Trapping and the Detection, Control, and Regulation of Tephritid Fruit Flies

Trapping and the Detection, Control, and Regulation of Tephritid Fruit Flies

Some Important Tephritid Species Fly species (photo credit): Top row (left to right): Middle row: Bottom row: Rhagoletis pomonella (Juan Rull), Ceratitis capitata (Giovanni Benelli), Ceratitis rosa (Robert Copeland) Anastrepha ludens (Ana Rodriguez), Anastrepha fraterculus (M.Teresa Vera), Bactrocera oleae (Giovanni Benelli) Bactrocera tryoni (Jaye Newman), Bactrocera cucurbitae (Ana Rodriguez), Bactrocera dorsalis (Ana Rodriguez)

Todd Shelly Nancy Epsky Eric B. Jang Jesus Reyes-Flores Roger Vargas Editors Trapping and the Detection, Control, and Regulation of Tephritid Fruit Flies Lures, Area-Wide Programs, and Trade Implications

Editors Todd Shelly APHIS United States Department of Agriculture Waimanalo, Hawaii, USA Eric B. Jang ARS United States Department of Agriculture Hilo, Hawaii, USA Nancy Epsky ARS United States Department of Agriculture Miami, Florida, USA Jesus Reyes-Flores Insect Pest Control Section International Atomic Energy Agency Food and Agriculture Organization Vienna, Austria Roger Vargas ARS United States Department of Agriculture Hilo, Hawaii, USA ISBN 978-94-017-9192-2 ISBN 978-94-017-9193-9 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-9193-9 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London Library of Congress Control Number: 2014947215 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht (outside the USA) 2014 Chapters 1, 3, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16 and 17 was created within the capacity of an US government employment. US copyright protection does not apply. Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Dedicated to the Memory of Robert R. Heath [1945 2011] and Donald A. Lindquist [1930 2011] Bob Heath s expertise in the development and application of insect semiochemicals along with Don Lindquist s vision and coordination of full scale multinational programs to test novel approaches have resulted in substantial advances in the use of trapping for tephritid fruit fly detection and control.

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Preface This project emerged from three simple facts: (i) Certain species of tephritid fruit flies are among the world s most notorious pests of commercially important fruits and vegetables; (ii) trapping these flies is vital to identifying infestations, controlling detected populations, and establishing guidelines for international transport of agricultural commodities; and (iii) despite its central role, there exists no comprehensive repository of factual or theoretical material relating specifically to trapping issues for economically important Tephritidae. While the editors (and we assume many of the authors) would admit to a scientific fascination with this group of insects, production of a volume devoted strictly to trapping of a relatively small number of pest species reflects, not just this scientific curiosity, but also the serious impact these pests have on global commerce. As Aldo Malavasi notes in his Introductory Remarks, every major fruit and vegetable growing county in the world maintains some program relating to surveillance and control of tephritid fruit fly pests. Thus, trapping issues concern scientists, regulatory agencies, and trade organizations in countries of every continent, from Australia and Brazil through the alphabet to Yemen and Zimbabwe. We thank all the authors for their contributions, which were produced without financial compensation. Collectively, they exhibited a spirit of industry, cooperation, and patience that smoothed the task of editing. We extend special thanks to A. Malavasi, who graciously provided introductory remarks. TS also thanks J.C. Stewart, who allowed him time to initiate and complete this project. Each chapter was reviewed by at least one editor and at least one external reviewer. We extend deep appreciation and gratitude to the following individuals, who served as reviewers: R. Dowell, J. Duan, R. Duthie, W. Enkerlin, Y. Gazit, S. Geib, T. Holler, P. Kendra, L. Leblanc, A. Liebhold, N. Manoukis, A. Manrakhan, D. McInnis, M. De Meyer, D. Midgarden, S. Myers, A. Norrbom, J. Piñero, J. Rojas, D. Rubinoff, M. San Jose, D. M. Suckling, S. Thornsbury, M. Virgilio, T. Yamanaka, B. Yuval, and J. L. Zavala Lopez. We also thank those who graciously provided the photos appearing in the preceding gallery. vii

viii Preface Our goal was to produce a comprehensive synthesis of tephritid-centric trapping issues, and accordingly the topics included are far-ranging and address lures and traps, population ecology and detection, suppression and eradication strategies, and regulatory issues. We hope we have achieved this goal and that this volume proves useful for years to come. Waimanalo, HI, USA Todd Shelly Miami, FL, USA Nancy Epsky Hilo, HI, USA Eric B. Jang Vienna, Austria Jesus Reyes-Flores Hilo, HI, USA Roger Vargas

Introductory Remarks From an economic point of view, true fruit flies are, by far, the most important insect family attacking horticultural crops. Tephritid flies cause both direct losses and also indirect losses as their presence can result in major international trading constraints. Total damage caused in all production, harvesting, packing, and marketing worldwide is estimated to amount to more than 2 billion dollars annually. Their economic and trading importance is so high that in every fruit growing country there is at least one unit dedicated to fruit fly detection and control under the National Plant Protection Organization. In this context, an essential issue is to determine the density and distribution of fruit fly populations in the field. In all cases, fly populations vary from zero to high numbers, depending on many factors, but mainly host availability and climate conditions. All this critical information, obtained mainly through trapping, is required to design the most effective strategies in order to suppress or eliminate the population. The big challenge for researchers and managers of action programs is to choose the best trapping system available for a particular growing area or region and for a specific fruit fly species or group of species. Four critical parameters are involved: trap type, fly attractant, trap density, and service interval. Once such parameters are defined, the operation and logistics of the surveillance network need to be planned to provide the most accurate possible estimates of the actual fruit fly populations in the field whether an orchard or vegetable field, natural vegetation or an urban area, or an area-wide landscape that includes a mosaic of these different types of areas. Defining the optimal trap type and fly attractant is an endless task. Both by chance or by active search, many researchers in all countries are deeply involved in developing more effective, selective, inexpensive, and easier to handle combinations of trap and attractant. A huge number of solutions can be found in the literature or in local/regional fruit fly manuals. However, there is a worldwide effort to harmonize the solutions in order to have comparable data that can be internationally recognized. ix

x Introductory Remarks The fruit fly trapping system selected affects a wide range of stakeholders and interests, from the government officer in charge of a detection program, to the grower that needs to know the population density in his orchard to start control measures, and up to the packers and trading partners who import or export horticultural products. With the ever increasing invasive process linked to globalization, resulting in the movement of exotic fruit flies to all corners of the world, reliable detection programs are essential to plant protection services with the responsibility to safeguard their countries from unwanted new fruit fly pests. Furthermore, many exporting programs must have in place an efficient trapping system to help both growers and inspectors make the right decisions regarding the fresh fruit to be exported. Also, in cases of a systems approach, where a low resident adult population is acceptable, the monitoring of fruit flies is a critical issue to guarantee the quality of the commodity. In countries or regions considered fruit fly free, an essential component is a surveillance system to demonstrate to trading partners the absence of the target species. In conclusion, the establishment of a trapping system should take into consideration many elements from natural history to genetics and modeling, from design to cost and logistics, from international plant protection standards to international trade, and this exhaustive book will be an extremely valuable source of information for all readers in this respect. Many experts with deep knowledge and actual field experience on fruit fly trapping contributed to this book. Here, for the first time, very valuable information often not found in the refereed literature is consolidated, reviewed and synthesized, not only for the fruit fly community fruit fly technical officers, plant protection inspectors, trappers in charge of surveillance and managers that need to update their trapping program but also for common growers and academic researchers with interest on fruit fly biology. The editors of this book are commended for their comprehensive effort. Biofabrica Moscamed Brazil, Juazeiro, BA, Brazil Aldo Malavasi

Contents Part I Introduction 1 Fruit Fly Alphabets... 3 Todd E. Shelly Part II Lures and Traps 2 Pheromones, Male Lures, and Trapping of Tephritid Fruit Flies... 15 Keng Hong Tan, Ritsuo Nishida, Eric B. Jang, and Todd E. Shelly 3 History and Development of Food-Based Attractants... 75 Nancy D. Epsky, Paul E. Kendra, and Elena Q. Schnell 4 Plant Odors as Fruit Fly Attractants... 119 Serge Quilici, Toulassi Atiama-Nurbel, and Thierry Brévault 5 Interactions Between Tephritid Fruit Fly Physiological State and Stimuli from Baits and Traps: Looking for the Pied Piper of Hamelin to Lure Pestiferous Fruit Flies... 145 Francisco Díaz-Fleischer, Jaime C. Piñero, and Todd E. Shelly Part III Ecology and Detection 6 Trapping to Monitor Tephritid Movement: Results, Best Practice, and Assessment of Alternatives... 175 Christopher W. Weldon, Mark K. Schutze, and Minette Karsten 7 Fruit Fly Invasion: Historical, Biological, Economic Aspects and Management... 219 Nikos T. Papadopoulos xi

xii Contents 8 Fruit Fly Detection Programs: The Potentials and Limitations of Trap Arrays... 253 A. Meats 9 Spatial Analysis of Tephritid Fruit Fly Traps... 277 David Midgarden, Estuardo Lira, and Micha Silver 10 Using Molecules to Identify the Source of Fruit Fly Invasions...321 Norman Barr, Raul Ruiz-Arce, and Karen Armstrong 11 Modeling Trapping of Fruit Flies for Detection, Suppression, or Eradication... 379 Hugh J. Barclay and Jorge Hendrichs Part IV Attract and Kill 12 Priorities in Formulation and Activity of Adulticidal Insecticide Bait Sprays for Fruit Flies... 423 Robert L. Mangan 13 Recent Developments and Applications of Bait Stations for Integrated Pest Management of Tephritid Fruit Flies... 457 Jaime C. Piñero, Walther Enkerlin, and Nancy D. Epsky 14 Male Annihilation, Past, Present, and Future... 493 Roger I. Vargas, Luc Leblanc, Jaime C. Piñero, and Kevin M. Hoffman 15 Mass Trapping for Fruit Fly Control... 513 Vicente Navarro-Llopis and Sandra Vacas Part V Phytosanitary Programs and Regulations 16 Integrating Tephritid Trapping into Phytosanitary Programs...559 D.R. Lance 17 Trapping Related to Phytosanitary Status and Trade... 589 Eric B. Jang, Walther Enkerlin, Charles Ed Miller, and Jesus Reyes-Flores Part VI Coda 18 The Complexities of Knowing What It Is You Are Trapping...611 Anthony R. Clarke and Mark K. Schutze Index... 633

Contributors Karen Armstrong Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, Christchurch, New Zealand Toulassi Atiama-Nurbel CIRAD, UMR PVBMT CIRAD/Université de La Réunion, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France Hugh J. Barclay Victoria, BC, Canada Norman B. Barr Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, Mission Laboratory, USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST, Edinburg, TX, USA Thierry Brévault CIRAD, UR AIDA, Montpellier, France Anthony R. Clarke School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia Francisco Díaz-Fleischer Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada (INBIOTECA), Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México Walther Enkerlin Programa Regional Moscamed, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala Nancy D. Epsky Subtropical Horticultural Research Station, USDA-ARS, Miami, FL, USA Jorge Hendrichs Insect Pest Control Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria Kevin M. Hoffman California Department of Food and Agriculture, Pest Detection/Emergency Projects, Sacramento, CA, USA Eric B. Jang USDA-ARS, Daniel K. Inouye, U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, Hilo, HI, USA xiii

xiv Contributors Minette Karsten Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, South Africa Paul E. Kendra Subtropical Horticultural Research Station, USDA-ARS, Miami, FL, USA David R. Lance USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST, Otis Laboratory, Buzzards Bay, MA, USA Luc Leblanc Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA Estuardo Lira USDA-APHIS-IS Medfly Program, Guatemala City, Guatemala Aldo Malavasi Biofabrica Moscamed Brazil, Juazeiro, BA, Brazil Robert L. Mangan Subtropical Horticultural Research Station, USDA-ARS, Miami, FL, USA Alan Meats School of Biological Sciences A12, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia David Midgarden USDA-APHIS-IS Medfly Program, Guatemala City, Guatemala Charles Ed Miller Frederick, MD, USA Vicente Navarro-Llopis Instituto Agroforestal del Mediterráneo-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain Ritsuo Nishida Graduate School of Agriculture, Laboratory of Chemical Ecology, Pesticide Research Institute, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan Nikos T. Papadopoulos Department of Agriculture, Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Magnisias, Greece Jaime C. Piñero Cooperative Research and Extension, Lincoln University, Jefferson City, MO, USA Serge Quilici CIRAD, UMR PVBMT CIRAD/Université de La Réunion, Saint- Pierre, La Réunion, France Jesus Reyes-Flores Insect Pest Control Section, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria Raul Ruiz-Arce Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, Mission Laboratory, USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST, Edinburg, TX, USA Elena Q. Schnell Subtropical Horticultural Research Station, USDA-ARS, Miami, FL, USA

Contributors xv Mark K. Schutze School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia Todd E. Shelly USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST, Waimanalo, HI, USA Micha Silver Arava Development Company, Sapir, Israel Keng Hong Tan Tan Hak Heng, Tanjong Bungah, Penang, Malaysia Sandra Vacas Instituto Agroforestal del Mediterráneo-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain Roger I. Vargas United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, Hilo, HI, USA Christopher W. Weldon Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa