Mobile GIS 1
Content of mobile GIS lecture What is mobile GIS? Taxonomy of mobile GIS. Examples of mobile GIS solutions. Main challenges. 2
Mobile GIS In what context to GIS? Internet Multimedia Internet Multimedia archive Media streaming Web player itunes services Geoinformatics/GIS Mobile GIS Navigation Positioning Tablet PC Location based services 3
Do we speak about same thing? Navigation systems Mobile GIS Mobile GIT Autonomous systems Mobile IS ITS UAV Mobile technologies Mobile GT Mobile commerce LBS systems 4
One of the mobile GIS perspectives Mobile GIS integrating various ICT (ICT = Information and communication technologies) Sensors Voice technology Databases Mobile terminals M-GIS Communication Positioning Security technology 5
Another mobile GIS perspectives M-GIS integrating various components Methods Organisation & People Knowledge Mobile GIS Data Technology 6
A Taxonomy of Mobile (G)IS Type of Services Safety applications e.g. emergency calls, early evacuation varning, roadside assistance. Content delivery e.g. driving directions, areaspecific advertisement, mobile yellow-pages. Tracking e.g. fleet management, personal tracking, inventory management. Billing and charging e.g. highway fees. Lopes, L-V. E. & Ludden, B. (1999) GSM standards activity on location VO, in Novel Methods of Location and Tracking of Cellular Mobiles and Their System Applications (Ref. No. 1999/046), IEE Colloquium. Varshney, U. (2001) Location management support for mobile commerce applications, in Proc. First Int. Workshop on Mobile Commerce, Rome, Italy. 7
A Taxonomy of Mobile (G)IS Role and location of Mobile GIS Professional (On duty) e.g. productivity, entertainmnet, efficiency, convenience. Private (Off duty) e,g. productivity, entertainmnet, efficiency, convenience. Personal, Group & Public. Work, Home & Other. Dholakia, R.R. & Dholakia, N (200X) Mobility and markets: emergenging outlines of m-commerce, Journal of Business Research, In Press, Uncorrected Proof. Dix, A.T. et al (2000) Exploiting space and location as a design framework for interactive mobile systems, ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, Vol.7, No.3, pp.285-321. 8
A Taxonomy of Mobile (G)IS (Some) Requirements for Services Accuracy of location estimate. One shot or regular position estimates. Speed of response. Coverage - e.g. a) everywhere, b) wherever there is coverage, c) only in specific areas. Deployment. Cost & complexity. Impact on network traffic (communication). (Lopes and Ludden 1999) 9
A Taxonomy of Mobile (G)IS Level of Mobility Fixed device is not mobile at all e.g. base stations. Mobile device may be moved by others e.g. tablet PC, PDA, wearable computers. Autonomous device may move under its own control e.g. robot. (Dix et al 2000) 10
A Taxonomy of Mobile (G)IS Relation to other devices Free device is independent of other devices, its functionality is essentially self-contained.with fixed, mobile and autonomous levels of mobility. Embedded device is part of a larger device.with fixed, mobile and autonomous levels of mobility. Pervasive functionality provided by the device is essentially spread throughout the environment.with mobile and autonomous levels of mobility. (Dix et al 2000) 11
A Taxonomy of Mobile (G)IS Type of Device Carrier & Installation Humans. Animals. Vehicles (operated by humans). Unmanned autonomous vehicles (UAV). 12
What dimensions mobile G(IS) can also contain (Dholakia and Dholakia 200X) 13
Sea 14
Sea navigation 3D-chart in a bridge-view perspective solving the directional problem 15
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Sea navigation Nautical GIS that calculate sea level, waves and wind, cargo, etc. 17
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Ground 19
In-vehicle navigation & fleet management 20
Tracking - Precision farming (I) Role of positioning (GPS). Auernhammer, H. (2001) Precision farming the environmental challenge, Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, Vol.30, No.1-3, pp.3-43. 21
Tracking - Precision farming (II) Systematic approaches for site-specific plant protection. (Auernhammer 2001) 22
Tracking - Precision farming (III) Automated documentation of geo-referenced process data. (Auernhammer 2001) 23
Tracking - Precision farming (IV) Feeding & grass management on a pacture 24
Safety applications - IS Swede (I) Mobitex GSM 3G 25
Safety applications - IS Swede (II) Technologies in the ambulance: GPS Mobitex/GSM/(3G) Handheld/PDA On-board computer WLAN Related medical equipment 26
Safety applications - IS Swede (II) Available services: Positioning. Tracking & Resource management (SOS Alarm). Resource management (ER). Patient journal. EKG, blood pressure, Threatment monitoring. 27
Positioning + distance mapping by LIDAR + eye tracking 28
Air 29
Power line infrastructure monitoring (I) Damage assessment & navigation system (positioning, voice cont.) 30
Power line infrastructure monitoring (II) 31
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Wearable 33
Augmented reality 34
Helmets 35
Image in glasses of the helmet 36
Further applications of the helmmet 37
What are the key challenges in mobile GIS/Geoinformatics? Positioning Dependability Usability & Human-machine interaction & Cognitive sciences with dependence on user group, input & output facilities, context information, tasks, etc. 38
Challenges Positioning (I) There are different types of positioning solutions Global / National / Regional / Local Indoor / Outdoor Transponder / Passive receiver Fixed instrastructure / Mobile infrastructure Professional / Public Key questions: What is my position? How accurate is this position? 39
Challenges Positioning (II) Today most common and precise, commercialy available positioning system GPS. 40
Challenges Positioning (III) GPS clear horizont & enough satellites available. 41
Challenges Positioning (IV) GPS incorrectly predicted position when no satellites available. 42
Challenges Positioning (V) Overview of some of the positioning systems: Terrestrial up tom 50m population centers very high dedicated network. GPS 100m global selective free. DGPS 5m bearer selective some free. GSM 5-10km GSM networks high linked to GSM operator. LEO 1km global high feature inclusive. Galileo? (cm) global??????. (Mason 1999) 43
Challenges Dependability (I) Reliability minimal probability of system failure. Availability services as specified and when requested. Security protection against accidental & deliberate intrusion. Safety system failure without causing any damage. Sommervile, I. (2001) Software Engineering (Sixth edition), Person Education Limited. 44
Challenges Dependability (II) Discovered problems: Unreadable information & damaged files & Application crash!! 45
Challenges Dependability (III) Analysis of deployment of ICT in a large scale accident: Communication = the most vulnerable element. What information do we need communicate? Why do we need to communicate particular information? When do we need that information? How old is that information? Etc. 46
Challenges Usability (I) Device overload Example of device overload on professional level: Today commanding fire-officers are often equipped with 1x (2x) FM radio, 1x (2x) GSM phone, 1x digital camera, 1x pager, [1x Tetra terminal] soon even PDA/Handheld, 3G terminals, etc. operating all this equipment is more and more demanding on skills, time, etc. 47
Challenges Usability (II) User overload Guessability using service/system for first time. Learnability how fast the user learn service/system. Speed of operation system s vs. user s response. Robustness tolerance to user s errors. Adaptability interconnection of system/service and a single model of work. Jordan, P.W. (1998) An Introduction to Usability, Taylor & Francis, Ltd. (Sommerville 2001) 48
Challenges Usability (III) Kray, C., et al. Presenting route instructions on mobile devices. in Proc. 2003 int. conference on Intelligent user interfaces. 2003. Miami, Florida, USA: ACM. 49
Challenges Usability (IV) (Kray et al 2003) 50
Challenges Usability (V) Percentage of time spent glancing towards different areas when following instructions given by a co-drive (N), and turn-by-turn navigation system (B). Ross, T. & Burnett, G. (2001) Evaluating the human-machine interface to vehicle navigation systems as an example of ubiquitous computing, Int. Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 2001. 55(4): p. 661-674. 51
Challenges Usability (VI) Daimon, T., M. Nishimura, and H. Kawashima, Study of drivers' behavioral characteristics for designing interfaces of in-vehicle navigation systems based on national and regional factors. JSAE Review, 2000. 21(3): p. 379-384. 52