Internet of Things (IoT): Standardization activities and research challenges

Internet of Things (IoT): Standardization activities and research challenges Associate Prof. Periklis Chatzimisios Computing Systems, Security and Networks (CSSN) Research Lab Alexander TEI of Thessaloniki, Greece University of Ottawa, Canada 30 th January 2014

Contents IoT & M2M (definition and applications) Smart Cities Smart Grid Smart Home General info about Standardization (necessity/process) M2M & IoT standards M2M & IoT challenges and issues Academic perspective (IEEE 802.15.4 & QoE) Experience gained as Member of the IEEE Communication Society (ComSoc) Standards Development Board

Internet of Everything (IoE) Internet of Things (IoT) Internet connects all people, so it is called the Internet of People IoT connects all things, so it is called the Internet of Things

What s the Internet of Things (1) Definitions: a dynamic global network infrastructure of adaptable and interoperable devices integrated in a common information and communication network (CERP-IoT - IERC, http://www.rfid-in-action.eu/cerp/) a collection of technologies that make it possible to connect things like sensors and actuators to the Internet, thereby allowing the physical world to be accessed through software (Contiki project, http://www.contiki-os.org) a layer of digital connectivity on top of existing infrastructure and things (IoT Council, http://www.theinternetofthings.eu) a vision of employing the networked devices and applications in business, information, and social processes

What s the Internet of Things (2) Definitions (1) The Internet of Things, also called The Internet of Objects, refers to a wireless network between objects, usually the network will be wireless and self-configuring, such as household appliances. ------Wikipedia (2) By embedding short-range mobile transceivers into a wide array of additional gadgets and everyday items, enabling new forms of communication between people and things, and between things themselves. ------WSIS 2005 (WSIS: World Summit on the Information Society, it s a pair of conference about information society)

Internet of Things (IoT) Interconnecting the World ANYTHING, ANYTIME, ANYONE ANY PLACE, ANY SERVICE, ANY NETWORK Things Connectivity People Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a world-wide network of interconnected objects, each uniquely identifiable and addressable. Although these objects can be heterogeneous in nature, they can seamlessly interoperate through a communication protocol.

Any TIME, Any PLACE + Any THING 77

Context of IoT research and applications Internet of Things is an integrated part of the Future Internet (see e.g. at http://www.future-internet.eu), which includes IoT, IoM (media), IoS (services), and IoE (enterprises) and provides respective applications to society Means of connecting things (smart objects) in IoT applications: things / data / semantic integration Source: Internet of Things - Strategic Research Roadmap, IERC 2011, O. Vermesan, Internet of Things - Vision and the Technology Behind Connecting the Real, Virtual and Digital Worlds, 2009

Sensor devices are becoming widely available - Programmable devices - Gadgets/tools

Things Connecting to Things - Complex and heterogeneous resources and networks

People Connecting to Things ECG sensor Internet Motion sensor Motion sensor Motion sensor

IoT applications Smart Cities (smart parking, transportation, lighting, ) Industry Smart Home (use of recourses, security, automation, ) Healthcare Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Environment monitoring Smart Agriculture

Machine-to-Machine (M2M) Machine (M2M) communication refers to technologies that allow both wireless and wired systems to communicate with other devices of the same ability. There is no human intervention whilst devices are communicating end-to-end. M2M challenges Device domain Network domain Application domain

M2M applications Source: http://postscapes.com/internet-of-things-examples

M2M applications Source: http://postscapes.com/internet-of-things-examples

Wireless Sensor (and Actuator) Networks Inference/ Processing of IoT data Services? End-user Operating Systems? In-node Data Processing Protocols? Gateway Data Aggregation/ Fusion Sink node Core network e.g. Internet Gateway Protocols? Computer services - The networks typically run Low Power Devices - Consist of one or more sensors, could be different type of sensors (or actuators)

Need for harmonization Diverse concept and definitions are proposed for smart cities International Organization UN-HABITAT The World Bank APEC EU Industry Siemens IBM GE Toshiba Hitachi Sustainable Cities Programme Eco2-Cities (Ecological, Economical) Low Carbon Model Town Smart Cities and Communities Initiative Green Cities Smarter Planet Smarter Network, Digital Energy Smart Community Smart City

Smart city components Intelligent buildings Public Safety & Security Connected Healthcare, Telemedicine Connected Education, Distant Learning Free WiFi hotspots Emergency services Intelligent transportation Smart Grid Logical & Virtual Level Cyber Security Governance, Risk, Compliance Connectivity Big Data Disaster recovery Privacy, Identity Service continuity Smart city components (1)

Smart city components (2) Technology platform and components Cyber Security solutions Backup and recovery solutions RFID, M2M, Sensors SCADA, Smart meters, AMI Mobile devices Wireless Cloud, Virtualised DC

Smart grids and energy efficiency Cities consume between 60 and 80% of world s energy Smart Grid, smart metering with IP address and sensors allow monitoring and adjust generation and delivery based on consumption models Reduce cost and environmental impact

Resources: City Home project site MIT Media Lab City Science Projects

Intelligent transportation: keeping the city moving Real-time traffic flow information Telco, Global Positioning Systems (GPS) M2M communication, Wi-Fi and RFID technologies Data analytics and prediction techniques

Healthcare Secure collaborative access for authorised medical services, to Electronic Patient Records, in a way, at any time, from anywhere, from any accredited device Telemedicine solutions for remote areas or in case of natural disaster Ageing population: assisted living and monitoring service for independence at home All require privacy, identification and cyber security

What is a standard and why do we need them Definition: Standards are published documents that establish specifications and procedures designed to maximize the reliability of the materials, products, methods, and/or services people use every day. Standards address a range of issues, including but not limited to various protocols to help maximize product functionality and compatibility, facilitate interoperability and support consumer safety and public health. (definition by IEEE Standards Association - IEEE SA) International/European/National standards Reasons: Interconnectivity/interoperability, consumer choice, safety/reliability, business benefits, awareness of developments

Standardization process Conclusion: It is very long and complicated process!

Players in Standardization activities in M2M Source: https://m2m.telefonica.com

M2M Architecture Source: ETSI

Standardized M2M Protocol Stack Source: Machine-to-Machine & Sensor Technologies in Smart Cities Vision, Standards and Applications, Mischa Dohler (Keynote, SENSORNETS 2013)

ETSI TC M2M

IEEE 802.11 / LTE IEEE 802.11 IEEE 802.11n (2009) Enhanced rates above the 54 Mbit/s) IEEE 802.11ac (ongoing, 5 GHz band, at least 1 Gbit/s) IEEE 802.11ad (2012) (60 GHz band, at least 1 Gbit/s) IEEE 802.11ah (M2M) 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) LTE Advanced (Release 12)

IoT standards (1) IEEE 802.15.4: It offers physical and media access control layers for low-cost, low-speed, low-power Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) IEEE 802.15.4e-2012 IEEE 802.15.4-2011 IEEE 802.15.4-2003 IEEE 802.15.4-2006

IoT standards (2) IETF IPv6 over Low power WPAN (6LoWPAN): It defines encapsulation and header compression mechanisms that allow IPv6 packets to be sent to and received over IEEE 802.15.4 based networks 6LoWPAN Frame Format Fragmentation and Reassembly Header Compression Support for security mechanisms

IoT standards (3) IETF Routing Over Low power and Lossy (ROLL): IPv6 Routing Protocol for Lowpower and Lossy Networks (LLNs) (RPL) RPL Topology Formation (Destination Oriented Directed Acyclic Graphs - DODAGs) RPL Control Messages IETF Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) It offers simplicity and low overhead to enable the interaction and management of embedded devices.

IEEE 802.15.4 WPAN IEEE standard for WPAN applications MAC protocol Single channel at any one time Combines contention-based and schedule-based schemes Asymmetric: nodes can assume different roles It does not define other higher-level layers and interoperability sub-layers are ZigBee is built on this standard TinyOS stack also uses some items of IEEE 802.15.4 hardware.

ZigBee It is supposed to be a low cost, low power mesh network protocol. ZigBee operation range is in the industrial, scientific and medical radio bands; 868 MHz in Europe, 915 MHz in the USA and Australia and 2.4 GHz. ZigBee data transmission rates vary from: 20 kilobits/second in the 868 MHz frequency band to 250 kilobits/second in the 2.4 GHz frequency band. ZigBee s physical layer and media access control defined in defined based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. ZigBee nodes can go from sleep to active mode in 30 ms or less, the latency can be low and in result the devices can be responsive, in particular compared to Bluetooth devices that wake-up time can be longer (typically around three seconds). [source: Gary Legg, ZigBee: Wireless Technology for Low-Power Sensor Networks, http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1275760]

ZigBee [source: Gary Legg, ZigBee: Wireless Technology for Low-Power Sensor Networks, http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1275760]

RFID Technology Object Recognition/ tracking system RFID system consists transponder (i.e., the tag itself) transceiver (i.e., the reader) To track any object it uses an EPC An EPC is either 64-bit or 96-bit identifier Header-2 bits EPC Manager- 21 bits Object Class- 17 bits Serial Number-24 bits H EPC Manager Object Class Serial Number Figure 1: EPC 64 bit

Network protocols The network (or OSI Layer 3 abstraction) provides an abstraction of the physical world. Communication protocols Most of the IP-based communications are based on the IPV.4 (and often via gateway middleware solutions) IP overhead makes it inefficient for embedded devices with low bit rate and constrained power. However, IPv6.0 is increasingly being introduced for embedded devices 6LowPAN

6LowPAN IPv6 requires the link to carry a payload of up to 1280 bytes. Low-power radio links often do not support such a large payload - IEEE 802.15.4 frame only supports 127 bytes of payload and around 80 bytes in the worst case (with extended addressing and full security information). the IPv6 base header, as shown, is relatively large at 40 bytes. Source: Jonathan W. Hui and David E. Culler, IPv6 in Low-Power Wireless Networks, Proceedings of the IEEE (Volume:98, Issue: 11 ).

6LowPAN To handle these issues, IPv6 over low-power wireless personal area networks (6LoWPAN) introduces an adaptation layer that sits at layer 2.5 (between the link and network layers). 6LoWPAN defines a header encoding to support fragmentation when IPv6 datagrams do not fit within a single frame and compresses IPv6 headers to reduce header overhead. Source: Jonathan W. Hui and David E. Culler, IPv6 in Low-Power Wireless Networks, Proceedings of the IEEE (Volume:98, Issue: 11 ).

Features of IPv6 Bring the idea Network of things Ease of Deployment Global Mobility Multicast/Anycast Security Scalability 128 bit address structure(16 octets) (2 128 or 3.4 10 38 addresses) Subnet Prefix / Network Prefix Interface ID- EUI 64 bit IPv6 128 bits Subnet Prefix Interface ID 64 bits 64 bits Figure 2: IPv6 Address format

Issues in IoT Standardization Interoperability Regulatory Security and Privacy Device and System Management Application Deployment

IoT standardization information (1) http://standards.ieee.org/innovate/iot/stds.html IEEE Standards Association IoT (IEEE-SA IoT) http://www.ipv6forum.com/iot/index.php/site-map Internet of Things Subcommittee (under ComSoc Emerging Technical Subcommittees) www.itu.int/itu-t/gsi/iot IoT Global Standards Initiative (IoT- GSI) http://www.itu.int/en/itu-t/jca/iot/pages/default.aspx Joint Coordination Activity on Internet of Things (JCA-IoT) www.itu.int/en/itu-t/studygroups/2013-2016/13/pages/default.aspx (ITU-T Study Group 13 ) www.internet-of-things-research.eu (IERC-European Research Cluster on the Internet of Things)

IoT standardization information (2) http://standards.ieee.org/events/iot IEEE Internet of Things (IoT) Workshop, Silicon Valley (5-6 November 2013) http://sites.ieee.org/wf-iot IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things 2014, Seoul, South Korea (March 2014) ITU Workshop on Internet of Things Trends and Challenges in Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland (18 February 2014) http://iot-journal.weebly.com IEEE IoT Journal (IoT-J) (to be launched in 2014)

IoT challenges Heterogeneity Interoperability Scalability Big Data Identification and Addressing Security Privacy Trust Miniaturization of devices Energy efficiency Greening of IoT Standardization

IoT objectives and applications The major objectives for IoT are the creation of smart environments / spaces and self-aware things (for example: smart transport, products, cities, buildings, rural areas, energy, health, living, etc.) for climate, food, energy, mobility, digital society and health applications. Global challenges addressed by IoT applications: energy efficiency - power grid, connected electric vehicles, energy efficient buildings,... environmental protection - green services, green intelligent cities, CO2 reduction,... public health, aging population safety, security and privacy business and economy, continuation and growth of economic prosperity Source: Internet of Things - Strategic Research Roadmap, IERC 2011

Challenges on technology enablers Energy ultra low power devices needed Intelligence capabilities of self-awareness, adaptability, inter-machine communication, knowledge discovery, etc. Communication new smart antennas, protocols, APIs, together with network management and visualization techniques need to be developed Integration wireless ID technologies (RFID) should be integrated to devices Dependability individual authentication of billions of heterogeneous devices Semantic technologies large scale distributed ontologies, semantic discovery of devices, semantic web services, rule engines,... Real world IoT scenarios to evaluate IoT solutions in real large-scale industrial applications; to illustrate business-based scenarios Modeling and design innovative M-D frameworks needed for large scale IoT systems Interoperability, standards ensure interoperability of devices by integrating different standardized architectures, protocols, etc.; define open standards and reference models Manufacturing to lower costs of key technologies (e.g., RFID)

Challenges on application level Network management network technologies should be reliable, intelligent, selfmanaged, context aware and adaptable Interfaces to refine interaction between HW, SW, algorithms, devices,...; smart human / machine interfaces, enabling mobile SW Embedded smart functionality further development of sensors, actuators, storage, energy sources, middleware, sensor networks, etc. Multi-domain communications to enhance information and signal processing, identification technology, discovery and search engine technologies Security, privacy, business safety improvements needed by developing novel security techniques and concepts Standardisation, interoperability, validation and modularization of the IoT technologies needs enhancements New governance principles should be defined free access to knowledge for further technology and business development (while maintaining respect for privacy, security and safety)

Data Challenges Interoperability: various data in different formats, from different sources (and different qualities) Discovery: finding appropriate device and data sources Access: Availability and (open) access to resources and data Search: querying for data Integration: dealing with heterogeneous device, networks and data Interpretation: translating data to knowledge usable by people and applications Scalability: dealing with large number of devices and myriad of data and computational complexity of interpreting the data.

Sources Driving Big Data Internet of Things / M2M User Generated (Web & Mobile).. Billions of users connected through the internet WWW, FB, twitter, cell phones, 80% of the data on FB was produced in one year Storage getting cheaper Store more data!

Academic perspective (IEEE 802.15.4) Standardization proposal/contribution to IEEE WG (Universidade Da Beira Interior, PT/ Alexander TEI of Thessaloniki, GR) IEEE P802.15 Wireless Next Generation Standing Committee (SCwng) for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) Norberto Barroca, Fernando J. Velez and Periklis Chatzimisios, Two innovative energy efficient IEEE 802.15.4 MAC sub-layer protocols with packet concatenation: employing RTS/CTS and multi-channel scheduled channel polling, contribution in Plenary Session (November 2013, Dallas Texas)

Academic perspective (IEEE 802.15.4) Two innovative energy efficient IEEE 802.15.4 MAC sublayer protocols with packet concatenation: employing RTS/CTS and multi-channel scheduled channel polling (http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/15/pub/download.html) Packet concatenation employing RTS/CTS, including Sensor Block Acknowledgment Medium Access Control Protocol Multi-Channel-Scheduled Channel Polling Protocol

Packet concatenation employing RTS/CTS One of the fundamental reasons for the IEEE 802.15.4 standard Medium Access Control (MAC) inefficiency is overhead. Within IEEE 802.15.4, the possible use of RTS/CTS, by itself, facilitates packet concatenation and leads to performance improvement. In the presence of RTS/CTS two solutions are considered, one with DATA/ACK handshake and other with no ACKs, simply relying in the establishment of the NAV. By considering IEEE 802.15.4 basic access mode with RTS/CTS combined with the packet concatenation feature we improve channel efficiency by decreasing the deferral time before transmitting a data packet.

SBACK-MAC Block ACK Sequence IEEE 802.15.4 Backoff Backoff CCA DATA 1 ACK... IFS 1 Backoff CCA SBACK-MAC with BACK Request SBACK-MAC with no BACK Request Backoff CCA CCA TTA TTA TTA RTS ADDBA TTA RTS ADDBA TTA CTS ADDBA CCA TTA no Backoff TTA CTS ADDBA CCA TTA DATA 1 TTA no Backoff DATA 1 IFS TTA... IFS CCA no Backoff T TA... DATA n CCA TTA IFS T TA CCA no Backoff T TA DATA n DATA n TTA BACK Request TTA no Backoff TTA ACK n BACK Response IFS CCA reports IDLE or BUSY to the PHY layer TTA BACK Response IFS IFS t CCA reports IDLE or BUSY to the PHY layer t t

120 Throughput: Comparison between IEEE 802.15.4 and SBACK-MAC with and with no BACK Request Smax (kb/s) 100 80 60 40 20 17% - 25% Increase IEEE 802.15.4 with DATA/ACK SBACK-MAC with BACK Request SBACK-MAC with no BACK Request 20 40 60 80 100 Payload Size (B) 8% - 13% Increase

End-to-End Delay: Comparison beetwen IEEE 802.15.4 and SBACK-MAC with and with no BACK x 10-3 8 Dmin D (ms) 7 6 5 4 17% - 25% Reduction IEEE 802.15.4 with DATA/ACK SBACK-MAC with BACK Request SBACK-MAC with no BACK Request 20 40 60 80 100 Payload Size (B) 8% - 13% Reduction

Frame sequence with retransmissions IEEE 802.15.4 Channel is found to be idle following the random backoff CW0=7 CW0=7 CCA TTA DATA n TTA ACK n SBACK-MAC in the presence of BACK Request CCA TTA RTS ADDBA TTA no Backoff CTS ADDBA CCA TTA DATA 1 TTA IFS... CCA IFS Retransmission DATA n... If there is no ACK reception the backoff procedure is repeated CW0=7 CCA TTA DATA n TTA ACK n Repetition of the process of transmitting the data Retransmission no Backoff T TA TTA IFS CCA no Backoff TTA BACK Request TTA BACK Response IFS IFS There is extra time to transmit more packets CCA TTA DATA 1 TTA IFS t t SBACK-MAC in the absence of BACK Request CW0=7 CCA TTA RTS ADDBA TTA no Backoff CTS ADDBA CCA TTA DATA 1 TTA IFS... Retransmission no Backoff CCA T TA DATA n TTA BACK Response IFS There is extra time to transmit more packets CCA TTA DATA 1 TTA IFS t

MC-SCP-MAC Protocol The proposed Multi-Channel-Scheduled Channel Polling (MC- SCP-MAC) protocol is based on Scheduling Channel Polling and explores the advantages of multi-channel features jointly with Enhanced Two-Phase Contention Window Mechanism. It considers cognitive-based capabilities: Channel degradation sensing and Denial Channel List for opportunistic channel selection. It employs an Extra Resolution Phase Decision (packet concatenation) algorithm to reduce the delay, increase the packet delivery ratio, whilst reducing energy consumption.

MC-SCP-MAC Protocol Envisaged scenarios: Tree Single-hop Multi-hop Cluster

Conclusions (both proposals) The use of RTS/CTS to avoid the repetition of the backoff phase in IEEE 802.15.4. and we introduced two innovative mechanisms to reduce the overhead of IEEE 802.15.4, i.e., block acknowledgment (BACK) and piggyback. By employing BACK, the aggregation of several ACK into only one results in the improvement of the channel efficiency. The proposed Multi-Channel-Scheduled Channel Polling (MC- SCP-MAC) protocol outperforms other multi-channel MAC protocols in high density scenarios. The use of packet concatenation in MC-SCP-MAC results in lower end-to-end delays and higher delivery ratios.

Other contributions (published/submitted) Norberto Barroca, Fernando J. Velez and Periklis Chatzimisios, Block Acknowledgment Mechanisms for the optimization of channel use in Wireless Sensor Networks, in Proc. of the 24th Annual IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC 2013), London, UK, Sep. 2013. Norberto Barroca, Luís M. Borges, Fernando J. Velez and Periklis Chatzimisios, "IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Layer Performance Enhancement by employing RTS/CTS combined with Packet Concatenation", accepted in IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Sydney, Australia, Jun. 2014. Norberto Barroca, Luís M. Borges, Fernando J. Velez and Periklis Chatzimisios, "Block Acknowledgment in IEEE 802.15.4 by Employing DSSS and CSS PHY Layers", submitted to The IEEE 79th Vehicular Technology Conference: VTC2014-Spring, Seoul, Korea, Feb. 2014.

Academic perspective (QoE) Active participation in IEEE Working Group (Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, PT / Alexander TEI of Thessaloniki, GR) P1907.1 - Standard for Network-Adaptive Quality of Experience (QoE) Management Scheme for Real-Time Mobile Video Communications 1 st face-to-face meeting during ICC 2013 (Budapest) Contact: WG Chair: Jaime Lloret Mauri (jlloret@dcom.upv.es) WG Secretary: Periklis Chatzimisios (peris@it.teithe.gr)

Academic perspective (QoE) The purpose of this (under development) standard is to enable network operators, application developers, service/content providers, and end-users to develop, deploy and utilize collaborative services that employ real-time 2-way and multi-party video connectivity within any mobile browser, application, game, device, or service platform. It defines an End-to-End Quality of Experience (E2E QoE) Management Scheme for real-time video communication systems, including those operating in resource varying environments. Webpage: grouper.ieee.org/groups/1907/1

Computing Systems, Security and Networks (CSSN) Research Lab Human resources Tenure-track staff: 6 Post Doc researchers: 3 PhD students: 3 (Smart Grid, Multicast, E-health) Postgraduate students: 7

European Projects COST Action IC0905: Techno-Economic Regulatory Framework for Radio Spectrum Access for Cognitive Radio/Software Defined Radio (TERRA) www.cost-terra.org COST Action IC1003: European Network on Quality of Experience in Multimedia Systems and Services (QUALINET) http://w3.cost.eu/index.php?id=110&action_number= IC1003

European Projects COST Action IC1303: Algorithms, Architectures and Platforms for Enhanced Living Environments (AAPELE) http://www.cost.eu/domains_actions/ict/actions/ic1303 COST Action IC1004: Cooperative Radio Communications for Green Smart Environments). http:// www.ic1004.org

National Projects Development of QoS-aware access protocols for hybrid optical-wireless networks (PHOWN), ARCHIMEDES III (ATEITHE) Optimal Resource Allocation in Broadband Wireless Networks (ORALBROWN), ARCHIMEDES III (TEI LARISAS) TRust management and routing in Large and dense wireless Sensor networks (TROLLS), ARCHIMEDES III (TEI CHALKIDAS)

Opportunities for cooperation H2020 & Cooperation between EU and Canada

Questions or comments? Discussion!