression, prevalent in society, used by the common folk, has seen ages of constant use, usually in fourcharacter form with varying constituent constructions and diverse origins. The meanings for some of the idioms can be deduced from their composite constituents. By contrast, with some of them, their meanings cannot be gained from their constituents unless we know the semantic fields or historical sources. The fixed form in its structure and semantics is its critical characteristic. It functions as a lexeme in sentences and behaves more vividly and symbolically than its synonyms represented by common lexemes. Its formation can be derived, inherited, or borrowed. A Chengyu is similar to the English idiom in that it is a frozen expression and expresses a meaning not necessarily derivable from its constituents. However, as most, if not all, Chengyu are derived from historical lore, classical literature, or Chinese culture, Chengyu also frequently evoke those sources to add a further layer of symbolic meaning to the text, in addition to its compositional or literal meaning. (1) shows an example of a prototypical Chengyu: 守 株 待 兔 shǒu zhū dài tù to guard tree stump wait rabbit LIT: waiting by a tree stump for a rabbit to expect fortune without putting in effort (1) A prototypical Chengyu Furthermore, unlike English idioms, it is also possible to have Chengyu which are fully compositional and have no figurative meaning. In those cases, their status as Chengyu come from their historical or literary heritage. An example of a Chengyu with no figurative meaning is shown in (2): 分 崩 离 析 fēn bēng lí xī divide rupture leave split apart to completely fall apart (2) A Chengyu with only compositional meaning
3 分 崩 离 析 has no extended metaphorical meaning, but its origins in classical literature, namely the Analects (Confucius, trans. 1861), determine its status as a Chengyu. Some Chengyu have their source in idioms or metaphors, though a vast majority appears to originate from ordinary culture, such as folk tales, famous texts of ancient times, or even simply everyday speech, while others arose from the influences of foreign culture, such as Buddhism. The use of Chengyu is usually regarded as not only a sign of eruditeness, but they also contribute a pleasing rhythm to reading, and the multiple evoked senses help to keep the text interesting and full of flavour. This, combined with the ability of Chengyu to appear in several different parts of speech, could explain the prevalence of Chengyu in Chinese texts and translations, as it would allow Chengyu to be readily inserted without affecting the overall tone or register as idioms might in English texts. 3.1 Other Idiomatic Expressions in Chinese In addition to Chengyu, there also exist several other forms of idiomatic expressions, such as: Guanyongyu 惯 用 语, Xiehouyu 歇 后 语, Yanyu 谚 语, Geyan 格 言, Jingju 警 句, Suyu 俗 语, Liyu 俚 语. Not all are necessarily four-character phrases like Chengyu; some, such as Suyu, may take the form of phrases or short sentences: 身 在 曹 营 心 在 汉 shēn zài cáo yínɡ xīn zài hàn body at Cao encampment heart at Han LIT: to have one s body in Cao Cao s encampment, but one s heart with the Han people to not have one s mind on one s work; be distracted (3) A Suyu Although there is currently no fixed consensus on their membership statuses, those idiomatic expressions may be considered subsets of the general term Shuyu 熟 语, which is believed to describe an idealised idiomatic expression instead of having a fixed definition (Huang & Liao, 2002). Shuyu hence refer more to the shared characteristics of its subsets, which Huang (2007) states to be: (1) a fixed structure, with (2) a fixed idiomatic meaning; (3) has been in frequent use since historical times; (4) have specific places for pauses when reading, and (5) rhythmic symmetry between the two pause-segmented subunits. only convey a country s culture (namely, China, or Chinese culture), but it also displays one s standard of the language. Although Shuyu and other idiomatic expressions are not part of the current focus, we hope to eventually incorporate them into our lexicon in the future. 4. The Chengyu Database An initial list of about 4, 000 Chengyu was created by combining several lists available online: Wiktionary (Wikimedia, 2013), online Chinese-English (chinesenotes.com, 2011) and Japanese-English dictionaries (Breen, 1991), and four-character words in the Academica Sinica corpus distributed with the Natural Language Toolkit (Bird et al, 2007). Items which were not Chengyu were manually removed. As Chinese does not inflect, and Chengyu are usually frozen expressions, we can pick out all instances of listed Chengyu in a text using simple string matching. The initial run of the list, using The Cathedral and the Bazaar, showed only 11 Chengyu out of a manuallyidentified 35, indicating that the list could only identify about 31% of the Chengyu present. To rectify this, we went through the corpus manually to pick out missed Chengyu and remove four-character phrases which had been mistakenly listed as Chengyu. We are not trying to tailor our Chengyu list to fit the NTU-MC, but rather using it as another starting source of data to expand the database. As the addition (or removal) of listed items is currently a largely manual process, it is possible that mistakes will be made in modifying the list at some point, resulting in Chengyu being left out or non-chengyu being added. However, continuous cycles of string matching, manual reviews and modifications should improve the list s accuracy while steadily expanding the lexicon with each revision. Our final goal is to integrate this list with the Chinese Open Wordnet (Bond & Foster, 2013; Wang & Bond, 2013a, 2013b). Each full entry will be a new synset, with, minimally: an index form, a Chinese definition, an English definition (possible with separate literal and figurative meanings), a domain-usage link to the entry for Chengyu, semantic links to existing entries, and any examples found in our corpora (with genre and sentence id). A further possibility is a link to other lexicons, such as dictionaries in which each entry may be found. An example entry is (4): Furthermore, the use of Shuyu, likely due to its connections to historical culture and literature, can not
4 Index 根 深 蒂 固 Definition English deep-rooted (LIT: roots deep stem strong) Chinese 基 础 深 厚, 难 以 动 摇 Link domainusage chengyu n:1 similar-to deep-rooted n:1 Example essay:176 罪 魁 祸 首 自 然 是 那 些 根 深 蒂 固 的 错 误 和 持 续 的 恶 性 循 环 In the cathedralbuilder view of programming, bugs and development problems are tricky, insidious, deep news: news: phenomena. 另 外, 对 再 次 被 日 本 统 治 的 警 戒 论 也 根 深 蒂 固 Furthermore, the Japanese conquest had left a deep, lasting trauma. 对 贝 鲁 斯 柯 尼 的 搜 查 是 成 为 促 使 这 个 战 后 政 治 崩 溃 之 契 机 的 净 化 作 战 的 一 环, 问 题 根 深 蒂 固 An investigation into Berlusconi has become an opportunity to clear away the post-war political competition, a deeprooted problem. (4) An entry in the Chengyu database 5. The Annotated Corpus Looking at our current corpus, Chengyu have a rather high rate of occurrence as shown in Table 1, particularly in the essay genre where a Chengyu occurs once every 6 or 7 sentences. The story genre has the highest percentage of types of Chengyu while other genres have more repeated ones. This may be an evidence that stories use more Chengyu to better evoke imagery. A preliminary investigation of a few of the most frequently-occurring Chengyu also reveals some pattern regarding the meaning of each Chengyu used. This is particularly evident in the tourism genre, where the most frequently-used Chengyu (of which 23 are shown in Table 2) revolved around sensory imagery (such as 大 快 朵 颐 and 琳 琅 满 目 ) or hyperbolic expressions of variety or quality. This is not unexpected, as Chengyu have fixed, distinct meanings, and would hence only be suitable in particular contexts. In the tourism genre, as the aim is to entice readers to visit and experience the country, the writer or translator would hence focus only on Chengyu which evoke the five traditional senses, restricting the range of Chengyu available for the writer to use. This could also explain why the percentage of unique, or types of Chengyu seem unusually low (48.2%) as compared to the other three genres. If such patterns persist as the corpus grows, we may be able to use this data to predict not only the rates of Chengyu occurrence in a text but also the kinds of Chengyu that will be used, based on a given genre. However, it must be noted that as our corpus is still relatively small, our current numbers may have been affected by the idiosyncrasies of the translators or texts, affecting what we would perceive as a general trend of Chinese translations. 6. Discussion and Future Work There are many Chinese idiom dictionaries, with some containing over 20,000 Chengyu, often containing many literary examples and commentary on the source of the idiom (Jiao et al., 2011). Given the long heritage of Chengyu, it is possible that the actual number of published dictionaries is much higher. Instead of duplicating this work on a digital platform, our goal is to produce a compact lexicon, available for natural language processing, which can be integrated with existing lexical resources to aid ongoing work on studying translation shift (Bond et al., 2013). Genre Story News Essay Tourism Overall Sentence/# 1, 226 2, , 280 7,460 Chengyu (token)/# Chengyu (type)/# 79 (87.8%) 108 (67.1%) 103 (81.1%) 187 (48.2%) 427 (55.7%) Chengyu per 100 Sentences Table 1: Distribution of Chengyu in four different genres
5 Genre Chengyu Pinyin English Translation Count Story 无 论 如 何 wú lùn rú hé no matter the circumstances 3 News 全 力 以 赴 quán lì yǐ fù to go all-out; spare no effort 3 动 荡 不 安 dòng dàng bù ān in turmoil 3 堆 积 如 山 duī jī rú shān to pile up, like mountains 3 无 论 如 何 wú lùn rú hé no matter the circumstances 3 迫 在 眉 睫 pò zài méi jié imminent 3 各 种 各 样 gè zhǒng gè yàng a wide variety 5 竭 尽 全 力 jié jìn quán lì to use all of one s strength or resources 5 引 人 注 目 yǐn rén zhù mù to attract a lot of attention; highly conspicuous 7 下 落 不 明 xià luò bù míng to have one s whereabouts be unknown 8 理 所 当 然 lǐ suǒ dāng rán an assumed certainty 10 Essay 半 途 而 废 bàn tú ér fèi to give up halfway, wasting previous effort 3 显 而 易 见 xiǎn ér yì jiàn obvious, evident 5 Tourism 古 色 古 香 gǔ sè gǔ xiāng antique flavours 3 耳 目 一 新 ěr mù yī xīn refreshing 3 顾 名 思 义 gù míng sī yì as the name implies; self-explanatory 3 五 花 八 门 wǔ huā bā mén a wide, kaleidoscopic variety 3 各 行 各 业 gè háng gè yè a variety of occupations 4 熙 熙 攘 攘 xī xī rǎng rǎng bustling with activity 4 目 不 暇 接 mù bù xiá jiē to have so many details, they cannot be seen all at once 4 闻 名 遐 迩 wén míng xiá ěr extremely well-known; world-renowned 4 叹 为 观 止 tàn wéi guān zhǐ breathtakingly impressive 5 大 街 小 巷 dà jiē xiǎo xiàng every nook and cranny of every street 5 相 映 成 趣 xiāng yìng chéng qù to contrast, usually in a complementary manner 5 不 胜 枚 举 bù shèng méi jǔ too many to count 6 前 所 未 有 qián suǒ wèi yǒu unprecedented 6 垂 涎 欲 滴 chuí xián yù dī to desire something so much, one is drooling 6 讨 价 还 价 tǎo jià huán jià bargaining 6 首 屈 一 指 shǒu qū yī zhǐ to be second to none 6 各 式 各 样 gè shì gè yàng all types and kinds 7 大 快 朵 颐 dà kuài duǒ yí to heartily enjoy a meal 8 琳 琅 满 目 lín láng mǎn mù a feast for the eyes 9 流 连 忘 返 liú lián wàng fǎn to be so utterly captivated that one forgets about home 10 独 一 无 二 dú yī wú èr unique; without compare 10 应 有 尽 有 yīng yǒu jìn yǒu to have everything one might expect or desire 14 各 种 各 样 gè zhǒng gè yàng a wide variety 18 Table 2: Chengyu occurring at least 3 times in each genre We will release the Chengyu list and other additions to the Chinese Open Wordnet 3 under the same license as the Princeton Wordnet (Fellbaum, 1998). The tagged corpora will all be released as part of the NTU-MC 4 (CC-BY). The license allows the free adaptation and distribution of the work, as long as the original source is attributed In addition to expanding the Chengyu database, we will also eventually return to our original problem and investigate Chengyu both monolingually and in parallel with the source text(s). We would also like to look at Chengyu or Chengyu-like expressions in other languages such as Korean and Japanese, where they are also used, but less often than in Chinese.
6 7. Acknowledgements We would like to thank Ning Chuang-Goodman for help in creating the Chengyu lexicon. We wish to acknowledge the funding for this project from Nanyang Technological University under the Undergraduate Research Experience on CAmpus (URECA) programme and the MOE Tier 1 grant Shifted in Translation An Empirical Study of Meaning Change across Languages (RG51/12). This research was started when the second author visited NTU as an Ariel Intern from St John s. 8. References Baker, M. (1992). In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation. Routledge. Baker, M. (2007). Patterns of Idiomaticity in Translated vs. Non-Translated Text. Belgian Journal of Linguistics, 21(1): Bird, S. (2001). Natural Language Toolkit, Sinica Treebank Reader. Retrieved 14 March, 2014, from ank.html. Bond, F. & Foster, R. (2013). Linking and Extending an Open Multilingual Wordnet. In Proceedings of The 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2013), Sofia, Bulgaria, pp Bond, F., Wang, S., Gao, E. H., Mok, H. S, & Tan, J. Y. (2013). Developing parallel sense-tagged corpora with wordnets. In Proceedings of the 7 th Linguistic Annotation Workshop and Interoperability with Discourse (LAW 2013), Sofia, pp Breen, J. (1991). Japanese/English Dictionary Project. Retrieved 14 March, 2014, from Chinesenotes.com. (2011). Chinese-English Dictionary. Retrieved 14 March, 2014, from idiom. (n.d.). Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition. Retrieved March 19, 2014, from Dictionary.com website: Confucius, 論 語 [The Analects] (Legge, J., Trans.). Available from the Chinese Text Project, at: Fellbaum, C. (Ed.) (1998). WordNet: An Electronic Lexical Database. MIT Press. Huang, B. R. & Liao, X. D. (2002). Modern Hanyu, 3 rd Ed., Volume 1. [ 现 代 汉 语 ( 增 订 三 版 )( 上 册 )]. Beijing: Higher Education Press ( 高 等 教 育 出 版 社 ). Kurohashi, S. & Nagao, M. (2003). Building a Japanese parsed corpus while improving the parsing system. In Anne Abeillé (ed.) Treebanks: Building and Using Parsed Corpora, Chapter 14, pages Kluwer Academic Publishers. Jiao, L., Kubler, C. C., & Zhang, W. (2011). 500 Common Chinese Idioms: An annotated Frequency Dictionary. Routledge. Raymond, E. S. (1999.) The Cathedral & the Bazaar. O Reilly. Tan, L. & Bond, F. (2011). Building and annotating the linguistically diverse NTU-MC (NTU-multilingual corpus). In Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation (PACLIC 25), Singapore, pp Tan, L. & Bond, F. (2012). Building and annotating the linguistically Diverse NTU-MC (NTU-multilingual corpus). International Journal of Asian Language Processing 22 (4), pp Wang, S. & Bond, F. (2013a). Building the Chinese Open Wordnet (COW): Starting from Core Synsets. In Proceedings of The 11th Workshop on Asian Language Resources, Workshop of The 6th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (IJCNLP- 6), Nagoya, Japan, pp Wang, S. & Bond, F. (2013b). Theoretical and Practical Issues in Creating Chinese Open Wordnet (COW). Paper presented at The 7th International Conference on Contemporary Chinese Grammar (ICCCG-7), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. (2012). Wiktionary. Retrieved 14 March, 2014, from 成 語. Wu, C. (1995). On the Cultural Traits of Chinese Idioms. Intercultural Communication Studies, 1,
A STUDY ON THE NARRATOR S VOICE IN THE CHINESE TRANSLATION OF A ROOM OF ONE S OWN (1929) LAW TSZ SANG
A STUDY ON THE NARRATOR S VOICE IN THE CHINESE TRANSLATION OF A ROOM OF ONE S OWN (1929) by LAW TSZ SANG A dissertation submitted to the School of Humanities of the University of Birmingham in partial
More informationAppendix 1: Search strategies for randomized controlled trials on Chinese herbal medicine for symptom management in cancer palliative care
Appendix 1: Search strategies for randomized controlled trials on Chinese herbal medicine for symptom management in cancer palliative care i) The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL)
More informationSYLLABUS. 9778 and 1341. Cambridge International Level 3 Pre-U Certificate in Mandarin Chinese (Principal and Short Course)
SYLLABUS Cambridge International Level 3 Pre-U Certificate in Mandarin Chinese (Principal and Short Course) 9778 and 1341 For examination in 2016, 2017 and 2018 Principal: QN: 500/4738/3 Short Course:
More informationAutomatic Mining of Internet Translation Reference Knowledge Based on Multiple Search Engines
, 22-24 October, 2014, San Francisco, USA Automatic Mining of Internet Translation Reference Knowledge Based on Multiple Search Engines Baosheng Yin, Wei Wang, Ruixue Lu, Yang Yang Abstract With the increasing
More informationIntroduction. Research methodology
A Primary Study of the Size in Working Area of Librarians Ko-Li Chen Associate Professor, Department of Architecture, Tunghai University Li -Wen Pan Library Clerk, Nan-Kai Institute of Technology Introduction
More informationTibetan-Chinese Bilingual Sentences Alignment Method based on Multiple Features
, pp.273-280 http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijdta.2015.8.4.27 Tibetan-Chinese Bilingual Sentences Alignment Method based on Multiple Features Lirong Qiu School of Information Engineering, MinzuUniversity of
More informationI. The Establishment and Development of Teaching of Traditional Chinese Instrumental Music Theory in the 20 th Century
The Teaching of Traditional Chinese Instrumental Music Theory In the 20 th Century and Its Future Development Yuan Jingfang, Central Conservatory of Music, Beijing, China I. The Establishment and Development
More informationStudy on Tacit Knowledge Identification of Independent Documentary Film Directors
Study on Tacit Knowledge Identification of Independent Documentary Film Directors Ming-Shu Yuan Associate Professor Graduate Program and Department of Information and Communications Shih Hsin University
More informationMaster of Arts in Linguistics Syllabus
Master of Arts in Linguistics Syllabus Applicants shall hold a Bachelor s degree with Honours of this University or another qualification of equivalent standard from this University or from another university
More informationThe multilayer sentiment analysis model based on Random forest Wei Liu1, Jie Zhang2
2nd International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Informatics (AMEII 2016) The multilayer sentiment analysis model based on Random forest Wei Liu1, Jie Zhang2 1 School of
More information新 年 快 乐. Chinese New Year
Chinese New Year STUDY HARD WORK HARD MAKE MONEY MORE AND MORE EAT WELL SLEEP WELL HAVE FUN DAY BY DAY 2012 CiTG Chinese New Year Party Time: Start at 16:00 on 23rd Jan. 2012 Place: CiTG main building
More informationEFL Learners Synonymous Errors: A Case Study of Glad and Happy
ISSN 1798-4769 Journal of Language Teaching and Research, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 1-7, January 2010 Manufactured in Finland. doi:10.4304/jltr.1.1.1-7 EFL Learners Synonymous Errors: A Case Study of Glad and
More informationTeaching of Chinese grammars for Hungarian students and study of teaching-grammars
SHS Web of Conferences 24, 02010 (2016) DOI: 10.1051/ shsconf/20162402010 C Owned by the authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2016 Teaching of Chinese grammars for Hungarian students and study of teaching-grammars
More informationZhangFu or Meridian theory related to Ear disease 1. Organs: Kidney: Kidney in charge of the ear s function Heart: Heart also open on the ear Liver &
Ear disease ZhangFu or Meridian theory related to Ear disease 1. Organs: Kidney: Kidney in charge of the ear s function Heart: Heart also open on the ear Liver & GB: Liver & GB Qi connect with ear & easily
More informationA Study of Modality System in Chinese-English Legal Translation from the Perspective of SFG *
ISSN 1799-2591 Theory and Practice in Language Studies, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 497-503, March 2014 Manufactured in Finland. doi:10.4304/tpls.4.3.497-503 A Study of Modality System in Chinese-English Legal
More informationModern foreign languages
Modern foreign languages Programme of study for key stage 3 and attainment targets (This is an extract from The National Curriculum 2007) Crown copyright 2007 Qualifications and Curriculum Authority 2007
More informationA Survey of Online Tools Used in English-Thai and Thai-English Translation by Thai Students
69 A Survey of Online Tools Used in English-Thai and Thai-English Translation by Thai Students Sarathorn Munpru, Srinakharinwirot University, Thailand Pornpol Wuttikrikunlaya, Srinakharinwirot University,
More informationAcademic Standards for Reading, Writing, Speaking, and Listening June 1, 2009 FINAL Elementary Standards Grades 3-8
Academic Standards for Reading, Writing, Speaking, and Listening June 1, 2009 FINAL Elementary Standards Grades 3-8 Pennsylvania Department of Education These standards are offered as a voluntary resource
More informationIntercultural Communication Studies XIX: 1 2010
A Proposed Approach for Successful Cloning of Foreign TV Shows in China Chunying, Peking University It is a popular phenomenon for Chinese TV entertainment to clone Western original TV shows. This paper
More informationSeminar in Chinese Organizational Behavior Fall 2015 (Tentative) Instructor: Shu-Cheng Steve Chi Office Hrs: by appointment
Seminar in Chinese Organizational Behavior Fall 2015 (Tentative) Instructor: Shu-Cheng Steve Chi Office Hrs: by appointment Introduction: There has been an increased emphasis on the study of organizational
More informationStudy Plan. Bachelor s in. Faculty of Foreign Languages University of Jordan
Study Plan Bachelor s in Spanish and English Faculty of Foreign Languages University of Jordan 2009/2010 Department of European Languages Faculty of Foreign Languages University of Jordan Degree: B.A.
More informationSimple Features for Chinese Word Sense Disambiguation
Simple Features for Chinese Word Sense Disambiguation Hoa Trang Dang, Ching-yi Chia, Martha Palmer, and Fu-Dong Chiou Department of Computer and Information Science University of Pennsylvania htd,chingyc,mpalmer,chioufd
More informationEnglish academic writing difficulties of engineering students at the tertiary level in China
World Transactions on Engineering and Technology Education Vol.13, No.3, 2015 2015 WIETE English academic writing difficulties of engineering students at the tertiary level in China Gengsheng Xiao & Xin
More informationIdentifying Prepositional Phrases in Chinese Patent Texts with. Rule-based and CRF Methods
Identifying Prepositional Phrases in Chinese Patent Texts with Rule-based and CRF Methods Hongzheng Li and Yaohong Jin Institute of Chinese Information Processing, Beijing Normal University 19, Xinjiekou
More informationNatural Language to Relational Query by Using Parsing Compiler
Available Online at www.ijcsmc.com International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing A Monthly Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology IJCSMC, Vol. 4, Issue. 3, March 2015,
More informationSYSTRAN Chinese-English and English-Chinese Hybrid Machine Translation Systems for CWMT2011 SYSTRAN 混 合 策 略 汉 英 和 英 汉 机 器 翻 译 系 CWMT2011 技 术 报 告
SYSTRAN Chinese-English and English-Chinese Hybrid Machine Translation Systems for CWMT2011 Jin Yang and Satoshi Enoue SYSTRAN Software, Inc. 4444 Eastgate Mall, Suite 310 San Diego, CA 92121, USA E-mail:
More informationen fi lm af Zhang Yang instruktøren bag den kinesiske fi lmperle Badeanstalten Premiere 31. oktober
produced by Harvey Wong, Liu Qiang producer Stanley Tong co-producer Michael J. Werner, Wouter Barendrecht producer Er Yong, Zhang Yang screenplay by Zhang Yang, Wang Yao director Zhang Yang Line producer
More informationThe Chinese Language and Language Planning in China. By Na Liu, Center for Applied Linguistics
The Chinese Language and Language Planning in China By Na Liu, Center for Applied Linguistics This brief introduces the Chinese language and its varieties and describes Chinese language planning initiatives
More informationCapability Service Management System for Manufacturing Equipments in
Capability Service Management System for Manufacturing Equipments in Cloud Manufacturing 1 Junwei Yan, 2 Sijin Xin, 3 Quan Liu, 4 Wenjun Xu *1, Corresponding Author School of Information Engineering, Wuhan
More informationCross-Lingual Concern Analysis from Multilingual Weblog Articles
Cross-Lingual Concern Analysis from Multilingual Weblog Articles Tomohiro Fukuhara RACE (Research into Artifacts), The University of Tokyo 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba JAPAN http://www.race.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~fukuhara/
More informationWorkshop on Internet and BigData Finance (WIBF)
Workshop on Internet and BigData Finance (WIBF) Central University of Finance and Economics June 11-12, 2015 In a 2013 study, IBM found that 71 percent of the banking and financial firms report that the
More informationResearching & Cite Checking Chinese, Japanese & Korean (CJK) Law. Wei Luo, JD & MLS
Researching & Cite Checking Chinese, Japanese & Korean (CJK) Law Wei Luo, JD & MLS Director of Technical Services and Lecturer in Law Room 257A, luo@wulaw.wustl.edu August 20, 2009 Wei Luo What do we have
More informationMinnesota K-12 Academic Standards in Language Arts Curriculum and Assessment Alignment Form Rewards Intermediate Grades 4-6
Minnesota K-12 Academic Standards in Language Arts Curriculum and Assessment Alignment Form Rewards Intermediate Grades 4-6 4 I. READING AND LITERATURE A. Word Recognition, Analysis, and Fluency The student
More informationEfficient Techniques for Improved Data Classification and POS Tagging by Monitoring Extraction, Pruning and Updating of Unknown Foreign Words
, pp.290-295 http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/astl.2015.111.55 Efficient Techniques for Improved Data Classification and POS Tagging by Monitoring Extraction, Pruning and Updating of Unknown Foreign Words Irfan
More informationAn Integrated Framework for Archiving, Processing and Developing Learning Materials for an Endangered Aboriginal Language in Taiwan
An Integrated Framework for Archiving, Processing and Developing Learning Materials for an Endangered Aboriginal Language in Taiwan Meng-Chien Yang Department of Computer and Communication Engineering
More informationSHANGHAI MEDICAL FACILITIES
SHANGHAI MEDICAL FACILITIES AND DOCTORS This list is intended to provide information and does not represent the Consulate General's endorsement. The Consulate General assumes no responsibility for the
More informationANNUAL DINNER MEETING PROGRAM
DINNER MENU SLICED COLD MEAT AND JELLY FISH ( 大 拼 盘 ) SEAFOOD BEAN CURD SOUP ( 海 鲜 豆 腐 羹 ) STEAMED FISH WITH GINGER AND SCALLION ( 清 蒸 游 水 鱼 ) CHIU CHOW STYLE SOYA SAUCE DUCK ( 卤 水 鸭 ) SPICY SHRIMP WITH
More informationCommon European Framework of Reference for Languages: learning, teaching, assessment. Table 1. Common Reference Levels: global scale
Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: learning, teaching, assessment Table 1. Common Reference Levels: global scale C2 Can understand with ease virtually everything heard or read. Can summarise
More informationAn Approach to Handle Idioms and Phrasal Verbs in English-Tamil Machine Translation System
An Approach to Handle Idioms and Phrasal Verbs in English-Tamil Machine Translation System Thiruumeni P G, Anand Kumar M Computational Engineering & Networking, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore,
More informationTHE BACHELOR S DEGREE IN SPANISH
Academic regulations for THE BACHELOR S DEGREE IN SPANISH THE FACULTY OF HUMANITIES THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS 2007 1 Framework conditions Heading Title Prepared by Effective date Prescribed points Text
More informationThe Essential Chinese Language Teaching Sourcebook
The Essential Chinese Language Teaching Sourcebook ****** Chinese Language Teachers Association of Greater New York *********** ChinaSprout, Inc. New York The Essential Chinese Language Teaching Sourcebook
More informationLatin Syllabus S2 - S7
European Schools Office of the Secretary-General Pedagogical Development Unit Ref.: 2014-01-D-35-en-2 Orig.: FR Latin Syllabus S2 - S7 APPROVED BY THE JOINT TEACHING COMMITTEE ON 13 AND 14 FEBRUARY 2014
More informationBeijing BISS International School Why BISS?
Beijing BISS International School Why BISS? BISS Today's educational leader, shaping tomorrow's global leaders "BISS feels like home" Long and Proud History Established in 1994 as the sister school of
More informationHow the Computer Translates. Svetlana Sokolova President and CEO of PROMT, PhD.
Svetlana Sokolova President and CEO of PROMT, PhD. How the Computer Translates Machine translation is a special field of computer application where almost everyone believes that he/she is a specialist.
More informationTHURSDAY, January 24, 2013
COMPREHENSIVE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH BOARD OF MASSAGE THERAPY GENERAL BUSINESS MEETING Double Tree Sawgrass Mills 13400 West Sunrise Blvd Sunrise, FL 33323 (954) 851-1020 * Items with an asterisk are untimed
More informationOKLAHOMA PRIORITY ACADEMIC STUDENT SKILLS FOR LANGUAGES, INTERMEDIATE LEVEL RANGE
Prentice Hall: Encuentros Maravillosos Gramática A Través De La Literatura 1998 (Foreign, Native American, and/or American Sign Language) Intermediate Level Range Students will exhibit these skills at
More informationThe Language Grid The Language Grid combines users language resources and machine translators to produce high-quality translation that is customized
The Language Grid The Language Grid combines users language resources and machine translators to produce high-quality translation that is customized to each field. The Language Grid, a software that provides
More informationCustomizing an English-Korean Machine Translation System for Patent Translation *
Customizing an English-Korean Machine Translation System for Patent Translation * Sung-Kwon Choi, Young-Gil Kim Natural Language Processing Team, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute,
More informationUsing Wikipedia to Translate OOV Terms on MLIR
Using to Translate OOV Terms on MLIR Chen-Yu Su, Tien-Chien Lin and Shih-Hung Wu* Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering Chaoyang University of Technology Taichung County 41349, TAIWAN
More informationDevelopment of a Web-based Information Service Platform for Protected Crop Pests
Development of a Web-based Information Service Platform for Protected Crop Pests Chong Huang 1, Haiguang Wang 1 1 Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China 100193
More informationResearch on Sentiment Classification of Chinese Micro Blog Based on
Research on Sentiment Classification of Chinese Micro Blog Based on Machine Learning School of Economics and Management, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang, 110159, China E-mail: 8e8@163.com Abstract
More informationSecure semantic based search over cloud
Volume: 2, Issue: 5, 162-167 May 2015 www.allsubjectjournal.com e-issn: 2349-4182 p-issn: 2349-5979 Impact Factor: 3.762 Sarulatha.M PG Scholar, Dept of CSE Sri Krishna College of Technology Coimbatore,
More informationStructural and Semantic Indexing for Supporting Creation of Multilingual Web Pages
Structural and Semantic Indexing for Supporting Creation of Multilingual Web Pages Hiroshi URAE, Taro TEZUKA, Fuminori KIMURA, and Akira MAEDA Abstract Translating webpages by machine translation is the
More informationCausing Emotion in Collocation: An Exploratory Data Analysis
Causing Emotion in Collocation: An Exploratory Data Analysis Pei-Yu Lu, Yu-Yun Chang and Shu-Kai Hsieh Graduate Institute of Linguistics, National Taiwan University No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei,
More informationPRESSURE POINTS 101 By William Parsons 2004
PRESSURE POINTS 101 By William Parsons 2004 The purpose of this paper is to familiarize the reader with using basic pressure points used for self defense. The points described are the fifty basic points
More informationYear 1 reading expectations (New Curriculum) Year 1 writing expectations (New Curriculum)
Year 1 reading expectations Year 1 writing expectations Responds speedily with the correct sound to graphemes (letters or groups of letters) for all 40+ phonemes, including, where applicable, alternative
More informationCollecting Polish German Parallel Corpora in the Internet
Proceedings of the International Multiconference on ISSN 1896 7094 Computer Science and Information Technology, pp. 285 292 2007 PIPS Collecting Polish German Parallel Corpora in the Internet Monika Rosińska
More informationCommon Core Progress English Language Arts
[ SADLIER Common Core Progress English Language Arts Aligned to the [ Florida Next Generation GRADE 6 Sunshine State (Common Core) Standards for English Language Arts Contents 2 Strand: Reading Standards
More informationSense-Tagging Verbs in English and Chinese. Hoa Trang Dang
Sense-Tagging Verbs in English and Chinese Hoa Trang Dang Department of Computer and Information Sciences University of Pennsylvania htd@linc.cis.upenn.edu October 30, 2003 Outline English sense-tagging
More informationTeng-Kee Tan, Ph.D. Director, Nanyang Technopreneurship Center, Nanyang Technological University (NTU),
Teng-Kee Tan, Ph.D Singapore Address 71, Nanyang Terrace Singapore 639748 Singapore Cell Phone: 011.65.900.64.385 Singapore Residence Tel: 011.65.6792.6156 Singapore Office Tel: 011.65.6790.5891 USA Address
More informationKPC Herbs. Capsules/Pin Yin. Name Alternate Name Code Size Price
Ai Fu Nuan Gong Wan Mugwort & Cyperus Combination C1400 100 Vcaps 13.25 An Zhong San Fennel & Galanga Formula C1340 100 Vcaps 7.75 Ba Wei Dai Xia Fang Tangkuei Eight Herb Formula C0110A 100 Vcaps 8.75
More informationSYSTRAN 混 合 策 略 汉 英 和 英 汉 机 器 翻 译 系 统
SYSTRAN Chinese-English and English-Chinese Hybrid Machine Translation Systems Jin Yang, Satoshi Enoue Jean Senellart, Tristan Croiset SYSTRAN Software, Inc. SYSTRAN SA 9333 Genesee Ave. Suite PL1 La Grande
More informationTHUTR: A Translation Retrieval System
THUTR: A Translation Retrieval System Chunyang Liu, Qi Liu, Yang Liu, and Maosong Sun Department of Computer Science and Technology State Key Lab on Intelligent Technology and Systems National Lab for
More informationDifferences in linguistic and discourse features of narrative writing performance. Dr. Bilal Genç 1 Dr. Kağan Büyükkarcı 2 Ali Göksu 3
Yıl/Year: 2012 Cilt/Volume: 1 Sayı/Issue:2 Sayfalar/Pages: 40-47 Differences in linguistic and discourse features of narrative writing performance Abstract Dr. Bilal Genç 1 Dr. Kağan Büyükkarcı 2 Ali Göksu
More informationBuilding a Question Classifier for a TREC-Style Question Answering System
Building a Question Classifier for a TREC-Style Question Answering System Richard May & Ari Steinberg Topic: Question Classification We define Question Classification (QC) here to be the task that, given
More informationChinese-Japanese Machine Translation Exploiting Chinese Characters
Chinese-Japanese Machine Translation Exploiting Chinese Characters CHENHUI CHU, TOSHIAKI NAKAZAWA, DAISUKE KAWAHARA, and SADAO KUROHASHI, Kyoto University The Chinese and Japanese languages share Chinese
More informationAMERICAN COUNCIL ON THE TEACHING OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES (ACTFL)
AMERICAN COUNCIL ON THE TEACHING OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES (ACTFL) PROGRAM STANDARDS FOR THE PREPARATION OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHERS (INITIAL LEVEL Undergraduate & Graduate) (For K-12 and Secondary Certification
More informationWorkshop The 2nd Sino-German Symposium on the Development of the Chinese Company Law
Workshop The 2nd Sino-German Symposium on the Development of the Chinese Company Law 17 th /18 th November 2012 Qunyan Assembly Hall, Shanghai Association of Social Sciences, 7/622 Huaihai Zhong Road,
More informationHigh School Communications Curriculum Indicators tested/taught indicator
Freshman Sophomore Junior Senior adjusts reading rate to support comprehension when reading HS.1.2.1 narrative, and persuasive texts. determines meaning of words or phrases using context clues (e.g., definitions,
More informationThe Contrast of Chinese and English in the Translation of Chinese Poetry
Asian Social Science December, 2008 The Contrast of Chinese and English in the Translation of Chinese Poetry Ning Li Continuing Education College Beijing Information Science & Technology University Beijing
More informationLANGUAGE! 4 th Edition, Levels A C, correlated to the South Carolina College and Career Readiness Standards, Grades 3 5
Page 1 of 57 Grade 3 Reading Literary Text Principles of Reading (P) Standard 1: Demonstrate understanding of the organization and basic features of print. Standard 2: Demonstrate understanding of spoken
More informationWhat Is Linguistics? December 1992 Center for Applied Linguistics
What Is Linguistics? December 1992 Center for Applied Linguistics Linguistics is the study of language. Knowledge of linguistics, however, is different from knowledge of a language. Just as a person is
More informationChinese Open Relation Extraction for Knowledge Acquisition
Chinese Open Relation Extraction for Knowledge Acquisition Yuen-Hsien Tseng 1, Lung-Hao Lee 1,2, Shu-Yen Lin 1, Bo-Shun Liao 1, Mei-Jun Liu 1, Hsin-Hsi Chen 2, Oren Etzioni 3, Anthony Fader 4 1 Information
More informationHSBC Bank (China) Shanghai Branch Network
HSBC Bank (China) Shanghai Branch Network Shanghai Branch (Premier, Advance, Commercial Banking) LG1, HSBC Building, Shanghai ifc, No.8 Century Avenue, Lujiazui, Pudong, Shanghai, 200120, China Tel : [86]
More informationInnovation to Course System of Chinese Language and Literature Major in Colleges and Universities. Yong Jia
International Conference on Management Science, Education Technology, Arts, Social Science and Economics (MSETASSE 2015) Innovation to Course System of Chinese Language and Literature Major in Colleges
More information2-3 Automatic Construction Technology for Parallel Corpora
2-3 Automatic Construction Technology for Parallel Corpora We have aligned Japanese and English news articles and sentences, extracted from the Yomiuri and the Daily Yomiuri newspapers, to make a large
More informationInternational Journal of Research on English Language Teaching Studies INTRODUCTION
International Journal of Research on English Language Teaching Studies, vol. 2(1) February 2013, Pages: 17-22 Academic IJELTS Publisher International Journal of Research on English Language Teaching Studies
More information2014 Second International Conference on Advanced Cloud and Big Data
2014 Second International Conference on Advanced Cloud and Big Data (CBD 2014) Huangshan, China 20-22 November 2014 IEEE Catalog Number: ISBN: CFP1403Y-POD 978-1-4799-8067-3 2014 Second International Conference
More informationResearch interest of some of our PhD students
Research interest of some of our PhD students Chin Hsuen Wei Education: National Taiwan University; National University of Singapore; University of 陈 雪 薇 Wisconsin-Madison Research Interest: Sinophone
More informationBlog Post Extraction Using Title Finding
Blog Post Extraction Using Title Finding Linhai Song 1, 2, Xueqi Cheng 1, Yan Guo 1, Bo Wu 1, 2, Yu Wang 1, 2 1 Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 2 Graduate School
More informationPerformance Indicators-Language Arts Reading and Writing 3 rd Grade
Learning Standards 1 st Narrative Performance Indicators 2 nd Informational 3 rd Persuasive 4 th Response to Lit Possible Evidence Fluency, Vocabulary, and Comprehension Reads orally with Applies letter-sound
More informationLifetime Achievement Award
Lifetime Achievement Award Translating Today into Tomorrow Sheng Li Harbin Institute of Technology Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen. I am standing here, grateful, excited, and proud. I see so many
More informationCourse Descriptions. General Education Course Description. Science and Mathematics
Course Descriptions General Education Course Description Science and Mathematics MA150 Mathematics and Statistics for Daily Life 3 (2-2-6) Percentage and ratio, introductory logic, simple and complex interest
More informationONLINE RESUME PARSING SYSTEM USING TEXT ANALYTICS
ONLINE RESUME PARSING SYSTEM USING TEXT ANALYTICS Divyanshu Chandola 1, Aditya Garg 2, Ankit Maurya 3, Amit Kushwaha 4 1 Student, Department of Information Technology, ABES Engineering College, Uttar Pradesh,
More informationface2face Upper Intermediate: Common European Framework (CEF) B2 Skills Maps
face2face Upper Intermediate: Common European Framework (CEF) B2 Skills Maps The table on the right describes the general degree of skill required at B2 of the CEF. Details of the language knowledge required
More informationModeling Risk Management in Sustainable Construction
Desheng Dash Wu Editor Modeling Risk Management in Sustainable Construction 4^ Springer Contents Part I Enterprise Risk Management in Supply Chains An Improved Approach for Supplier Selection in Project
More informationLearning Translation Rules from Bilingual English Filipino Corpus
Proceedings of PACLIC 19, the 19 th Asia-Pacific Conference on Language, Information and Computation. Learning Translation s from Bilingual English Filipino Corpus Michelle Wendy Tan, Raymond Joseph Ang,
More informationOverview of MT techniques. Malek Boualem (FT)
Overview of MT techniques Malek Boualem (FT) This section presents an standard overview of general aspects related to machine translation with a description of different techniques: bilingual, transfer,
More informationResearch on the UHF RFID Channel Coding Technology based on Simulink
Vol. 6, No. 7, 015 Research on the UHF RFID Channel Coding Technology based on Simulink Changzhi Wang Shanghai 0160, China Zhicai Shi* Shanghai 0160, China Dai Jian Shanghai 0160, China Li Meng Shanghai
More informationCHALLENGES OF NON-NATIVE SPEAKERS WITH READING AND WRITING IN COMPOSITION 101 CLASSES. Abstract
1 CHALLENGES OF NON-NATIVE SPEAKERS WITH READING AND WRITING IN COMPOSITION 101 CLASSES Abstract It is a fact that many non-native international students, who want to pursue their education in US universities,
More informationcustomer care solutions
customer care solutions from Nuance white paper :: Understanding Natural Language Learning to speak customer-ese In recent years speech recognition systems have made impressive advances in their ability
More information(by Level) Characteristics of Text. Students Names. Behaviours to Notice and Support
Level E Level E books are generally longer than books at previous levels, either with more pages or more lines of text on a page. Some have sentences that carry over several pages and have a full range
More informationA System for Labeling Self-Repairs in Speech 1
A System for Labeling Self-Repairs in Speech 1 John Bear, John Dowding, Elizabeth Shriberg, Patti Price 1. Introduction This document outlines a system for labeling self-repairs in spontaneous speech.
More informationDesigning Your Website with Localization in Mind
Are you ready to localize your website into additional languages? More importantly, is your website ready? Designing Your Website with Localization in Mind An Overview of Best Practices Strategy Content
More informationAnnotation Guidelines for Dutch-English Word Alignment
Annotation Guidelines for Dutch-English Word Alignment version 1.0 LT3 Technical Report LT3 10-01 Lieve Macken LT3 Language and Translation Technology Team Faculty of Translation Studies University College
More information7-2 Speech-to-Speech Translation System Field Experiments in All Over Japan
7-2 Speech-to-Speech Translation System Field Experiments in All Over Japan We explain field experiments conducted during the 2009 fiscal year in five areas of Japan. We also show the experiments of evaluation
More informationPULLING OUT OPINION TARGETS AND OPINION WORDS FROM REVIEWS BASED ON THE WORD ALIGNMENT MODEL AND USING TOPICAL WORD TRIGGER MODEL
Journal homepage: www.mjret.in ISSN:2348-6953 PULLING OUT OPINION TARGETS AND OPINION WORDS FROM REVIEWS BASED ON THE WORD ALIGNMENT MODEL AND USING TOPICAL WORD TRIGGER MODEL Utkarsha Vibhute, Prof. Soumitra
More informationDUI-YAO (HERB PAIRS)
DUI-YAO (HERB PAIRS) ( ) 1. RELEASE EXTERIOR WIND COLD 1 MA HUANG + GUI ZHI 2 MA HUANG + XING REN 3 JING JIE + FANG FENG 4 XIN YI HUA + CANG ER ZI WIND HEAT 5 SANG YE + JU HUA 6 SHENG MA + GE GEN 2. CLEAR
More informationPath Selection of China s Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises to Avoid ERP Black Hole
Path Selection of China s Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises to Avoid ERP Black Hole Dong Li-min College of Economy, Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan Hubei, 430079 Abstract:In the information era, China
More informationUsing translation in ESL classrooms: An Asian perspective
Using translation in ESL classrooms: An Asian perspective Yiyu Zhao Chengdu Institute Sichuan International Studies University, China ABSTRACT Due to the acceleration of globalization, Asian people are
More information