Existing safety technology is the driverless vehicle already here? Matthew Avery Safety Research Director
Automotive Safety Primary vs Secondary Safety Primary Safety Secondary Safety Tertiary Safety Pre-crash Crash Post crash Increasing crash probability Systems to prevent and mitigate accidents Protective safety systems to mitigate consequences Time Rescue systems and services Primary safety: Prevention is better than cure
Advanced Driver Assistance Systems ADAS ESC is an established life saver Other ADAS systems show potential ESC saves lives; an ESC equipped vehicle is 25% less likely to be involved in a serious or fatal crash in the UK
Autonomous Emergency Braking AEB Forward looking sensors (RADAR, LIDAR, Camera) System detects an imminent collision Some systems issue driver warnings (acoustic, visual, haptic) Automatic application of the brakes if driver is unresponsive or distracted Car-to-Car Rear (CCR) Car-to-Pedestrian (CP)
AEB Real World Effectiveness Report available at: www.thatcham.org/aeb 0% USA: Mercedes with vs without USA: Volvo with vs without UK: Volvo XC60 vs competitor s USA: Volvo XC60 vs competitor s USA: Volvo S60 vs competitor s USA: Mercedes with vs without USA: Volvo with vs without USA: Honda with vs without -10% -20% -4% -9% -18% -18% -16% -14% -30% -40% -33% -32% FCW City Safety FCW with autobrake
UK AEB KSI Reduction Potential Combined Incentives = Insurance Reductions + Euro NCAP
Euro NCAP and Insurance AEB Test Scenarios INTER- URBAN INTER- URBAN INTER- URBAN INTER- URBAN INTER- URBAN INTER- URBAN Car-to-Car Rear (CCR) Car-to-Pedestrian CP CITY (Group Rating) Lead Vehicle Stopped <50km/h CP1 Unobscured nearside walking pedestrian Lead Vehicle Stopped 30-80km/h CP2 Obscured walking nearside pedestrian Slower Lead Vehicle Target 20km/h Test 30-80km/h CP3 Unobscured farside pedestrian Lead Vehicle Decelerating 50km/h
Stationary Low Speed City AEB Test Group Rating and EuroNCAP
Moving Inter-Urban AEB: Euro NCAP
Braking Inter-Urban AEB: Euro NCAP
Euro NCAP Rating Strategy Safety Boxes: 2014 Euro NCAP Assessment Areas Adult Occupant Protection Child Occupant Protection Pedestrian Protection Safety Assist Front: Offset Deformable Barrier Dynamic Assessment Head Form Seat Belt Reminder Side: Mobile Deformable Barrier Child Restraint System Assessment Upper Leg Form Speed Assist System Pole Vehicle Assessment Lower Leg Form Electronic Stability Control Whiplash Front Seat AEB VRU Pedestrian 2016 LDW/LKA Whiplash Rear Seat AEB VRU Cyclist - 2018 AEB Inter Urban AEB City
UK AEB Fitment and Insurance Incentives UK and German insurers offer AEB Discounts up to 5 Groups Damageability Points % reduction 2 12 3 13 4 14 5 15 6 16 7 17 8 18 9 19 10 20 11 21 12 22 13 23 14 24
VM s Selling AEB
Euro NCAP Rating Strategy Rating Examples Nissan Qashqai 1.5dCi Acenta, LHD Renault Megane 1.5dCi 'Life', LHD Overall weighted score Total Score 88% 83% 69% 79% 82% 80% 75% 60% 65% 75% 70% 60% 50% 55% 65% 50% 30% 40% 30% 50% 30% 25% 20% 20% 40% 20% 15% 10% 10% 30% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Total Score 83% 78% 60% 48% 73% 80% 75% 60% 65% 75% 70% 60% 50% 55% 65% 50% 30% 40% 30% 50% 30% 25% 20% 20% 40% The Safety Assist 20% score 15% limits 105 the 10% 30% 0% overall 0% rating 0% 0% 0%
Euro NCAP Rating Strategy 2014 Rating Distribution 3 Star limiting scores 3 Star limiting scores Citroen Berlingo 56% 74% 63% 48% Citroen C-Elysee 71% 75% 54% 33% MG3 69% 71% 59% 38% Nissan e-nv200 Evalia 75% 80% 60% 38% Peugeot 301 71% 75% 54% 33% Peugeot Partner 56% 74% 63% 48% Renault Megane 83% 78% 60% 48% 4 Star limiting scores Citroen C1 80% 80% 62% 56% Ford Torneo Connect 84% 84% 74% 56% Hyundai i10 79% 80% 71% 56% Peugeot 108 80% 80% 62% 56% Renault Twingo 78% 81% 68% 56% Toyota Aygo 80% 80% 62% 56% 4 Star limiting scores Mercedes-Benz C-Class 92% 84% 77% 70% Mercedes-Benz GLA-Class 96% 88% 67% 70% Nissan Qashqai 88% 83% 69% 79% VW Golf Sportsvan 87% 85% 62% 73% Typically the overall rating is limited by the low score in the Safety Assist box, due to the non-fitment of ADAS. Only 5 Star vehicles have ADAS fitted.
VUT PEDESTRIAN PedestrianTest Scenarios - 2016 Far side Near side Adult Adult Child 8km/h 5km/h 5km/h 50% (central) 25% & 75% 50% (central) 20-60km/h 20-60km/h 20-60km/h
Pedestrian Testing 2016 Cyclist AEB - 2018
VM Solutions Current or Near Future Sensor Fit and VFM front side rear sensor cost performance Front Camera Front LIDAR Front Radar Side/Front 180 Camera Side Radar Rear Camera/Ultrasonic XXX X XXX XXX XX XXX
Parking Crashes 23% of all claims = 1.7 bn Parking Incidents In the UK, 23% of claims related to parking incidents 71% of parking incidents occurred during reversing Reversing & Parking Car to car rear Single vehicle Junction Head on 12% 17% 4% 3%2% 18% 22% 23% 16% Lane change 75% 9% Reversing Moving forward
Introduction of new protocols until 2020 EuroNCAP >2020 Roadmap ADAS Technologies end2015 2016 2017 Rear seat occupancy & CRS detection Whiplash Test Revision Update to Speed Assistance Systems 6 and 10 year old child in frontal and side Lane Keep Assist Assessment 2018 2019 2020 Mobile test solution to offset front protection Far side occupant protection for driver and front passenger Updated AEB CCR Offsets and New Barrier AEB for pedestrians and pedal cyclists in daylight, darkness Lane Keeping Run Off Road Test Procedure Junction Protection Safety critical HMI guidelines
Future Research AES? LDW/LKA systems widespread in the market Crash reduction unclear 20% of KSI relate to single vehicle crashes mostly on straight, well marked roads Sophisticated Lane Guidance Systems now available (Infiniti Q50 Mercedes E-Class) New Research looking at Run-off-Road Tests Straight and Radius Off Road and Across Lane -
New Technology Autonomous Emergency Steering (AES?) Run-off Road systems Sophisticated lane guidance systems already in production Mercedes E class, Infiniti Q50, Subaru Levorg Interpret and react to solid and dashed markings, overtaking and oncoming traffic etc. 2015 Volvo XC90 has advanced Run-Off-Road system
Autonomous Testing AEB and AES Building Blocks for the partial Autonomous Car - 2018 AEB AES
Motivation for automated driving functions The Autonomous Car Safety Fuel economy Traffic efficiency Improved mobility Comfort City planning Eliminate human error Optimised driving style for traffic and road Minimise interruptions and optimise road space usage Enable and maintain driving for individuals Minimise driving stress. Travel time used for work or social purposes. Separate parking and work locations. Efficient use of space. + more!
The Autonomous Car Levels of Autonomy and required technologies Cruise control ABS ESC AEB Adaptive Cruise control Parking and Lane Keep Assistance Adaptive Cruise Control with lane keeping Traffic Jam Assistance Road following Junction decisioning Hazard detection and evasive decisioning V2V, V2I Combination of all functions + Artificial intelligence and multiple redundancies No driver monitoring 1. Driver 2. Assisted 3. Partial 4. High 5. Full Autonomy Control Driving Autonomy Autonomy Adapted from Autonomous Road Vehicles POSTnote 443, September 2013, Dr. Chandrika Nath, Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, Parliamentary Copyright 2013 100% 100% 90% 90% 80% 70% New Car Sales %: New Car Sales %: New Car Sales %: Fleet %: Partial Fleet %: High 80% New Car Sales %: Fleet %: Assisted Partial Autonomy High Autonomy High Autonomy Autonomy Autonomy 70% 60% Assisted Driving Driving 60% 50% 50% Fleet %: High 40% 40% Autonomy 30% 30% 20% 20% 10% 10% 0% 0% 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2018: Volvo and Mercedes road following autonomy Google autonomous car
Future Testing New Technologies need new evaluation procedures
Partial Autonomous Driving Demonstrations Today Auto Parking - BMW AEB City Safety - Volvo Parking Auto Brake- Infiniti Queue Assist - Mercedes
Car park AEB & auto-park demonstrations Reverse auto-brake Auto-parking Viewing area Viewing area City Safety Autonomous drive pick-up & drop-off
Partial Autonomous (low speed) following demo (~20km/h) Negotiate roundabout Pick up/drop off outside Academy rear car park by other demos Return & stop Drive to start point Assembly & start End at roundabout Semi-autonomous following road train travels west along Gables Way
Existing safety technology is the driverless vehicle already here? Matthew Avery Safety Research Director