Challenges of urban environmental governance. Participation and partnership in Nakuru Municipality, Kenya Mwangi, S.W.

UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Challenges of urban environmental governance. Participation and partnership in Nakuru Municipality, Kenya Mwangi, S.W. Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Mwangi, S. W. (2003). Challenges of urban environmental governance. Participation and partnership in Nakuru Municipality, Kenya Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam/AGIDS General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: http://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (http://dare.uva.nl) Download date: 22 Oct 2018

Referencess. AfricaAfrica Recovery, Volume 15 (1-2). New York, USA: United Nations. Akivaga,Akivaga, S.K, W. Kulundu-Bitonye & M. W. Opi (1985). Local Authorities in Kenya.. Nairobi: Heinemann Educational Books. Arrossi,Arrossi, S; F. Bombarolo; J.E. Hardoy; D. Mitlin; LP. Coscio; & D. Sattterthwaitethwaite (1994). Funding Community Initiatives. London: Earthscan Publications. cations. Atkinson,, R. (1999). Discourses of Partnerships and Empowerment in Contemporaryy British Urban Regeneration. Urban Studies -An International Journal forfor Research in Urban and Regional Studies, 59-72. Axelrod,, R. & D. Dion (1988). The Further evolution of Co-operation. Science, 242242 (9), December, 1988. Badshah,, A. (1996). Our Urban Future: New Paradigms for Equity and Sustainableable Development. London: Zed Books. Badshah,, A. (1997). Good Governance for Environmental Sustainable development.ment. Background Paper for the Public Private Partnership Programme of UNDP.. Baross,, P. (1991). Action Planning. Institute of Housing and Urban Development Studiess Working Papers No. 2. Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Barrow,, C. (1995). Sustainable Development: Concepts, Value and Practices. ThirdThird World Planning Review, 17 (4), 369-386. Bartone,, C, J. Bernstein, J. Leitmann & J. Eigen (1994). Towards Environmental StrategiesStrategies for Cities - Policy Considerations for Urban environmental ManagementManagement in Developing Countries. UNDP/UNCHS/World Bank. Publishedd for the Urban Management Programme by the World Bank, Washington,, DC. Batley,, R. (1997). Co-operation with private and Community organizations. In K. Davey,, Urban Management: The Challenges of Growth. Avebury: Ashgate Publishingg Company. Barkan,, J.D. & M. Chege (1989). Decentralizing the State: District Focus and the Politicss of Reallocation in Kenya. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 27(3),, 431-453. 295 5

ChallengesChallenges of Urban Environmental Governance Barkan,, J. (1994). Toward a New Constitutional Framework in Kenya. Africa Today,Today, 45 (2), 213-26. Baud,, I., J. Post, S. Grafakos & M. Hordijk (2000). QOL and Partnerships in Solidd waste Management: Contributions to Sustainable development in an Urbann Environment. In 2: International Conference on Quality of Life in Cities,Cities, 8 th - 10 th March 2000, Singapole. Baud,, I. (2000). Collective Action, Enablement and Partnerships: Issues in Urbanban Development. Inaugural Lecture, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam. Baudd I.S.A., S. Grafakos, M. Hordijk, J. Post (2001)., QOL and Alliances in SWMM Contribution to Sustainable Development. Cities, 18, (1),.1-10. Baud,, I. & J. Post (2001). New Partnerships in Urban Solid Waste Management andd their Contributions to Sustainable Development: Experiences in Accra (Ghana),, and Chennai (India). In I. Baud, J. Post, L. de Haan & T. Dietz (eds).. Re-aligning Government, Civil Society and the Market: New Challengeslenges in Urban and Regional Development. Essays in Honour of G.A de Bruijne.. AGIDs, University of Amsterdam. Baud,, I., J. Post, L. de Haan & T. Dietz (eds). (2001). Re-aligning Government, CivilCivil Society and the Market: New Challenges in Urban and Regional Development.velopment. Essays in Honour of G.A de Bruijne. AGIDs, University of Amsterdam.. Baumann,, P. & A. Sharan (2000). Governance, Community and Natural Resourcesource Management: Development of Concepts and Key Questions for Researchsearch TARU/ODI/SERA. Bennett,, J.R. & G. Krebs (1991). Local Economic Development: Public/private PartnershipsPartnerships initiatives in Britain and Germany. London and New Yor Belhavenn Press. Berejikian,, J. (1992). Revolutionary Collective Action and the Agent-Structure Problem.. American Political Science Review, 86, (3), September. Blowers,, A. (1997). Environmental Policy: Ecological modernization or the risk society?.. Urban Studies 34, (5-6), 845-871. Bossel,, H. (1999). Indicators for Sustainable Development: Theory, Methods, Applications,Applications, USD, Winnipeg. Bowles,, S. & H. Gintis (1998). The Moral Economy of Communities: Structures Populationss and Evolution of Pro-Social Norms. Evolution and Human Behaviour,Behaviour, (19), 3-25. 296 6

References References Bührs,, T. & G. Aplin (1999). Pathways towards Sustainable development: The Australiann Approach. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management,ment, 42, (3), 315-34. Caplan,, K. (2001). Perceptions of Partnerships: Understanding what Public, Privatevate andngo Partners may offer. Practitioner Note Series. Business Partnerss for Development. Water and sanitation Cluster. Brussels, Belgium. Casley,, D.J. & K. Kumar (1988). The Collection, Analysis and Use of Monitoring andand Evaluation Data. Baltimore: John Hopkins University press. Cemea,, M.M. (1991). Putting People First: Sociological Variables in Rural Development.opment. A World Bank Publication. OUP. Washington, D.C. Chambers,, R. (1994). The Origin and Practice of Participatory Rural Appraisal. WorldWorld Development, 22 (7), 953-969. Church,, C. (2000). The LA 21 process in the United Kingdom: Lessons for Policyy and Practice in Stakeholder Participation. A. Atkinson, J.D. Davila, E. Fernandess & M. Mattingly (eds), The Challenge of Environmental Managementagement in Urban Areas, Burlington, USA, Singapole, Sydney: Ashgate. Aldershot.. Clarke,, G. (1991). Urban Management in Developing Countries. A critical Role. C/fiess 5(2), 93-107. Cohen,, J.M. & N. T. Uphoff(1980). Participation's Place in Rural Development: Seekingg Clarity through Specificity. World Development, 8, 213-235. Coleman,, J. (1990). Foundations of Social Theory. Havard University Press. Curmnthers,, I.D. (1978). Contentious Issues in Planning Irrigation Schemes. In: C. Witstrandd (ed), The Social and Ecological Effects of Water Development Projectsjects in Developing Countries. Oxford: Pergamon Press. Dalai-Clayton,, B. (1996). Getting to Grips with Green Plans: National-level Experienceperience in Industrial Countries. London: Earthscan. Davidson,, F. & M. Peltenburg, (1993,). Government and NGOs/CBOs working togethertogether for better cities. Institute of Housing and Urban Development Studiess (IHS). Working Paper No. 6. IHS, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Dee Meulder, B. (ed) (1998). Nakuru: An African Town, Exhibition Catalogue, Leuven.. Departmentt of Urban and Regional Planning (DURP) (1997). Strategic Structure Plan,Plan, Phase 1, Vol. 2A: Project Report, Nairobi: University of Nairobi. 297 7

ChallengesChallenges of Urban Environmental Governance Departmentt of Urban and Regional Planning (DURP) (1999). Strategic Structure Plan,Plan, Phase 2, Sectoral Studies Report Volume 2, DURP, UON. Nairobi, March.. Devas,, N. (1999). "Who Runs Cities? The relationship between Urban Governance,, Service Delivery and Poverty" Urban Governance, Poverty and PartnershipsPartnerships Theme paper 4. International Development Department, Schooll of Public Policy, University of Birmingham, UK. Drakakis-Smith,, D. (1996). Sustainable development, Urbanisation and Development.. Viewpoint in Third World Planning Review 18 (4), iii-x. Edelman,, D.J., P. Procee & CAcioly Jr (2000). Sustainable Urban Development andd the Urban Poor in Rio de Janeiro. In: Atkinson, A., J.D. Davila, E. Fernandess & M. Mattingly (ed), The Challenge of Environmental Managementagement in Urban Areas. Burlington, USA, Singapole, Sydney: Ashgate. Aldershot.. Emmett,, A. (1998). Sustainable Development: a fine balancing Act. Focus Forum,rum, tf (l),p4-8. Evans,, H. E. (1989). National Development and Rural-Urban Policy: Past Experiencee and New Directions in Kenya. Urban Studies (26), 253-266. Falloux,, F. & L.M.Talbot (1993). Crisis and Opportunity. Environment and Developmentvelopment inafrica. London: Earthscan. Faulkener,, J.H. (1997). Engaging the Private sector through Public Private Partnerships.. In: Bridges to sustainable development: Business and Governmentsments working together for a Better Environment. A contribution of the Yale// UNDP Programme on Public Private Partnerships to the United Nationss General Assembly, special session on Rio +5, Bulletin 101. New Haven,, USA:Yale University. Foeken,, D.W J & S.O. Owour (2000). Urban Farmers in Nakuru, Kenya. ASC Workingg Paper 45/2000. Centre for Urban Research, University of Nairobi, Kenyaa and Africa Studies Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands. Frijns,, J. & H. Merngers (1999). Urban Environmental Management: Towards a Scientificc discipline. IHS News, 14, (1), 2-3. Fukuyama,, F. (1995). Trust: Social Virtues and the creation of Prosperity. New York:: Free Press. Gatheru,, W. & R. Shaw (1998). Our problems, Our Solutions: An Economic and PublicPublic Policy Agenda for Kenya. Nairobi: Institute of Economic Affairs. 298 8

References References Geddes,, M. (1997). Partnerships against Poverty and Exclusion? Local Regenerationeration Strategies and Excluded Communities in the U.K. Bristol: The Policyy Press. Gentry,, B. (1997). Breaking the Bottlenecks to Private Participation in East Asia Infrastructure:Infrastructure: Environment and Resettlement issues in Frontiers of the Public/privatePublic/private Interface in Eastern Asia's Infrastructure. Proceedings of thee ministerial Level International conference on infrastructure Development,, Jakarta, Indonesia, Sept 1996. LPPN/INDES, August 1997. Gidman,, P., I. Blore, I. Lorentzen & P. Schuttemnelt (1994). Public/private Partnershipsnerships in Urban Infrastructure Services. UMP Working Paper Series 4, Nairobi:: UNDP/ Habitat/World Bank. Gilbert,, A. & J. Gugler. (1992). Cities, Poverty and Development: Urbanization inin the Third World {2nd. edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Gilbert,, R., D. Stevenson, H. Girardet & R. Stren (1996). Making Cities Work: TheThe Role of Local Authorities in the Urban Environment. In collaboration withh ICLEI, UNCHS UNEP and United Towns Development Agency. London:: Earthscan Publications Ltd. Gomez-Echeverri,, L. (1997). Bridges to sustainable development: Business and GovernmentsGovernments working together for a Better Environment. New Haven, USA:: Yale University. Gonzalez,, J., K. Lauder & B. Melles (2000). Opting for Partnerships, Governanceance Innovations in South Eastern Asia, Institute on Governance Ottawa. Gurr,, T. (1968). Psychological Aspects of Civil Violence. World Politics, 20, Januaryy 1968. Harding,, A. (1996). Public/private Partnerships in Urban degeneration. In: M. Campbelll (ed). Local Economic Policy. London: Cassell, Hardoy,, J.E., D. Mitlin, & D. Satterthwaite (1993). Environmental Problems of ThirdThird World Cities. London: Earthscan Publications Ltd. Hardoy,, J.E., D. Mitlin & D. Satterthwaite (2001). Environmental Problems in an UrbanizingUrbanizing World. London: Earthscan Publications Ltd. Harpham,, T. & K.A. Boateng, (1997). Urban Governance in Relation to the Operationn of Urban Services in Developing Countries. Habitat international, 27,(1),, 65-77. Hastings,, A. (1996). Unravelling the Process of Partnerships in Urban Regenerationn Policy. Urban Studies, 33, (2), 253-268. 299 9

ChallengesChallenges of Urban Environmental Governance Hastings,, A. (1999). Analysing Power Relations in Partnerships: Is there a role forr Discourse Analysis? Urban Studies, 36, (1), 91-106. Haughton,, G. & C. Hunter (1994). Sustainable Cities. Regional Policy and Developmentt Series 7. Printed and Bound in Great Britain by Cromwell Press Ltd,, Melksham, Wilshire. Haughton,, G. (1999). Information and Participation within Environmental Management.. Environment and Urbanization, 11, (2). Helmsing,, A.HJ. (2000). Decentralization and Enablement: Issues in the Local GovernanceGovernance Debate. Inaugural Address as Professor of Local and Regio Planning.. University of Utrecht. Hempstone,, S. (1997). Rogue Ambassador: An African Memoir. Sewanee, Tennesseee University of the South Press. Hentic,, I. (1997). Globalization and Decentralization. In: U. Kirdar, Cities fit for People.People. New York: United Nations University Press. Hordijk,, M. (1999). A dream of green and water: Community based formulation off a Local Agenda 21 in peri-urban Lima. Environment and Urbanization, Sustainablee Cities Revisited II, 11, (2). Hordijk,, M. (2000). Of Dreams and Deeds: The Role of Local Initiatives for CommunityCommunity Based Environmental Management in Lima, Peru, Amsterda Thelaa Thesis. Hordijk,, M. (2001). Combining Capitals: The assets of Community-Based Organizationss and Local Government for Neighbourhood Environmental Managementt in Lima. In: I. Baud, J. Post, L. de Haan & T. Dietz (eds). Realigningaligning Government, Civil Society and the Market: New Challenges in UrbanUrban and Regional Development. Essays in honour of G.A de Bruijne. Amsterdam:: AGIDs, University of Amsterdam. Hove,, S. van der (2000). Participatory approaches to Environmental Policy- Making:: the European Commission Climatic Policy Process as a Case Study.. Ecological Economics 33, 457-472. Ichoya,, J. (1997). Privatization of Municipal Services in Kenya. A Report Preparedd for UNCHS (Habitat), 1998. ICLEII (1997). LA 21 Survey: A Study of Responses by Local Authorities and TheirTheir National and International Associations to Agenda 21. Prepared by Internationall Council for Local Environmental Initiatives in conjunction withh United Nations Department for Policy Coordination and Sustainable Development,, February. 300 300

References References ICLEII (2002). Second LA 21 Survey. Department of Economic and Social Affairs,, Commission on Sustainable Development acting as the preparatory Committeee for the World Summit on Sustainable Development, Second Preparatoryy Session. Background Paper No. 15 submitted by International Councill for Local Environmental Initiatives, February. (JBIC).. (2001). Japanese Bank for International Cooperation. Special Assistance forfor Project Sustainability for Greater Nakuru Water Supply Project in the RepublicRepublic of Kenya-Field Report. Unpublished. Ministry of Environment andd Natural Resources and Municipal Council of Nakuru, Nakuru, July. Jensen,, H.E. (1996). Environmental Management and World of Work in Kenya. Internationall Labour Office, Geneva, International Labour Organization. JICA/MOLGG (1994). Nakuru Sewage Rehabilitation and Expansion Project: FeasibilityFeasibility Study. Final Report. March. Jones,, G.A. & R.A. Pisa (2000). Public/private Partnerships for urban land developmentt in Mexico: a victory for hope versus expectation? Habitat international,tional, 24, 1-18. Johnson,, H.D. (1995). Green Plans: Greenprints for Sustainable Development Lincoln:: University of Nebraska Press. Katajima,, S. (1997). Partnerships Phenomenon and State Debate, Economics edition.. Hirosaki University, Japan. Kearns,, A. & R. Paddison (2000). New Challenges for Urban Governance. Urban Studies,Studies, 37, (5-6), 845-850. Kiamba,, M. (1994). The Dynamics of Urbanization and Urban Development in Kenya.. In: Wekwete, K. H. & CO. Rambanapasi, Planning Urban EconomiesEconomies in Eastern and Southern Africa, pp. 137-174. Aldershot, Avebury.. Kivell,, P.T., P.W. Roberts & G.P.Walker (eds) (1998). Environment Planning andand Landuse.Mdershot, Brookfield (USA), Sidney and Singapore: Ashgate Publishingg Co. Ltd. Klugman,, J. (1994). Decentralization: A Survey of Literature from a Human Developmentvelopment Perspective. UNDP/Human Development Report Office (HDRO).. Occasional Papers and Background Papers. Koti,, F.T. (2000). Production of Urban Space in Kenya: Central - Local Governmenternment Power Relations in Mediating Space in Athi River Town. Unpublishedd Masters Thesis, College of Arts and Sciences, West Virginia University.. 301 1

ChallengesChallenges of Urban Environmental Governance Lee,, Y, F. (1994). Intermediary Institutions, Community Organizations, and Urbanban Environmental Management: The Case of Three Bangkok Slums. A paperr presented at the Third International Workshop on Community-Bases Urbann Environmental Management in Asia, Bandung, Indonesia, 3-6 October.. Maina,, K., F. Percy., O. Mageka., & M.S. Adan (1998). NGO Roles and Relationships:tionships: Partnership Dilemmas for International and Local NGOs in Kenya.Kenya. IIED File essay Series No. 3. Malbert,, B. (1998). Urban Planning Participation: Linking Practice and Theory. Dissertationn in Urban Design and Planning. Department of Urban Design andd Planning, School of Architecture, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg,, Sweden. Magalhaes,, C.P. Healey & A. Madanipour (2002). Assessing Institutional Capacityy for City Centre Regeneration: New Castle's Grainger Town. In: G. Cars,, P. Healey, A. Madanipour & C. Magalhaes (eds). Urban Governance,ance, Institutional Capacity and Social Milieux. Royal Institute of Technology,, University of New Castle upon Tyne, University College London. Ashgate.. Mangal,, S. (1998). Participation and the Public/private Interface in Urban Environmentalronmental Management. Background Paper for Public/private Partnership forr the Urban Environment. Yale University's School of Forestry and Environmentall Studies, Yale USA. Manson,, T.D. & D.A. Krane (1989). The Political Economy of Death Squads: Towardss a Theory of the Impact of State-Sanctioned Terror. International StudiesStudies Quarterly (33). Margerum,, R.D. (1996). Integrated Environmental Management: A Framework forfor Practice. Occasional Paper No. 9. University of New England, Armidale,, New South Wales. Mattingly,, M. (1994). Meaning of Urban Management. Cities, 11, 201-205. Mattingly,, M. (1999). Management of the Urban Environment. In: A. Atkinson, J.D.. Davila, E. Fernandes & M. Mattingly (eds). (2000). The Challenge of environmentalenvironmental Management in Urban Areas. Aidershot. Burlington, U Singapole.. Sydney: Ashgate. McGill,, R. (1998). View Point: Urban Management in Developing Countries. Cities,Cities, 75, (6). 302 2

References References McGranahan,, G., J. Leitmann & C. Surjadi (1997). Understanding Environmentalmental Problems in Disadvantaged Neighbourhoods: Broad Spectrum Surveys,Surveys, Participatory Appraisal and Contigent Valuation. Published by Stockholmm Environment Institute in Corraboration with SIDA. McGranahan,, G., L. Miranda, D. Satterthwaite & L.S. Valasquez (2001a). Striving/oring/or Good Governance in Urban Areas: The Role of LA 21s Opinion on Worldd Summit on Sustainable Development, Published by the Internationall Institute for Environment and Development (IIED). McGranahan,, G., P. Jacobi, J. Songsore, C. Surjadi & M. Kjellen (2001b). The CitizenCitizen at Risk: From Urban Sanitation to Sustainable Cities. London: Earthscann Publications Limited. McQuaid,, R.W. (1994). Partnerships and Urban Economic Development Social Sciencee Working Paper No. 13. Department of Economics, Napier University,, Edinburg. MCNN (1994). Municipal Council of Nakuru, Annual Report, 1994. Nakuru. MCN/Republicc of Kenya/ABOS-BADC/UNCHS (1999). Strategic Structure Plan:Plan: Action Plan for Sustainable Development. Volume I Draft. October, 1998.. MCN/Republicc of Kenya/ABOS-B ADC/UNCHS (1999). Strategic Structure Plan:Plan: Action Plan for Sustainable Development. Volume //July, 1999. Mearns,, R. (1995). Community, Collective action and common grazing: The case ofof Post-Socialist Mongolia. IDS Discussion Paper 350. Brighton: Universityy of Sussex. Mega,, V. & J. Pendersen (1998). Urban Sustainable development Indicators. Dublin,, Ireland: European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Workingg Conditions,. Miller,, D. & G. de Roo (1999). Integrating City Planning and Environmental improvement:provement: Practicable strategies for Sustainable Urban Development. Ashgate.. Aldershot. Brookfiels, USA.. Mochache,, J. (1998). Implementation of the Habitat Agenda through the LA 21 Framework:Framework: Case study on Land-use and Environmental Planning in Nakuru,kuru, Kenya. DURP, Nairobi, October. Murdoch,, J. & A. Abram (1998). Defining the Limits of Community Governance.. Journal of Rural studies, 14 (1), 41-50. Mwangi,, I.K. & E. Ndegwa (2002). Experiences of Research Institutions in the L.AL.A 21 process in Nakuru- a new Research Agenda?. Paper presented at a 303 3

ChallengesChallenges of Urban Environmental Governance 2-Dayss Workshop on Experiences of Stakeholders on Localizing Agenda 211 in Nakuru, at Hotel, Genevieve, Nakuru 3 rd -4 th January. Mwangi,, S.W. (1997). Integrating Environmental Considerations in Irrigation DevelopmentDevelopment Planning in Kenya: The case of 2 NIB Rice Irrigation schemes.schemes. Published as a Working paper by Organization of Social sciences Researchh in Eastern and Southern Africa (OSSREA). University of Addis Ababa,, Ethiopia. Mwangi,, S.W. (2000). Partnerships in Urban Environmental Management: an approachapproach to solving environmental problems in Nakuru, Kenya. Environmentment and Urbanization: Sustainable Cities Revisited III, 72 (2) October. Mwangi,, S.W. (2001). Local Agenda 21 experiences in Nakuru, Kenya: Processes,esses, Issues and Lessons. International Institute for Environment and Developmentt (IIED). Urban Environmental Action Plans & Local Agenda 21 Seriess Working Paper 10, IIED London.. Ng'ethe,, N. & W. Owino (eds) (1998). From Sessional Paper No. 10 to Structuraltural Adjustment: Towards Indigenising the Policy Debate. Nairobi: Institutee of Policy Analysis and Research. Nunan,, F. & D. Satterthwaite (1999). The Urban Environment. Working Paper 6, UrbanUrban Governance, Partnership and Poverty. Birmingham, University of Birmingham.. (Publication No. 000917).. Oakerson,, R.J. (1986). A model for the analysis of common property problems. ProceedingsProceedings of the Conference on Common property Management: Wa ingtonn D.C: National Research Council, National Academic Press. Obura,, CO. (1996). Towards an Environmental Planning Approach in Urban IndustrialIndustrial Sitting and Operations in Kenya: The case ofeldoret Town. Utrecht/Amsterdam-.Netherlandss Geographical Studies. Obudho,, R.A. (1994). Kenya. In: J.D. Tarver (ed), Urbanization in Africa: A Handbook,Handbook, pp. 198-212, Greenwood Press: Westport, Conn. OECDD (1990). Partnerships for Rural Development. Paris, France: OECD. Okot-Uma,, R.W. (2001). Electronic Governance: Re-inventing Good Governance.ance. London: Commonwealth Secretariat. O'Riordan,, T. (1996). Democracy and the Sustainability Transition. In: W. Laffertyy & J. Meadowcraft (eds). Democracy and the Environment: Problemslems and Prospects, pp. 140-156, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. O'Riordan,, T. & H. Voisey (eds) (1998). The Transition to Sustainability: The PoliticsPolitics of Agenda 21 in Europe. London: Earthscan Publications. 304 4

References References Osborne,, D. & T. Gaebler (1993). Re-inventing Government - How the Entrepreneurialneurial Spirit is Transforming the Public Sector, Plume, Penguin Books, USA.. Ostrom,, E. (1990). Governing the Commons: The evolution of Institutions for CollectiveCollective Action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Paproski,, J. (1993). Urban Governance Systems - Another unanalysed abstraction?? Development Planning Unit, 28. Peters,, K. (1998). Community-Based Waste Management for Environmental Managementt and Income generation in Low-income Areas: A Case Study off Nairobi, Kenya. In: Urban Agriculture Notes, City Farmer, Canada's Officee of Urban Agriculture. Post,, J. (1997). Urban Management in an unruly Setting: The African Case.Third WorldWorld Planning Review, 19 (4). Post,, J. (2002). New Partnerships in the Collection of Urban Solid Waste in the DevelopingDeveloping World (forthcoming). Pugh,, C. (1996). Sustainable development, the Environment and Urbanization. London:: Earthscan Publications Ltd. Putman,, R. (1993). Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton:: Princeton University Press. Rakodi,, C. & P. Withers (1993). Land, Housing and Urban Development in Zimbabwe.babwe. Markets and Policy in Harare and Gweru, Department of City and Regionall Planning, Cardiff University, United Kingdom. Rakodi,, C. (1999). Urban Governance, Partnerships and Poverty: A Preliminary ExplorationExploration of the Research Issues. Theme Paper 8 - Working Paper 8 Internationall Development Department. University of Birmingham, U.K. Rakodi,, C. (2000). Getting the Pipe Laid is one Matter and Getting the Water Flowingg Through the pipe is another: User Views on Public Sector Urban Waterr Provision in Zimbabwe, Sri Lanka, Ghana and India. International PlanningPlanning Studies, 5 (3), 365-391. Rees,, W.E. (1992). Ecological Footprints and Appropriated Carrying capacity. EnvironmentEnvironment and Urbanization, 4(2) 121-130. Republicc of Kenyaa (1965). Sessional Paper No. 1: African Socialism and its applicationplication to Planning in Kenya. Government Printer, Nairobi. Republicc of Kenya, (1981). Kenya Population Census Report 1979, Vol. 1 &2 Governmentt Printer, Nairobi. 305 5

ChallengesChallenges of Urban Environmental Governance Republicc of Kenya, (1994 a). Kenya Population Census Report 1989. Vol. I &II Governmentt Printer, Nairobi, Kenya. Republicc of Kenya, (1994 b). National Development Plan 1994-1996. Governmentt Printer Nairobi, Kenya. Republicc of Kenya, (1997). National Development Plan 1997-2001. Government Printer,, Nairobi, Kenya. Republicc of Kenya (1998). The Local Government Act Chapter 265. Printed and Publishedd by the Government Printer, Nairobi. Republicc of Kenya (1999). The Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act,Act, 1999. Government Printer, Nairobi.. Republicc of Kenya, (2000). Kenya interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (2000-2003).. Government Printer, Nairobi. Republicc of Kenya (2001). 1999 Population and Housing Census; Volume 1. CBS,, Nairobi. Rhodes,, R. (1995). The new Governance: Governing without governmen. Swindon:: ESRC. Robinson,, M. (1995). Introduction, Towards Democratic Governance. IDS Bulletin,tin, 26 (3). Russell,, J. & G.A. Anjum (2001). Urban Public Transport: The Development of a Regulatoryy Roe for NGOs in Pakistan. In: M. Carley, P. Jenkins & H. Smithh (eds) Urban Development and Civil Society: The Role of communitiesties in Sustainable Cities. London: Earthscan Publications Ltd. Safier,, M. (1992). Urban Development: Policy Planning and Management: Practitionerss Perspective on public Learning over three Decades. Habitat International,International, 16, 5-12. Sampford,, C. (2002). Environmental Governance for Biodiversity. Environmentalmental Science and Policy, (225), 1-12. Satterthwaite,, D. & D. Mitlin(1994). Cities and Sustainable Development. Backgroundd Paper prepared for Global forum 94, Manchester, 24-28 June 1994. London:: International Institute for Environment and Development. Satterthwaite,, D. (1997). Sustainable Cities or Cities that contribute to Sustainablee Development? Urban Studies, 34. (10), 1667-1691. Satterthwaite,, D. (1999). The Earthscan Reader in Sustainable Cities. London: Earthscann Publications Ltd.

References References Schubeter,, P. (1996). Participation and Partnerships in Urban infrastructure Management.Management. Urban Management Programme Policy paper No. 19. Publishedd for the UNDP/ UNCHS (Habitat). World Bank Urban Management Programmee by World Bank, Washington, D.C. Selman,, P. (1996). Local Sustainable development: Managing and Planning EcologicallyEcologically Sound Places. London, Great Britain: Paul Chapman Publishingg Ltd. Selman,, P. (1999). LA 21: Substance or Spin? Journal of Environmental Planningning and Management, 41 (5), 533-553. Selman,, P. & J. Parker (1999). Tales of Local Sustainability.Local 4(1),4(1), 47-60. Environment, Serageldin,, I., R. Barrett & J. Martin-Brown (eds) (1994). The Business of Sustainabletainable Cities: Public/private Partnerships for creative Technical and Institutionalstitutional Solutions. An Associated Event of the Second Annual World Bankk Conference on Environmentally Sustainable Development Washington,, D.C. September 22-23, Environmentally Sustainable Development Proceedingss Series No.7 The World Bank, Washington, D.C. Sharma,, S.K. (1989). Municipal Management. Urban Affairs Quarterly - India, 21,21, 47-53. Smoke,, P. (2000). Building Capacity for effective Local Governments in DevelopingDeveloping Countries: Adapting the Garden Cities Concept. Massachusettss Institute of Technology. Squires,, G.D. (eds) (1989). Unequal partnerships: The political economy of urbanban Re-development in post war America. New Brunswick and London: Rutgerss University Press. Stoker,, G. (1997). Public/private Partnerships and Urban Governance. In: G. Stokerr (ed), Partners in Urban Governance: European and American Experience,perience, pp. 1-21. London: MacMillan. Stren,, R. (1992). Large Cities in the Third World. In: UNCHS, Metropolitan PlanningPlanning in the Developing World: Abidjan and Quito, pp. 10-11. Nairobi. Suzuki,, I. (1998). Metropolitan Governance: Strategies for Capacity Building. AsianAsian Review of Public Administration, X(\-2 ). Syrett,, S. (1997). Politics of partnership - The role of Social partners in Local Economicc Development in Portugal. European Urban and Regional Studies,Studies, 4 (2). 307 7

ChallengesChallenges of Urban Environmental Governance Thampy,, R. (1998). Case Study, Kenya: Lake Nakuru's Human Occupation and Itss impacts in the Environment. Human Population, Biodiversity and Protectedtected Areas: Science and Policy Issues Conference"(Online: 26/5/2001). http://www.aaas.org/intemationai/psd/biod/thampy/html.. Throup,, D. & C. Hornsby (1998). Multi-Party Politics in Kenya. Oxford, U.K.: Jamess Currey. Tilly,, C. (1978). From Mobilization to Revolution. Reading, Massachusetts: Addisonn Wesley Publishing Co. Tuts,, R. (1998). LA 21 process in small cities in Kenya, Morocco and Vietnam. EnvironmentEnvironment and Urbanization 10 (2), 175-189. Unitedd Nations Conference of Environment and Development (UNCED). (1992). AgendaAgenda 21 (1992). Chapter 21, 27 and 28. UNCED, 1992. UNCHSS (Habitat) (1996). An Urbanizing World: Global Reports on Human Settlements.tlements. Nairobi, Kenya: UNCHS (Habitat). UNCHSS (Habitat) (2001). Cities in a Globalizing World: Global Report on Humanman Settlements. Nairobi, Kenya: UNCHS (Habitat). Unitedd Nations (1998). Common Country Assessment for Kenya: Final Report. Neww York. Unitedd Nations Development Programme (1991). Human Development Report 1991.1991. New York. UNDPP (1996). Governance for Sustainable Human Development: A UNDP Policyicy Document. New York 1997, p. 4. Urbann Observatory (1999). The State of the World's Cities: 1999 Cities in a GlobalizingGlobalizing World. (Online 12/4/2001). http://www.urbanobservatory.org/swcc 1999/cities.html. Verschure,, H. (2000). LA 21 process: Experiences from Project in Vietnam, Kenyaa and Morocco Secondary Towns. NAERUS-ESF Workshop, Geneva,, May. Wade,, R. (1988). Village Republics: Economic Conditions for Collective action inin South India. Cambridge: Cambridge University press. Wanderler,, K. de, A. Schollert, E. Selis L. Vierenendeels, D. Duval, R. Roggermann & K. Vandekerckhove (2002). Evaluation Report: Poverty Reductionn Incidences in Belgian Assisted Development projects - LA 21 process:: Action Planning for Sustainable Urban Development in Essaouira

References References (Morocco).. Nakuru (Kenya), and Vinh (Vietnam). Ministry of Foreign Affairs,fairs, Trade and International Co-operation, Brussels, Belgium. Wekwete,, K.H. (1997). Urban Management: The Recent Experience. In: C. Rakodii (eds), The Urban Challenge in Africa: Growth and Management of its largelarge Cities. United Nations University. Werna,, E. (1995). The Management of the Urban Development or the Developmentt of Urban Management? Problems and Premises of an elusive Concept.. Cities, 12, 53-59. Wilks,, S. & P.N. Hall (1994). Off the Agenda?. Town and Country Planning 63, 216-217.. Woolfe,, K. (1995). Local Governments planning for the future. Trees and Naturalral resources 37, 19-20. Worldd Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) (1997). Our CommonCommon Future. Oxford University Press. Worldd Resources Institute Report (1996). World Resources 1996-97. A Guide to thee Global Environment: The Urban Environment. A Report by WRI, UNEP,, UNDP and the World Bank. Oxford University Press.. Young,, O.B (1994). International Governance: Protecting the Environment in a StatelessStateless Society. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 309 9

ChallengesChallenges of Urban Environmental Governance 310 0