Barbara Jordan - Mickey Leland School of Public Affairs Mickey Leland Center for Environment, Justice, and Sustainability Dr. Robert Bullard, Dean Collaborating with the Environmental Defense Fund Public Affairs Building Ernest J. Sterling Student Center Jesse H. Jones Business Building Prepared by Architect for Life - A Professional Corporation Octorber 8, 2013
TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE... 4 INTRODUCTION... 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY... 10 ENERGY BENCHMARKING... 13 Potential Savings based on Benchmarks...13 Current Carbon Footprint...13 BARBARA JORDAN-MICKEY LELAND PUBLIC AFFAIRS BUILDING... 14 Key Observations - Lighting... 16 Key Observations Building Envelope... 17 Key Observations Thermal Imaging... 17 JESSE H. JONES SCHOOL OF BUSINESS BUILDING... 18 Background Information...18 Summary of Energy Audit Findings...20 Key Observations - Lighting... 20 Key Observations Building Envelope... 20 STERLING STUDENT LIFE CENTER... 21 THIS IS A Background Information...21 Summary of Energy Audit Findings...23 Key Observations Lighting... 23 CONCLUSION... 24 ENERGY AWARENESS... 57 APPENDICES... 61 2
INDEX OF CHARTS AND TABLES Table 1: Texas Southern University Campus and Energy Statistics...3 Table 2: Master Meter Usage History Data...4 Table 3: Audited Buildings Benchmark Comparison...5 Figure 1: Regional Benchmark Comparison of Audited Building (EUI)...6 Table 4: Potential Annual Energy Savings Reduction...7 Table 5: Hourly Load Profile (kw) Public Affairs Building...8 Figure 2: Hourly Load Profile (kw) Public Affairs Building...9 Table 6: Energy Efficiency Opportunities - Public Affairs Bldg...11 Table 7: Hourly Load Profile (kw) Jesse H. Jones Business Building...12 Figure 3: Hourly Load Profile Jess H. Jones Building...13 Table 8: Energy Efficiency Opportunities - Jesse H. Jones...14 Table 9: Hourly Load Profile (kw) Sterling Student Life Center...15 Figure 4: Hourly Load Profile Sterling Student Life Center...16 Table 10: Energy Efficiency Opportunities - Sterling Student Center...17 Table 11: Vending Controls Savings - Public Affairs...32 THIS IS A Table 12: Vending Controls - Jesse H. Jones Bldgs...32 Table 13: Vending Controls Savings - Sterling Student Center...32 Figure 7: City of Houston 2013 Water and Sewer Rates...42 3
Preface These enclosed pages reflect a historical point of significance on many different levels. With some of the hottest issues of humanity today being energy efficiency, global warming, carbon footprint reduction, and overall sustainability, this document reflects the culmination of three major forces strategically intersecting to form a strong foundation for sustainable decisions to support a holistically environmentally-friendly future. Those three major forces start with a historically significant university. Not just any university but, Texas Southern University with beginnings documented as far back as 1927. Complement this significant university with the vision of a globally recognized environmental advocate found in the credentials of Dr. Robert Bullard, and one is well on the way to a perfect balance of past, present and future for the creation of long-term sustainable outcomes. The third leg of this tripartite phenomenon is the source of technical expertise necessary to follow the prescribed vision and environmental leadership found in Dr. Bullard, and to infiltrate the carefully selected buildings of this university. That source is the historically significant firm called Architect for Life - A Professional Corporation founded in 1995 by an African American female architect. To date, African American women architects make up less than 0.05% of licensed architects within the United States. It is the Architect for Life team that has taken Dr. Bullard s vision, supported by the university s eleventh president Dr. John Rudley, and technically crafted pages of carefully prepared analyses of three selected buildings to report critical data from which a strong foundation to support energy-efficient decisions can be set. The historical significance of all three entities: 1) Texas Southern University, 2) the visionary, Dr. Robert Bullard, and 3) the technical team, Architect for Life - A Professional Corporation joining together to produce this noteworthy deliverable will hopefully help set a precedent for safe, efficient and strategic environmentally-friendly policies and action plans from which the university will economically and successfully move forward. THIS IS A 4
Introduction This Energy Audit and Benchmarking Report The basis of this energy audit is far reaching. Overall, the topic of climate change and its impact on the environment is critical to the quality of life that we live. Climate change poses special health and environmental threats, especially on vulnerable populations. 1 According to Dr. Robert Bullard s book, The Wrong Complexion for Protection, climate change looms as the global environmental justice issue of the twenty first century. It, being climate change, poses special environmental justice challenges for communities that are already overburdened with air pollution, poverty and environmentally-related illnesses. 2 According to Dr. Bullard, this is especially the case for African American communities that are already overburdened with pollution and health-threatening hazards. This energy audit was conducted on the campus of a significant historically black university in the midst of an African American community. What better place to start to truly make a difference in, not only the environment, but in educating and addressing critical sustainability issues in a geographical area that typically is not made aware of the extensive ramifications our energy usage has on the environment, and consequently our lives. International Energy Outlook 2013 The Center for Strategic and International Studies recently presented key findings at a Washington, DC, July 25, 2013, conference which are now posted by the U.S. Energy Information Administration: With world GDP rising by 3.6 percent per year, world energy use will grow by 56 percent between 2010 and 2040. Half of the increase is attributed to China and India. Renewable energy and nuclear power are the world s fastest-growing energy sources, each increasing by 2.5 percent per year; however, fossil fuels continue to supply almost 80 percent of world energy use through 2040. THIS IS A Natural gas is the fastest growing fossil fuel in the outlook, supported by increasing supplies of shale gas, particularly in the United States. Coal grows faster than petroleum consumption until after 2030, mostly due to increases in China s consumption of coal, and slow growth in oil demand in OECD member countries. Given current policies and regulations, worldwide energy-related carbon dioxide emissions are projected to increase 46 percent by 2040, reaching 45 billion metric tons in 2040. 5
World energy consumption increases from 524 quadrillion British thermal units (Btu) in 2010 to 820 quadrillion Btu in 2040. The increase in world energy use is largely in the developing world, where growth is driven by strong, long-term economic growth. Half of the total world increase in energy consumption is attributed to China and India U. S. Energy Outlook 2013 On February 13, 2013, Administrator Adam Sieminski presented to the subcommittee on energy a part of the committee on Science, Space and Technology of the U.S. House of Representatives. Although he did report that the Energy Information Administration expects the share of total electricity generation from all renewables to increase from 12 percent in 2012 to nearly 13 percent in 2013 and 2014, this increase is much too low to have a significant impact on the total carbon emission currently infiltrating our U. S. airspace and beyond. Renewables are only expected to increase to a meager 16 percent over the next 27 years in 2040. According to Administrator Sieminski, electricity generation from solar and, to a lesser extent, wind energy sources grow as recent cost declines make them more economical. However, the 2013 projection is less optimistic than 2012 about the ability of advanced biofuels to capture a rapidly growing share of the liquid fuels market. With improved efficiency of energy use and a shift away from the most carbon-intensive fuels, U.S. energy-related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions remain more than 5 percent below their 2005 level through 2040. In 2012, the United States generated about 4,054 billion kilowatthours of electricity. About 68% of the electricity generated was from fossil fuel (coal, natural gas, and petroleum), with 37% attributed from coal. Energy sources and percent share of total electricity generation in 2012 were: Coal...37% Natural Gas...30% Nuclear...19% Hydropower... 7% Other Renewable... 5% Biomass...1.42% Geothermal...0.41% Solar...0.11% Wind...3.46% Petroleum... 1% Other Gases...< 1% THIS IS A Total U.S. energy-related CO2 emissions do not return to their 2005 level (5,997 million metric tons) by the end of the 2013 projection period. Emissions from motor gasoline use are reduced by the adoption of fuel economy standards, biofuel mandates, and shifts in consumer behavior. Emissions from coal use in the generation of electricity are lower as power generation shifts from coal to lower-carbon fuels, including natural gas and renewables. Over the next three decades electricity use is expected to continue to grow, but the rate of growth will slow over time as it has almost continuously over the last 60 years. In the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s the use of electricity often increased more than 5 percent per year. Annual rates of increase in electricity usage then slowed to 2 to 3 percent per year in the 1980s and 1990s and, over the last decade, it has fallen to less than 6
one percent per year. The factors driving this trend include slowing population growth, near market saturation of key electricityusing appliances like air conditioners, water heaters, stoves, dishwashers, etc., and 10 the improving efficiency of nearly all equipment and appliances in response to standards and technological change and a shift in the economy towards less energy intensive industry. Texas Energy Outlook 2013 According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, Texas leads the nation in total carbon dioxide emissions (million metric tons). In 2010, Texas released 652.6 million metric tons of carbon dioxide in to the atmosphere. California ranked second emitting 359.8 million metric tons. Neighboring Louisiana emitted 223.5 million metric tons ranking number 7. While Oklahoma and New Mexico emitted 103.4 and 54.8 million metric tons respectively ranking 19 and 35. Some other quick facts last updated in July 2012 include the following: Texas was the leading crude oil-producing state in the Nation in 2011 and exceeded production levels even from the Federal offshore areas. In 2011, Texas 27 petroleum refineries had a capacity of over 4.7 million barrels of crude oil per day and accounted for 27 percent of total U.S. refining capacity. Texas accounted for 28 percent of U.S. marketed natural gas production in 2011, making it the leading natural gas producer among the States. Texas led the Nation in wind-powered generation capacity in 2010 and is the first State to reach 10,000 megawatts of wind capacity. West Texas Intermediate (WTI), a grade of crude oil produced in Texas and southern Oklahoma and traded in the domestic spot market at Cushing, Oklahoma, serves as a benchmark for oil pricing. The average annual electricity cost per Texas household is $1,801, among the highest in the nation; the cost is similar to other warm weather states like Florida, according to EIA s Residential Energy Consumption Survey. Texas Neighborhoods and Households Household Energy Use in Texas A closer look at residential energy consumption All data from EIA s 2009 Residential Energy Consumption Survey www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/ THIS IS A Texas households consume an average of 77 million Btu per year, about 14% less than the U.S. average. Average electricity consumption per Texas home is 26% higher than the national average, but similar to the amount used in neighboring states. The average annual electricity cost per Texas household is $1,801, among the highest in the nation, although similar to other warm weather states like Florida. 7
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Texas homes are typically newer, yet smaller in size, than homes in other parts of the country. The Greater Third Ward The Greater Third Ward encompasses the area south of University of Houston to Old Spanish Trail, north to the Gulf Freeway, west to Fannin Street and east to the Houston Belt & Terminal (HB&T) Railroad. Neighboring Scott Street most easily accesses the District. Cutting through the heart of Third Ward, Scott Street links major thoroughfares and freeways such as Gulf Freeway, Elgin, Old Spanish Trail and South Loop East. A roughly six-mile segment of the roadway runs through neighborhoods comprising Texas Southern University, University of Houston and a predominantly single-family residential area. Texas Southern University is a beacon in the community and provides leadership and support to major community efforts to maintain and improve this historically rich District. At first glance, the Third Ward could appear to be just another inner-city neighborhood in the midst of tremendous revitalization efforts; however, the area boasts of its very own oasis, the largest and oldest community garden in the city of Houston. It is this community that falls under the description in Dr. Bullard s book, The Wrong Complexion for Protection. It is this community that is among those most affected by environmental issues, such as production and use of electricity, carbon emissions and climatic changes because of these emissions. Moreover, it stands to reason that the Mickey Leland Center for Environment, Justice and Sustainability under the guidance of Dr. Robert Bullard be that beacon of education, implementation and inclusion for the university, the surrounding third ward community and others who look to him for statistical guidance and environmental passion to make a positive impact. As a people, and as a community, the more electricity and natural gas we generate and consume for our buildings, the more we are negatively impacting our climate and our environment. In The Wrong Complexion for Protection, the deadly pattern of climate change in the United States is also likely to fall disproportionately on the poor and on people of color, who are concentrated in urban centers, coastal regions and areas with substandard air quality including high levels of ground level ozone. The third ward community does have streets and residents, who live on those streets, that are composed of people of color some of whom fall under the exact description found in Dr. Bullard s recent book. It would be a travesty for the local academicians to not act, to not study and pursue remedies for environmental improvement. THIS IS A Therefore, it is on this foundation that the collaborative efforts of the Barbara Jordan-Mickey Leland School of Public Policy, the Mickey Leland Center of Environment, Justice and Sustainability and the Environmental Defense Fund engaged Architect for Life A Professional Corporation to implement a start a start to potentially save energy dollars, energy kilowatt hours and other energy units, thereby using the information gathered and reported as a small beginning to tangibly reduce the carbon footprint of the university and have a positive impact on the surrounding community. 10
Texas Southern University The Texas Southern University (TSU) campus located in Houston Texas is comprised of 40+ buildings total approximately 2,500,000 square feet of building space on 150-acres. Electrical power is supplied to the campus by one main master meter supplied by Centerpoint Energy. At some of the buildings where the utilities are not specifically metered, the Automated Logic Energy Management System employs a virtual meter which monitors energy use for those non-metered buildings. Other buildings found on campus still use an outdated Building Automation System (BAS) with limited capabilities of accurately monitoring energy use for those buildings. Most of the individual buildings on campus are connected to the Central Utility Plant (CUP) which produces steam and chilled water to provide heating and cooling to a majority of the TSU campus. The building automation systems on campus are monitored and adjusted from CUP. This energy audit billing and data analysis is focused on the metered data that is currently measurable by analyzing energy consumption of the: 1) Utility master meter of the main campus 2) Sub-metering data from the Automated Logic building controls system 3) Limited sub-metered energy usage from older building automation systems Table 1: Texas Southern University Campus and Energy Statistics Texas Southern University Number of Buildings 45+ Building Square Footage 2,447,600 % sq.ft of Entire Institution 100% Annual Energy Use (kwh) 48,682,442 THIS IS A Annual Energy Use (kwh/sq.ft) 19.89 Avg. Energy Cost per sq.ft $1.19 Student Population 9,730 Energy Use kwh per Student 5,003 Energy Cost per Student $350 11
Executive Summary This report is based on the findings by Architect for Life - A Professional Corporation conducting an energy audit for the Barbara Jordan-Mickey Leland Public Affairs Building, the Jesse H. Jones School of Business Building, and the Sterling Student Life Center. The energy audit was conducted in 3 stages. Stage 1: Stage 2: Stage 3: Gathering of building information (e.g. operational hours, building square footage, floor plans, electrical and gas billing data); preliminary billing data analysis and benchmarking. Comprehensive load inventory and assessment of the energy consuming equipment throughout each building. (e.g. lighting, lighting controls, HVAC, HVAC controls, computer equipment, kitchen equipment). Comparing load inventory to billing data analysis; providing energy efficiency upgrade recommendations of existing equipment and behavioral changes in relation to energy conservation and create an energy master plan for continued sustainability. Benchmarking is the first step in determining where and how to implement energy performance improvements throughout the campus. The energy benchmark will identify the baseline energy use based on current metering capabilities. When looking at meters, Texas Southern University currently has only one master utility meter, shown in Table 2, for the whole campus. Some buildings have Automated Logic Controls building automation controls system installed and can be used as a utility sub-metering system. Table 2: Master Meter Usage History Data for the Entire University Years Date Energy Use (kwh) Peak Demand (kw) 2012 May 2,423,182 7,660 Jun 4,382,342 8,439 Jul 4,400,573 7,250 Aug 4,627,911 7,675 Sep 4,484,482 7,920 Oct 4,128,772 7,359 Nov 3,781,183 7,488 Dec 3,705,779 7,516 2013 Jan 3,600,852 7,524 Feb 3,369,654 7,654 Mar 3,757,419 7,186 Apr 3,978,971 7,935 May 2,041,322 7,136 Grand Total 48,682,442 8,439 THIS IS A 12
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Sterling Student Life Center Background Information The Sterling Student Life Center was built is 1975. This facility is approximately 115,000 square feet, which houses the campus bookstore, dining facilities, student activities offices, campus newspaper, and game room with a 6-lane bowling alley. Floors 3 and 4 are ballrooms used primarily for special dining occasions. The Sterling Student Center HVAC system is controlled by both the Automated Logic controls system on the first floor and the older Metasys system on the remaining floors. The Metasys controls system has limited capabilities to control the HVAC systems throughout the facility. This system can also provide limited utility sub-metering data to monitor energy usage. Architect for Life analyzed the limited meter data provided by correlating the energy consumption to weather data and building activities. This meter data correlation was used to extrapolate the estimated energy usage annually by month. Table 9: Hourly Load Profile (kw) Sterling Student Life Center kwh Month Days CDD Student Days 251,899 7/1/2012 31 531 22 75,688 8/1/2012 31 607 15 172,380 9/1/2012 30 398 19 221,148 10/1/2012 31 216 22 92,190 11/1/2012 30 114 17 25,023 12/1/2012 31 88 15 73,389 1/1/2013 31 46 17 160,880 2/1/2013 28 31 19 24,438 3/1/2013 31 82 15 225,502 4/1/2013 30 136 22 232,472 5/1/2013 31 332 22 214,720 6/1/2013 30 563 20 THIS IS A Figure 4 shows the hourly peak load profile for the building. The profile shows that the February peak load is 95kW higher than the estimated peak load for May. This would indicate a high electrical heating load, as indicated in this report, the primary source for heating during the winter months for the TSU campus, is provided by the central plant boiler system. 23
Figure 4: Hourly Load Profile Sterling Student Life Center 600.00 500.00 400.00 THIS IS A 300.00 200.00 100.00 0.00 12 AM 1 AM 2 AM 3 AM 4 AM 5 AM 6 AM 7 AM 8 AM 9 AM 10 AM 11 AM 12 PM 1 PM 2 PM 3 PM 4 PM 5 PM 6 PM 7 PM 8 PM 9 PM 10 PM 11 PM Feb Apr May 24
Summary of Energy Audit Findings The Sterling Student Life Center was audited by Architect for Life to identify all potential energy efficiency measures. Table 10 highlights the energy measures found during the energy audit. If all energy efficiency measures where implemented, this will result in energy savings of approximately 264,000 kwh and $17,400 annual. Table 10: Energy Efficiency Opportunities - Sterling Student Center Energy Efficiency Measure Capital Investment Utility Incentive Annual Cost Savings Peak kw Savings Annual kwh Savings Gallons H 2 0 Savings CO 2 Reduction Metric Tons Payback (yrs) Lighting $83,105.00 $13,166.00 $11,285.00 41.84 188,084 0.00 133.0 6.2 16.1% Lighting Controls $10,300.00 $1,410.63 $2,821.00 0.00 47,021 0.00 33.2 3.2 31.7% Vending Misers $1,900.00 $1,019.70 $967.00 0.30 16,120 0.00 11.4 0.9 109.8% Faucet Aerators (.5 GPM) PC Power Management $84.00 $0.00 $1,574.16 0.00 0.00 168,000 0.00 0.1 1874.0% $1,065.00 $0.00 $771.00 0.00 12,846 0.00 9.1 1.4 72.4% Totals $96,454.00 $15,596.00 $17,418.00 42.14 64,072 168,000 187.0 4.6 2 1.5% Key Observations Lighting The foyer area of the Sterling Student Center was lit with 175W 250W metal halides. We measured a range of 75 90 foot-candles in this area. The targeted range for lighting in this area should be 30 50 foot-candles. Retrofitting these metal halides with LED PAR38 lamps will significantly reduce the energy consumption and produce adequate lighting levels. THIS IS A In the campus bookstore and in the game room we observed 75W halogen spot light fixtures. The average rated life of the 75W halogens is 6,000 hours. Replacing these halogens with PAR 30 LED lamps will increase the average rated life to 25,000 hours. These LED fixtures will provide adequate lighting levels and reduce maintenance cost. During our walkthrough, we did not observe any lighting controls in any of the offices. Adding lighting controls in classrooms and offices can reduce the energy consumption up to 30%. ROI% 25
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