RFID Design Principles Harvey Lehpamer ARTECH HOUSE BOSTON LONDON artechhouse.com
Contents Introduction 2 2.1 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1. 2.1.4 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2. 2..1 2..2 2.4 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.5 2.5.1 2.5.2 Comparison of Short-Range Communications Systems Radio-Frequency Spectrum and Propagation Radio-Frequency Propagation and Interference Basic Antenna Parameters Theory of Electromagnetism and Maxwell's Equations Range of a Radio Communications System Overview of Short-Range Communications Systems Frequency-Hopping Spread-Spectrum Systems Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum Systems Wireless LANs Basics of WLANs WLAN Components Wireless Personal Area Network Bluetooth " - ZigBee Wireless Body Area Networks About WBANs Inductive Coupling Theory 7 14 16 18 20 20 21 21 22 2 24 27 28 28 0 VII
viii RFID Design Principles 2.5. 2.5.4 2.5.5 2.6 2.6.1 2.6.2 2.7 Medical Implant Communication Service and Wireless Medical Telemetry Service Bands Wireless Body Implant Networks Passive Wearable Electrostatic Tags Ultrawideband (UWB) Technology About UWB Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing 6 40 41 42 42 46 47 49.1.2.2.1.2.2.2....1..2....4..5..6..7 Automatic Identification Systems Barcodes Card Technologies Magnetic Cards Smart Cards Optical Cards Radio-Frequency Identification RFID Historical Background RFID System Overview Principles of RFID Operation The Electronic Product Code System UWB and RFID RFID and Biometrics Challenges of RFID Implementation 51 51 52 52 5 54 54 54 55 59 65 67 67 69.4.4.1.4.2.4..4.4 Wireless Sensor Networks About Wireless Sensor Networks Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks Sensor Network Design Considerations The Future of RFID Sensing ^ 72 72 7 75 78.5.5.1.5.2 RFID Applications Supply Chain Logistics Product Authentication 79 80 81.5. Agriculture and Animals 8
Contents ix.5.4.5.5.5.6.5.7.5.8.5.9.5.10.6 Intelligent Transportation Systems Document Management Pharmaceutical and Health Care Industry Indoor Localization for First Responders Passive Keyless Entry Military Applications Other RFID Applications 84 86 87 89 90 91 9 98 100 4 4.1 4.2 4. 4.4 4.4.1 4.4.2 4.4. 4.4.4 4.4.5 4.4.6 4.5 RFID Standards Development Challenges Regional Regulations and Spectrum Allocations Key Players in RFID Standardization ISO and EPC Approaches RFID Systems and Frequencies Power Emissions Conversion North American and International Frequency Bands RFID Interoperability and Harmonization Advantages and Disadvantages of Using the 1.56-MHz Frequency Operation in the 900-MHz Band Operation in the 2.45- and 5.8-GHz Bands ISO/IEC 18000 RFID Air Interface Standards 10 10 105 107 109 109 110 112 115 117 119 121 4.6 UHF and EPCglobal Gen 2 124 4.6.1 The EPC Class Structure 124 4.6.2 UHF Gen 2 126 4.6. UHF RFID Tag Example f 128 4.7 10 12 5 Components of the RFID System 1 5.1 Engineering Challenges 1 5.2 Near- and Far-Field Propagation 14
RFID Design Principles 5.2.1 5.2.2 5. 5..1 5..2 5.. 5..4 5..5 5..6 5..7 5..8 5..9 5..10 5.4 5.4.1 5.4.2 5.4. 5.4.4 5.4.5 5.5 5.5.1 5.5.2 5.6 Far-Field Propagation and Backscatter Principle Near-Field Propagation Systems Tags Tag Considerations Data Content of RFID Tags Passive Tags Active Tags Active Versus Passive Tags Multiple Tag Operation Overlapping Tags Tag Antennas UHF Tag Circuits Tag Manufacturing Process Readers Principles of Operation Reader Antenna Software-Defined Radios in RFID Systems Data Transfer Between a Tag and a Reader UHF Reader Electronic Circuitry RFID Power Sources Power Harvesting Systems Active Power Sources 15 145 15 15 155 157 161 16 16 166 167 17 176 178 178 180 181 182 190 19 194 196 198 200 6 6.1 6.1.1 6.1.2 6.1. 6.1.4 6.1.5 6.1.6 6.1.7 RFID System Design Considerations RFID System Key Considerations Configuration Design System Design Checklist Carrier Frequency and Bandwidth Frequency Band Selection Power and Range Link Budget Collision Avoidance 20 20 20 205 207 209 210 211 215
Contents xi 6.1.8 6.2 6.2.1 6.2.2 6.2. 6. 6..1 6..2 6.. 6..4 6..5 6..6 6.4 Tag Reading Reliability RFID Reader-Tag Communication Channel Data Content and Encoding Modulation Data Encryption Testing and Conformance Test Equipment Frequency- and Bandwidth-Related Measurement Polling and Timing Measurements Collision Management Multivendor Interoperability Test Labs 221 222 22 227 20 2 2 24 25 25 26 28 29 242 7 7.1 7.1.1 7.1.2 7.2 7.2.1 7.2.2 7.2. 7.2.4 7.2.5 7.2.6 RFID Sociocultural Implications Market Trends and Usage Price Barriers to Adoption Globalization RFID Security and Privacy Aspects Access to Information Privacy Threats and Protection The Blocker Tag Reader Signal Energy Analysis Protecting the Public Fair Information Practices 245 245 247 248 249 249 250 25 25 25 255 7. Health Risks from RFID y 256 7.4 7.5 7.5.1 7.5.2 7.5. 7.5.4 Ediical and Moral Dilemmas of Technology Other Developments in Auto-ID Systems RuBee Visible Light Tags RFID and Printable Electronics RFID and Mobile Phone Integration 258 259 259 260 261 261
xii RFID Design Principles 7.6 262 265 Appendix 267 Glossary of Terms 269 About the Author 279 Index 281