The topics covered in this course are history of the Balkans, territorial settlements of ,

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1 Middle East Technical University Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences Department of International Relations IR Politics in the Balkans Prof. Dr. Mustafa Türkeş Course Description The topics covered in this course are history of the Balkans, territorial settlements of , revisionism in the Balkans, characteristic features of the regimes during the period between the two World Wars, the establishment of communist regimes in the 1940s and their collapse in International and domestic problems faced by the Balkan states during the transitional period are examined, with particular emphasis on hot issues. Regional initiatives and foreign policy tendencies of each Balkan state are looked into. Students are expected to follow up the latest developments. Requirements of the Course 1. Students are expected to take an active role in discussions 2. There will be one mid-term (40%) and one final (60%) exams; however, students are encouraged to prepare a term paper. 1

2 Week I: Week II: Course Schedule Introduction The Decline of the Ottoman Empire, the Wars and the Legacies F.A.K. Yasamee, Ottoman Diplomacy, (ISIS Press, Đstanbul, 1996), pp.(1-18 and 53-72) Charles and Barbara Jelavich, The Establishment of the Balkan National States, , (Cambridge University Press). Maria Todorova, The Ottoman Legacy in the Balkans, in Balkans A Miror of the New International Order, Edited by Günay Göksu Özdoğan-Kemali Saybaşılı, (Eren Yayıncılık, Đstanbul, 1995), pp. (55-74) Justin McCarthy, The Ottoman Turks, (Longman: London, New York, 1997), pp.( ) Justin McCarthy, Death and Exile: the ethnic cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, , (Princeton, N.J.: Darwin Press, 1995), pp.(1-21) and ( ). Week III: What is Nationalism? John Hutchinson and Anthony D. Smith (Editors), Nationalism, (Oxford; New York : Oxford University Press, 1994). Rogers Brubaker, Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany, (Cambridge, Mass.; London : Harvard University Press, 1992), pp.(1-17) E.J. Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism Since 1780, (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, 1990). Week IV: Characteristics of the Regimes in the Balkans between the Two World Wars R. J. Crampton, Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century, (Routledge, London and New York, 1994), pp. ( ) Week V: Foreign Policies of the Balkan States between the Two World Wars and the Balkan Pact Mustafa Türkeş, The Balkan Pact and Its Immediate Implications for the Balkan States, Middle Eastern Studies, 1994, 30/1. pp.( ) Week VI: The Post-Second World War Years: Shifting Orientation and Communist Parties Coming to Power R. J. Crampton, The Balkans Since the Second World War, (Longman, London, 2002), pp.(3-103) Week VII: The Balkans During the Cold War Years R. J. Crampton, The Balkans Since the Second World War, (Longman, London, 2002), pp.( ) Week VIII: Mid-term Exam 2

3 Week IX: The Collapse of the Regimes and Cycles of Interventions in the Balkans: Yugoslavia R. J. Crampton, The Balkans Since the Second World War, (Longman, London, 2002), pp.( ) Marc Weller, The International Response to the Dissolution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, The American Journal of International Law, 86/3, July 1992 Lenard J. Cohen, The Disintegration of Yugoslavia, Current History, November Mustafa Türkeş, Bosna-Hersek Problemi: Londra Konferansı (1992) Ve Siyasi Sonuçları, Prof.Abdurrahman Çaycıya Armağan, (Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara, 1995), pp.( ). Lenard J. Cohen, Bosnia and Herzegovina: Fragile Peace in a Segmented State, Current History, March Şadan Đnan Rüma, Uluslararası Toplum ve Egemenlik: Bosna-Hersek Örneği, Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 63-1, 2007, pp. ( ) Kosovo Adam Roberts, NATO s Humanitarian War over Kosovo, Survival, 41/3, 1999 David Chandler, The Bosnian Protectorate and the Implications for Kosovo New Left Review, 235, 1999, pp. ( ). Mustafa Türkeş and Sait Akşit, International Engagement, Transformation of the Kosova Question and Its Implications, The Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, 38, Week X: From Serbia to Yugoslavia and Serbia Stevan K. Pavlowitch, Serbia: the History of an Idea, (New York University Press, New York, 2002) Sabrina P. Ramet, Thinking about Yugoslavia : scholarly debates about the Yugoslav breakup and the wars in Bosnia and Kosovo (Cambridge, UK ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 2005) Sabrina P. Ramet and Vjeran Pavlakoviâc, (Edited by), Serbia since 1989: politics and society under Miloæseviâc and after, (Seattle : University of Washington Press, 2007) Week XI: Cycles of Crisis and Survival: Macedonia F.A.K. Yasamee, Nationality in the Balkans: The Case of the Macedonians, in Balkans: A Miror of the New International Order, Edited by Günay Göksu Özdoğan-Kemali Saybaşılı, (Eren Yayıncılık, Đstanbul, 1995), pp. ( ) Nikolaos Zahariadis, Nationalism and Small-State Foreign Policy: The Greek Response to the Macedonian Issue, Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 109, No. 4. (Autumn, 1994), pp Ş. Đnan Rüma, Macedonia s Post Yugoslav Part: Cycles of Crisis and Survival. Unpublished MSc Thesis, Middle East Technical University.,

4 Week XII: Albania and Albanian Question in the Balkans D. Arıkan Açar, Albania: Anatomy of A Traumatic Transition. Unpublished MSc Thesis, Middle East Technical University, Mustafa Türkeş, Geçiş Sürecinde Krizden Isyana: Arnavutluk Örneği, Dış Politika Enstitüsü Monogramlar Serisi II, (Dış Politika Enstitüsü Yayınları, Ankara, 1998), pp.(43-57) Week XIII: Transition and Reconstruction in the Balkans Sait Akşit, Transformation and the " politics of conditionality ": a comparative analysis of Poland and Romania until the mid-1990s, (Unpublished PhD Thesis, METU, 2006), pp.(1-117) Mustafa Türkeş, The Double Process: Transition and Integration and Its Impact on the Balkans in Towards Non-violence and Dialogue Culture in Southeast Europe, Edited by Petar-Emil Mitev and James Riordan, (Iztok-Zapad Publishing House, Sofia, 2004) pp.(13-28) Şadan Đnan Rüma, The Role of the International Community in the Democratisation Process in Bosnia-Herzegovina, (Unpublished PhD Thesis, METU, 2008) Week XIV: The Balkans and the EU Perspective Mustafa Türkeş and Göksu Gökgöz, The European Union s Strategy towards the Western Balkans: Exclusion or Integration? East European Politics and Societies, 20/4, 2006, pp.(1-32) Geoffrey Pridham, Change and Continuity in the European Union s Political Conditionality: Aims, Approach, and Priorities, Democratization, 14/3, June 2007, pp.( ). Week XV: Turkish Foreign Policy towards the Balkans Şule Kut, Turkish Diplomatic Initiatives for Bosnia-Hercegovina, in Balkans: A Miror of the New International Order, Edited by Günay Göksu Özdoğan-Kemali Saybaşılı, (Eren Yayıncılık, Đstanbul, 1995), pp. ( ) Şule Kut, Turkish Policy toward the Balkans, Alan Makovsky and Sabri Sayarı (Ed.) Turkey s New World Changing Dynamics in Turkish Foreign Policy, Washington: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, Đlhan Uzgel, The Balkans: Turkey s Stabilizing Role, Barry M Rubin (Ed.), Turkey in World Politics: An Emerging Multiregional Power, Boulder: Lynn Rienner Publishers, Mustafa Türkeş, Turkish Foreign Policy towards the Balkans: Quest for Enduring Stability and Security in Turkish Foreign Policy in Post Cold War Era, Edited by Đdris Bal, (BrownWalker Press; USA, 2004), pp.( ). Ali Hihmet Alp and Mustafa Türkeş, The Balkans in Turkey s Security Enviroment, Turkish Review of Balkan Studies, Annual, 6, 2001 ss.( ) Türkeş, Mustafa, Geçiş Sürecinde Dış Politika Öncelikleri: Bulgaristan Örneği, Türkiye nin Komşuları, Derlenler, Mustafa Türkeş ve Đlhan Uzgel, (Imge Kitabevi: Ankara, 2002), pp.( ). Mustafa Türkeş, Türkiye nin Balkan Politikasında Devamlılık ve Değişim, Avrasya Dosyası, 14/1, 2008, ss.( ) 4

5 A Selected Reading List 1. Almond, Mark, (1992), The Rise and Fall of Nicolae and Elena Ceausescu, (Chapman: London) 2. Almond, Mark, (1994), Europe s Backyard War: The War in the Balkans (Heinemann: London) 3. Balkans A Mirror of the New International Order, Edited By Günay Göksu-Özdoğan and Kemali Sayıbaşılı, (Istanbul, 1995). 4. Banac, Ivo, (1988), With Stalin against Tito: Cominformist Split in Yugoslav Communism. 5. Banac, Ivo, (1984), The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origin, History, Politics (Ithaca, N.Y. Cornell University Press) 6. Bora, Tanıl, (1994), Bosna Hersek Yeni Dünya Düzeni nin Av Sahas, (Birikim Yayınları). 7. Brown, Michael E., Minimalist NATO: A Wise Alliance Knows When to Retrench, Foreign Affairs May/June 1999, pp. ( ). 8. McCalla, Robert B. NATO s Persistence After the Cold War, International Organization, 50/3, Carothers, Thomas, (1996), Romania: Projecting the Positive, Current History, 95/ Cohen, Lenard J., (1996), Bosnia and Herzegovina: Fragile Peace in a Segmented State, Current History, March, 95/ Crampton, R. J., (1987), A Short History of Modern Bulgaria, (Cambridge University Press). 12. Crampton, R. J., (1994), Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century, (Routledge, London and New York). 13. Cviic, Christopher, (1991), Remaking the Balkans (London: Pinter). 14. Fischer-Galati, Stephen, (1991), 20 th Century Rumania, (Columbia University Press, New York). 15. Forestier, Patricia, (1994), The Minds Behind Ethnic Cleansing. 16. Gowan, Peter, The Global Gamble, Verso, New york, Hunter, Robert E., Maximizing NATO: A Relevant Alliance Knows How to Reach, Foreign Affairs, May/June 1999, pp.( ). 18. Jelavich, Barbara, (1987, 1986), History of the Balkans, volume, 1,2, (Cambridge University Press). 19. Lampe, John R. and Marvin R. Jackson, (1982), Balkan Economic History, , (Indiana University Press, Bloomington). 20. Lampe, John R., et al., (1993), East European Security Reconsidered, (The Woodrow Wilson Center Press). 21. Larrabee, F. Stephen, Edited, (1994), The Volatile Powder Keg, Balkan Security After the Cold War, Washington: The American University Press 22. Magas, Branka, (1993), The Destruction of Yugoslavia, Tracking the Break-up of , (Verso, London, New York). 23. Malcolm, Noel, (1994), Bosnia: A Short History of Bosnia-Hercegovina. 24. Masters of the Universe, (2000) Edited by Tarık Ali, Verso, London-New York) 25. Mihalka, Michael, Creeping Toward the East, Transition, 1/1, Pavlowitch, Stevan K., (1988), The Improbable Survivor, Yugoslavia and its Problems , (Ohio State University Press Columbus). 27. Perry, Duncan M., (1996), Macedonia: Balkan Miracle or Balkan Disaster?, Current History, March, 95/ Poulton, Hugh, (1993), The Balkans, Minorities and States in Conflict, (Minority Rights Publications, London). 5

6 29. Rady, Martyn, (1992), Romania in Turmoil, (IB Tauris & Co Ltd Publishers, London, New York). 30. Rakowska-Harmstone, Teresa, (edt), (1984), Communism in Eastern Europe, (Manchester University Press). 31. Ramet, P. Sabrina, (1996), Eastern Europe s Painful Transition, Current History, March, Vol 95, No: Rothschild, Joseph, (1989), East Central Europe between the two World Wars, (University of Washington Press, Seattle, London). 33. Rothschild, Joseph, (1989), Return to Diversity, (Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford). 34. Schöpflin, George, (1993), Politics in Eastern Europe, (Blackwell, Oxford UK, Cambridge USA). 35. Türkeş, Mustafa, New vs Old Europe: Contested Hegemonies and the EEC s Dual-guarantee Strategy, International Problems, 3, September Türkeş, Mustafa and Göksu Gökgöz, The EU s Strategy Towards the Western Balkans: Exclusion or Integration? East European Politics and Societies, (EEPS) (Forthcoming) February 2006) 37. Türkeş, Mustafa, The 2004 Enlargement, the Stumbling Block and the Parameters for a New Enhanced-embracing Strategy for South Eastern Europe, in The European Union after 1 May 2004: Is There a Shock from Enlargement? Implications for South Eastern Europe and for the Enlarged Union, Edited by Krassimir Y. NIKOLOV, (Sofia: Bulgarian European Community Studies Association (BECSA), 2004), pp. ( ). 38. Türkeş, Mustafa, Reflections on the EU Strategy Paper 2003: Two Approaches, Moving Conditions and A New Juncture, by Mustafa Türkeş and Göksu Gökgöz, Perceptions, Journal of International Affairs, 9/1, March-May Türkeş, Mustafa, Turkish Foreign Policy towards the Balkans: Quest for Enduring Stability and Security in Turkish Foreign Policy in Post Cold War Era, Edited by Đdris Bal, (BrownWalker Press; USA, 2004), pp.( ). 40. Türkeş, Mustafa, The Double Process: Transition and Integration and Its Impact on the Balkans in Towards Non-violence and Dialogue Culture in Southeast Europe, Edited by Petar-Emil Mitev and James Riordan, (Iztok-Zapad Publishing House, Sofia) pp.(13-28) 41. Mustafa Türkeş, (2003) NATO Bağlamında ABD-Türkiye Đlişkilerinde Devamlılık ve Değişim, in Türk Dış Politikasının Analizi, Derleyen Faruk Sönmezoğlu, Đstanbul 2003, 42. Alp, Ali Hikmet and Mustafa Türkeş, The Balkans in Turkey s Security Environment, Turkish Review of Balkan Studies, Annual, 6, 2001 pp.( ) 43. Türkeş, Mustafa, (2002) Geçiş Sürecinde Dış Politika Öncelikleri: Bulgaristan Örneği, Türkiye nin Komşuları, Derlenler, Mustafa Türkeş ve Đlhan Uzgel, (Imge Kitabevi: Ankara) 44. Türkeş, Mustafa, (1998) Geçiş Sürecinde Krizden Isyana: Arnavutluk Örneği, Dış Politika Enstitüsü Monogramlar Serisi II, (Dış Politika Enstitüsü Yayınları, Ankara) 45. Türkeş, Mustafa, (1996), Türkiye-Avrupa Ilişkilerinde Balkanlar Faktörü, Türkiye ve Avrupa, Derleyen Atila Eralp, (Imge Yayınları). 46. Türkeş, Mustafa, (1995), Bosna-Hersek Problemi: Londra Konferansı (1992) Ve Siyasi Sonuçları, Prof.Abdurrahman Çaycıya Armağan, (Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara). 47. Türkeş, Mustafa, (1994), The Balkan Pact and Its Immediate Implications for the Balkan States, Middle Eastern Studies, 30/ Türkeş, Mustafa, (1994), Balkanlarda Aznlıklar ve Ilgili Problemler Konferansı ve Düşünceler, Tarih Çevresi, Türkeş, Mustafa, (1990), Turkish-Balkan Relations in the Light of the Balkan Entente , Unpublished M.Phil. Thesis, (University of Manchester). 50. White, Stephen, et al., (1993), Developments in East European Politics, (The Macmillans Press, London). 6

7 51. Woodhouse, C.M., (1991), Modern Greece, A Short History, (Faber and Faber, London, Boston). 52. Woodward, Susan L., (1995) Balkan Tragedy (The Brooking Institution, Washinton) 7