Course Syllabus Table of Contents Psychology 320: Online Health Psychology Summer, Table of Contents

Transcription

1 Course Syllabus Table of Contents Psychology 320: Online Health Psychology Summer, 2011 Table of Contents Instructor Contact Information... 2 Course Purpose... 2 Required Reading... 2 The Online Nature of the Course... 3 Questions throughout the semester... 4 When contacting us Technical questions and ANGEL Help numbers Grading Scale... 4 Graded Course Activities Deciding when to take your exams... 7 Assessment method for your exams... 7 Makeup Exam Policy... 8 Important MSU Final Exam Policies... 8 MSU Summer Final Exam Schedule... 9 Summarizing Key Points about Graded Activities... 9 Distributed Studying Hint... 9 Feedback on Course Grading and Grade Appeals Timeline for the Course Late Enrollments ANGEL Tracking Issues of Academic Integrity New Penalty Grade Policy at MSU Accommodations for Disabilities Observing a Religious Holiday Course Related Web sites Tentative Course Calendar with Due Dates FAQs about the Syllabus and Course and their Answers

2 When you enter the course, complete the Day One Orientation. After the last step, ANGEL gives your account a password that unlocks your course content. Course Syllabus* Psychology 320 Online Health Psychology Summer, 2011 Semester: Summer Session 1 Last updated on 4/28/11 Section: 730 5/16/11 6/30/11 Location: Course Instructor: Cathleen E. McGreal, Ph.D. mcgreal@msu.edu Questions about technical aspects of the course with ANGEL : CALL MSU HELP LINE: or (517) Help is available 24/7! Course Purpose This online course is designed to introduce students to the field of Health Psychology. This is an accelerated upper division course that will cover the history of Health Psychology and the dominant theories within the field. Students are expected to achieve a broad understanding of the important concepts, principles, and values within the field of Health Psychology including the biological, psychological, and social factors affecting health, illness, and the use of health services. This course takes a cultural approach to Health Psychology through virtual field trips and will provide students with the opportunity to discuss various health issues facing the world today in order to facilitate critical thought about these issues. Interactions between developmental processes and aspects of health are examined. Required Reading Straub, R. O. (2012). Health psychology: A biopsychosocial approach. (3e). New York: Worth Publishers. ISBN:

3 The Online Nature of the Course This course will be held entirely online through the ANGEL course management system here at MSU. There will be no face-to-face (F2F) classes or tests. Each assignment will include the ANGEL method that will be used for submission. Since this course is completely online, you will need to make sure that you will have consistent access to the Internet throughout the course. Vacations don t fit in well with accelerated summer courses, face-to-face or online! Each week of an accelerated session is equivalent to two weeks of a regular semester! If your Internet plans fall through then you may miss turning in assignments or taking tests. This course is not self-paced. There are due dates for various assignments. On the other hand, time is very flexible in an online course! Students love being able to fit it in with their jobs and other activities. In a F2F class you can t go to class at midnight or take an exam at two in the morning if that is your best time! Study Abroad programs may or may not fit in with Summer Session courses. It has worked for students in the past but remember, MSU has over 250 programs! The Study Abroad faculty cannot take responsibility for ensuring that students have reliable internet connections. Also, the timing of our final exam is not changed to accommodate various departure dates; the Office of Study Abroad is unlikely to allow a change in your departure to accommodate the final exam schedule established by the registrar s office. Whether summer courses fit with a particular program depends on the timing of the program and the availability of high speed internet at the site. This course requires a high speed internet connection. It also requires various software programs to see/hear all the course material. [Please give us RCPD accommodation VISAs in spring as soon as you register to help optimize the online experience.] You need to be on a computer that allows downloads of free browser plug ins so that you can watch movies and listen to lectures. This means that some public library computers may not be appropriate unless you have verified that they have the necessary software. If there is a problem during an exam, report it as soon as possible to the MSU HELP LINE at or (517) They will log the problem and in turn, report it to us. These technical problems should be reported immediately (maximum within 6 hours). You may also report the problem to us (although we are not available 24/7 like the Help Line ). If there is a system problem, then hearing about difficulties from more than one student helps them discover what has gone wrong. If it is just a problem with your computer then they can help you troubleshoot that issue, too. If we find out a day later that there was a problem with a connection then it is difficult to resolve the issue in regard to a particular assignment or exam. ****Keep the ANGEL help numbers by your computer in case there is a problem.**** Learn how to clear the cache and cookies on your browser that resolves many problems! Always clear them before opening your browser for an exam. During a test NEVER have ANGEL open in another browser ANGEL may register you as YOU in one browser and as a GUEST in the other. This can cause significant problems for you. 3

4 Questions throughout the semester First, check out the FAQ discussion board in ANGEL. Another student may have had the same question earlier in the course and you won t have to wait at all for your answer! If your answer is not there then send an through ANGEL. (See below) You may want to post a question at the Student Lounge because another student may see it and happen to know the answer (handy at 2:00 a.m.!). Instructors only go into the Student Lounge now and then; if you expect instructors to reply then direct an to us, don t post a question to other students. If a post is of common interest we will move those details to the FAQs so that they are easy to find. The Student Lounge also is a place to let each other know interesting information that relates to Health Psychology. For example, if you read something in the newspaper or see something in the news that relates to the course it is great to let other students know about it. If you want to know an answer that involves your own course performance or the reasoning behind assignments then contact the faculty! Asking questions: USE ANGEL, NOT MSU MAIL. Put Psych 320 in the Subject Line of your . Given the large number of s that instructors receive this allows us to give our students first priority. Direct your concerns to FACULTY. Response time goal is to answer you within 24 hours, Monday through Friday. (Don t count Sat & Sun in the 24 hours but the help desk is open on weekends) Any technical questions regarding the ANGEL system should be directed to the MSU Help Line (517) or (24 hours, 7 days a week) Put these numbers in your cell phone and have them on a paper by your computer. If they are only in ANGEL and you can t get into ANGEL then you have a problem. Grading Scale Grade Approximate Percentage Points Note: Students who score the minimum number of points for a grade rejoice 4 90% to 100% that they just made it. Unfortunately, % to 89% sometimes a score is at the very top of the range. The only points available are 3 80% to 84% earned through assignments listed in the syllabus. There are extra credit % to 79% options by completing surveys during 2 70% to 74% the semester but no ways to get more points after the final, so please don t contact us if you are a fraction of a % to 69% point away from the next grade! 1 60% to 64% < 60%

5 If earning a particular grade is very important to you (for example, if you are on academic probation or if a certain grade is required to participate in sports or to graduate) then make sure that you do everything in your power throughout the semester to earn as many points as possible on the graded activities. Complete the extra credit! Please don t ask us to raise your grade at the end of the semester because you are only a point or two away from the grade you wanted. There is no extra credit at the end of the semester as you are looking at the grading scale! Grades are based on performance, not effort. Graded Course Activities Course Assignment Points Quiz 1 [35] Weekly Quizzes worth 35 points each. Quiz 2 35 One exam is dropped. For purposes Quiz 3 35 of illustration, Quiz 1 is shown as Quiz 4 35 dropped. But your lowest qu Quiz 5 35 Quiz Final Exam Health Video Health Video Discussion 5 5 Virtual Field Trip Virtual Field Trip Discussion Survey 1 {1} Surveys. Extra Credit. Survey 2 {1} Survey 3 {1} Survey 4 {1} Survey 5 {1} Survey 6 {1} Survey 7 {1} TOTAL COURSE POINTS 300 5

6 Quizz es 1 6 and Final Exam will open at 5:00 pm on Wed. and close at 5:00 pm on Thurs. Video due at 5:00 pm on a Friday Quizzes 1 through 6 40 minutes each, 35 questions each Open 24 hours These tests are multiple choice. They are open book and include all information covered in that part of the course: textbook, lectures, video, Health Notes, and so on. The questions will be answered in a short period of time so you must know the material well even though it is open book. You know the feeling in a closed-book classroom test when you can picture the correct answer under a picture on the left side of the page? In this kind of test you go quickly to that page and look up the answer! But you don t need to do that for EVERY question when you are prepared for a test that you take in a classroom and you don t need to do it in these quizzes, either! Although you may use your book all work must be completed on your own. Also, you must stay in the exam and not exit it at all. Do not go to folders in the course or different folders in ANGEL because that can cause technical problems. Do not open your ANGEL course in another browser this causes problems as well. You can have notes from these other sites. You will have 40 minutes to complete 35 questions. This is a drop the lowest score assignment. If you add the course late or have not received your book from an online text order site then Quiz 1 will be the Quiz that you drop. This is one of the reasons the drop quiz policy was adopted. If you miss more than one quiz see the policy section on Makeup Quizzes. Final Exam 75 minutes, 65 questions Open 24 hours The format of the questions will be similar to our quizzes. About 35 questions will be from the chapters that haven t been tested. The remaining questions will be comprehensive questions based on material covered during the semester. Health Video 15 points Discussion of Health Video 5 points (due following Tuesday) Assignment found in its own folder. Check the drop-box for the grading rubric. You will find a video relating to Health Psychology and write about it. Then there will be an online discussion about these videos. Due at 5:00 pm on a Friday Virtual Field Trip 30 points Discussion of Virtual Field Trips 10 points (due following Tuesday) Assignment found in its own folder. Check the drop-box for the grading rubric. After visiting a site that relates to Health Psychology you will find a virtual site of your own, write about it, and then give other learners the opportunity to go there. There will be online discussions about the field trips. These will be due at 5:00 p.m. on Fridays Surveys 1 points each [EXTRA CREDIT] Surveys will be given to get your ideas about Health Psychology and about online courses. It is helpful for me to ask questions now and then to keep tabs on the way the course is going. Comments from previous psychology classes were used in designing this year s class. Your comments will help the course designing for the future! Surveys are worth 1 point each. Surveys close on Friday nights. Since they take only a short time to complete and are open over 24 hours there are no makeup surveys. 6

7 Deciding when to take your exams In order to get the full number of minutes for an exam or quiz you have to count backward from the closing time. Students sometimes ask, How does ANGEL handle a situation if you start an exam shortly before the closing time? Do I still get the number of possible minutes for the exam or does it close at the time that the exam was set to close? Answer: The exam closes at the set closing time! Example: The exam ends Thursday at 5:00 at night. You realize at 4:45 on Thursday that you never took the exam. Unfortunately if you log in at 4:45 pm then you will have 15 minutes to take the exam. ANGEL will close the exam at 5:00 even if you aren t done and even though you didn t get 35 minutes. When the time is up in terms of minutes OR in terms of the designated closing time then that exam IS over. This example is based on the time at MSU. Make sure you convert the time to your own time zone! ANGEL closings are precise! When a report, survey or exam lists a closing time then after that time it will no longer be available. Remember that sometimes there is a slight variation between the time on your computer and the time that MSU/ANGEL uses for opening/closing assignments. Sometimes in one of my F2F classes the students find that their cell phone times vary by a couple of minutes when they expect them to be synchronized. Computers seem to be the same way! Always give yourself some breathing room and avoid the stress of coming down to the wire! Assessment Method for your Exams The exam method used in the Department of Psychology is one that enhances exam security during online testing. It is called Single-question, no backtrack. In this type of exam only one question is delivered at a time. A student makes a decision about that question, answers the question and submits it. Then the next question is presented. It is not possible to go back to previous questions. Instructors can ask questions knowing that a question gives away the answer to a previous question! Of course, this could never happen on a regular paper-andpencil test. This method requires a different strategy for test taking. You may have learned to answer all the questions that you know and then go back to the others. This strategy is NOT possible in a single-question, no backtrack testing method. On the other hand, since this course uses openbook testing many students find that those questions about which they had doubts are the ones that they want to look up in the book. A quick look to refresh their memories and they can proceed with confidence. If single-question no backtrack (open book testing) sounds like a method with which you will be comfortable than this online Psych 320 class is probably a good fit for your assessment style. If you need to see all the questions at once and go back to answer earlier questions then this isn t a good match for your testing needs and you need to find a summer face-to-face class or wait until Fall Semester. We all have different learning styles and it is important to choose the best one for you! 7

8 Make-up Policy Because students are able to take quizzes at any time during the 24-hour period on assigned days, and because the lowest grade will be dropped, make-ups will not be given except under extreme circumstances. Make-up quizzes will be 45 minutes in length and will be entirely shortanswer essay questions. Make-up quizzes will be offered only to those who have a significant illness documented by a letter from a physician or those who have an extremely serious family problem (e.g., death of a family member) that precludes them from taking the quiz on the scheduled day. Students who miss a quiz without satisfying these conditions will receive a grade of zero for that quiz. [NOTE: The Final Exam is a different situation. MSU Final Exam Policy will be followed if the final exam is missed.] FAX THE INFORMATION TO (517) Include a cover sheet with Dr. McGreal s name, and the subject line of Psych 320 Missed Quiz Documentation. THEN SEND AN TO Dr. Cathleen E. McGreal mcgreal@msu.edu or through the ANGEL course to FACULTY if you have access to ANGEL during the emergency. The fax goes to an area that is not staffed; if you do not send the your fax may go unnoticed for some time. FAX and s must be received by the Monday after a missed quiz to be considered for a make-up quiz. Make-up quizzes will be completed before the next regular quiz time. Important MSU Final Exam Policies It is important to know: A student absent from a final examination without a satisfactory explanation will receive a grade of 0.0 on the numerical system, NC on the CR-NC system, or a N in the case of a course authorized for grading on the P-N system. Students unable to take a final examination because of illness or other reason over which they have no control should notify the assistant deans of their colleges immediately. 8

9 MSU Summer Final Exam Schedule All Summer Session courses have their finals on the last day of class. Please make a note of this and plan for a day off work or other activities. MSU policy states: No student should be required to take more than two examinations during any one day of the final examination period. In order to avoid this problem I am scheduling the final to begin on Wednesday in the early evening. It seems unlikely that anyone will have more than two finals on Wednesday AND on Thursday! The summer semester does not have a final exam week. Only the last day is reserved for the final exam. Week 7 is part of the regular semester. Please don t request that the final exam be given when we are still covering course material! The accelerated schedule can sometimes be confusing; we continue to learn new material during the last week of the semester! Summarizing Key Points about Graded Activities ALL OF THE TIMES LISTED ARE EASTERN DAYLIGHT SAVINGS TIME. CONVERT TO YOUR TIME ZONE! Quizzes are OPEN 24 HOURS beginning 5:00 Wednesday nights through Thursday These single-question, no backtrack exams will be open 24 hours: From 5:00 p.m. the eve of the exam through 5:00 p.m. the actual day of the exam. I know that students have varied work and activity schedules during the summer. So you have from 5:00 at night on Wednesday until 5:00 at night on Thursday. This is true of the final exam as well. To have the full time to work on the exam make sure you start early enough. If you start the exam at 4:40 p.m. on Thursday then it will close and you will only have 20 minutes to take the exam instead of 35! I have a Weekly Checklist folder in ANGEL to help you stay organized! It is great if you can complete these assignments ahead of time rather than waiting until the last minute in case you encounter problems with your computer, get caught in rush hour traffic after work and can t get to an internet cafe on time, and so on. Life can be unpredictable! Waiting until the last minute to try to submit an assignment can be stressful as we learn in this class. It is just like trying to race to your face-to-face class and having a bus pass you by because it is full or working all night on a paper and then discovering that you were so tired doing it at the last minute that you forgot to put it in your backpack! Distributed Studying Hint: Of course, as you learned in Psych 101, distributed studying is more effective than studying all at one time. Look at your schedule and decide how you can distribute your study time throughout the week. What days do you plan to listen to lectures? To read the chapters? To find a good video for the health video report? Read ahead in the textbook in case a good friend drops by unexpectedly to spend some time on a nice summer evening! Try to distribute your course time and reduce your stress while studying in a more effective way! 9

10 Feedback on Course Grading and Grade Appeals Submission Box After the answers are released for a quiz you will see a box like the one shown. If you click on the hypertext date displaying when you took the quiz then a page will open up and you will see all the quiz questions and answers. These answers are available from Friday until Tuesday after each quiz. Academic Integrity Note: You may take notes about individual topics that you want to study but you cannot recopy the entire question. You may not download or copy the questions themselves. *****Quiz questions are NOT available later in the semester. ****** Make sure you review them after each quiz What do you do if you think that your answer was correct but it was marked wrong? You can appeal the question to earn that point! Only exam points appealed in this method will be considered: 1. Send the appeal through ANGEL to Faculty. 2. On the Subject Line write: Psych 320 Question Appeal. 3. Explain why your choice is the BEST answer. Document your explanation. Provide textbook page numbers, slide numbers from lecture, etc. 4. Explain why the choice that is marked as the correct answer is either wrong, ambiguous, or in some way not as good as your choice. Important dates for Appeals: Quiz Questions and Quiz Scores may be appealed until the Tuesday following the quiz After that time they are considered correct. Health Video grades are considered correct one week after the grades have been made available in ANGEL. Survey grades are considered correct one week after the grades have been made available in ANGEL. You are responsible for keeping track of your course grades throughout the semester. FINAL EXAM: The answers will be available for you to view on Thursday, June 30 th. Make any final exam appeal immediately because according to the Office of the Registrar: Grade Reporting Forms will be available in the Instructor System the day after the last class day listed in the Schedule of Courses (July 1). I will start working on the grades on Friday, July 1, when grade forms become available in the Instructor System. The last appeals must be received by 11:00 a.m. on Friday, July 1, so that grades can be entered promptly. Session 2 actually begins on Tuesday, July 5! 10

11 After these time deadlines no additional changes to grades, exam scoring, etc. will be made. There are no exceptions to this rule unless we have made calculation errors. Timeline for the Course The course begins on May 16 th and it ends on June 30 th (Thursday). The Academic Calendar listing important dates may be found at: Late Enrollments Accelerated courses are a bit like a visit to the racetrack when the course begins we are off and running! This is especially true for online courses. It would be difficult to enroll for a course on May 16, for example, and then wait for a textbook to arrive through the mail. By May 20 the class will have already covered two weeks of material instead of one! ANGEL sites take business hours to appear after a student has officially registered for a class. Missing the first exam isn t critical because you can drop it! But your classmates get to drop their lowest score and you have just dropped a score because you added late rather than because the score was low. These are options to weigh when deciding if you want to add the course late. ANGEL Tracking Please be aware that ANGEL tracks all student login information. For example, it tracks when you have logged into ANGEL and when you have logged out. It also tracks when you begin your quiz and when your quiz is submitted. This is helpful for instructors because it allows us to resolve issues if there is a problem with the ANGEL system in terms of logging on and/or gaining access to the various sections of the site. Tracking can also help us resolve disputes about exams and assignments, particularly those that are timed. ANGEL tracking also can reveal academic misconduct. Of course, professors cannot view the personal content of a student in the My Content area of ANGEL. Issues of Academic Integrity Every student is held responsible for knowing the academic integrity policy at MSU. The policy can be found at Look through the folder that I ve put up in the ANGEL site for some explanations about academic integrity to give you some concrete explanations. Here are some examples of academic dishonesty: Have another student provide academic assistance or coaching during an online quiz or test Have another person take a quiz or test for you Copy questions or answers from your online quiz or test and share them with another student Copy questions or answers from your online quiz or test and post them on a website for others to view Get questions and/or answers from students who have already taken an exam or quiz you are scheduled to take 11

12 Collaborate with other students on projects or assignments without your instructor s permission Here are some definitions of plagiarism make sure you avoid it! a piece of writing that has been copied from someone else and is presented as being your own work (Webster s Dictionary Online) claiming or submitting the academic work of another as one s own (Spartan Life: Student Handbook and Resource Guide, see pages 76-77, ) the appropriate of another person s ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit (White House Office of Sciences and Technology Policy on Misconduct on Research) Information about cheating from the student s point of view can be found at: Unfortunately as online courses have become more popular, online cheating has become more common. There are student-based websites that seem to foster and promote academic dishonesty. Please be advised that these sites are known to faculty members who are updated on their contents on a regular basis by honest students and others concerned with academic integrity. You are not authorized to use the all MSU Website or any other student-based website to complete any course work. I think the dishon est stud instead of student name is kind of funny do you think they did that on purpose?? Ignorance or misunderstand of the honesty policy will not serve as an excuse for academic dishonesty. The plagiarism policy is NOT based on the number of points for an assignment. Be honest whether it is an assignment worth a relatively small number of points or a comprehensive final exam. Scholastic dishonesty will be prosecuted to the fullest extent in this class. That means you get a 0.0 in the class and a letter is sent to the dean of your college and to the dean of the College of Social Sciences about the incident. A request for your dean to call for a disciplinary hearing to impose sanctions beyond failing the course could occur in some cases of academic dishonesty. It is important for you to know as students that MSU has a new penalty grade system. New Penalty Grade Policy at MSU Revised University Policy - Integrity of Scholarship and Grades: When an instructor gives an undergraduate or graduate student a penalty grade for academic misconduct, the instructor must provide a written description of the details of the academic misconduct to the student and to the student s academic dean. The student s academic dean will add the written description to the student s academic record, where it will remain, unless the student successfully grieves the allegation. There are more details regarding this policy and so I have included the document in our ANGEL site. You will end up taking a class on this subject as well. Read over all this material, not just for this class but for your other classes as wel. 12

13 Accommodations for Disabilities Students with disabilities should contact the Resource Center for Persons with Disabilities to establish reasonable accommodations. Contact RCPD by phone at (517) (voice) or (517) (TTY). Visit the RCPD website at or send them an at Send us your VISA document by as soon as possible! There are many ways that ANGEL settings and other changes can be made to help the course flow smoothly for you! I ve worked with many of the specialists at the RCPD to figure out how to make the courses effective depending on the accommodations you need. Observing a Religious Holiday You may make up coursework missed to observe a religious holiday; make arrangements in advance with the instructor. Look over the course dates at the beginning of the semester and see if a test falls on the 24-hour span of one of these days. Course Related Web sites ANGEL American Psychological Association Div. 38 Center for Disease Control and Prevention National Institutes of Health Substance Abuse Health Mental COURSE ORIENTATION PASSWORD: WELLNESS [Your syllabus password for Day 1 ANGEL orientation] Day One Orientation Password 13

14 Tentative Course Calendar with Due Dates Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Week 1 Read Chapters 1 & 2 Week 2 Read Chapters 3 & 4 Week 3 Read Chapters 5 & 6 Week 4 Read Chapters 7 & 8 Week 5 Read Chapters 9 & 10 May 16 May 17 May 18 Quiz 1 Opens tonight at 5:00 p.m. May 23 May 24 May 25 Quiz 2 Opens tonight at 5:00 p.m. May 30 Memorial Day Holiday June 6 June 7 Health Video Discussion Due May 31 June 1 Quiz 3 Opens tonight at 5:00 p.m. June 8 Quiz 4 Opens tonight at 5:00 p.m. June 13 June 14 June 15 Quiz 5 Opens tonight at 5:00 p.m. May 19 Quiz 1 Chapters 1 & 2 Closes May 26 Quiz 2 Chapters 3 & 4 Closes June 2 Quiz 3 Chapters 5 & 6 Closes June 9 Quiz 4 Chapters 7 & 8 Closes June 16 Quiz 5 Chapters 9 & 10 Closes May 20 Survey 1 Due May 27 Survey 2 Due June 3 Health Video & Survey 3 Due June 10 Survey 4 Due June 17 Virtual Field Trip & Survey 5 Due Week 6 Read Chapters 11 & 12 Week 7 Read Chapters 13 & 14 & Epilogue June 20 June 21 Virtual Field Trip Discussion Due June 22 Quiz 6 Opens tonight at 5:00 p.m. June 27 June 28 June 29 Final Exam Opens tonight at 5:00 p.m. June 23 Quiz 6 Chapters 11 & 12 Closes June 30 Final Exam Chs.13,14 & Comprehensive Closes Survey 7 Due Key Dates: June 8 Middle of Semester; June 30 End of Semester June 24 Survey 6 Due July 1 Course has ended. Grades submitted today. In a regular semester May 27 would be the end of the first month of class! The summer half semesters REALLY ARE accelerated classes! 14

15 FAQs about the Syllabus and Course and their Answers! What are reasonable estimates for how much time online courses take when taught in the accelerated half semester session? Study time estimate: In general, the rule of thumb for college courses is to plan on spending 2-3 hours outside of class studying and working on assignments for every hour spent in class. Since this is an online course, we obviously do not meet in a classroom. However, it is reasonable for you to plan on spending between hours on coursework each week. As a summer course, we will follow a compressed schedule, making it all the more important that you stay on top of assignments with two chapters covered per week, you can fall behind VERY quickly! Summer courses are intense but it is amazing what you are able to learn in a short period of time. Taking two online classes at the same time is basically equivalent to a full-time job! Students have done it successfully but it is an intense time commitment. This syllabus is subject to modifications. It is the responsibility of the student to regularly check the course web site for additional materials and course updates. 15