Lecture 23: Interconnection Networks. Topics: communication latency, centralized and decentralized switches (Appendix E)
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1 Lecture 23: Interconnection Networks Topics: communication latency, centralized and decentralized switches (Appendix E) 1
2 Topologies Internet topologies are not very regular they grew incrementally Supercomputers have regular interconnect topologies and trade off cost for high bandwidth Nodes can be connected with centralized switch: all nodes have input and output wires going to a centralized chip that internally handles all routing decentralized switch: each node is connected to a switch that routes data to one of a few neighbors 2
3 Centralized Crossbar Switch P0 P1 P2 P3 P4 Crossbar switch P5 P6 P7 3
4 Centralized Crossbar Switch P0 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 4
5 Crossbar Properties Assuming each node has one input and one output, a crossbar can provide maximum bandwidth: N messages can be sent as long as there are N unique sources and N unique destinations Maximum overhead: WN 2 internal switches, where W is data width and N is number of nodes To reduce overhead, use smaller switches as building blocks trade off overhead for lower effective bandwidth 5
6 Switch with Omega Network P0 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P P
7 Omega Network Properties The switch complexity is now O(N log N) Contention increases: P0 P5 and P1 P7 cannot happen concurrently (this was possible in a crossbar) To deal with contention, can increase the number of levels (redundant paths) by mirroring the network, we can route from P0 to P5 via N intermediate nodes, while increasing complexity by a factor of 2 7
8 Tree Network Complexity is O(N) Can yield low latencies when communicating with neighbors Can build a fat tree by having multiple incoming and outgoing links P0 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 8
9 Bisection Bandwidth Split N nodes into two groups of N/2 nodes such that the bandwidth between these two groups is minimum: that is the bisection bandwidth Why is it relevant: if traffic is completely random, the probability of a message going across the two halves is ½ if all nodes send a message, the bisection bandwidth will have to be N/2 The concept of bisection bandwidth confirms that the tree network is not suited for random traffic patterns, but for localized traffic patterns 9
10 Distributed Switches: Ring Each node is connected to a 3x3 switch that routes messages between the node and its two neighbors Effectively a repeated bus: multiple messages in transit Disadvantage: bisection bandwidth of 2 and N/2 hops on average 10
11 Distributed Switch Options Performance can be increased by throwing more hardware at the problem: fully-connected switches: every switch is connected to every other switch: N 2 wiring complexity, N 2 /4 bisection bandwidth Most commercial designs adopt a point between the two extremes (ring and fully-connected): Grid: each node connects with its N, E, W, S neighbors Torus: connections wrap around Hypercube: links between nodes whose binary names differ in a single bit 11
12 Topology Examples Grid Torus Hypercube Criteria Bus Ring 2Dtorus 6-cube Fully connected Performance Bisection bandwidth Cost Ports/switch Total links 12
13 Topology Examples Grid Torus Hypercube Criteria Bus Ring 2Dtorus 6-cube Fully connected Performance Bisection bandwidth Cost Ports/switch Total links
14 k-ary d-cube Consider a k-ary d-cube: a d-dimension array with k elements in each dimension, there are links between elements that differ in one dimension by 1 (mod k) Number of nodes N = k d Number of switches : Switch degree : Number of links : Pins per node : Avg. routing distance: Diameter : Bisection bandwidth : Switch complexity : Should we minimize or maximize dimension? 14
15 k-ary d-cube Consider a k-ary d-cube: a d-dimension array with k elements in each dimension, there are links between elements that differ in one dimension by 1 (mod k) Number of nodes N = k d (with no wraparound) Number of switches : Switch degree : Number of links : Pins per node : N 2d + 1 Nd 2wd Avg. routing distance: Diameter : Bisection bandwidth : Switch complexity : Should we minimize or maximize dimension? d(k-1)/2 d(k-1) 2wk d-1 (2d + 1) 2 15
16 Title Bullet 16
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