China s CO2 Emission Scenario Toward 2 degree global target. Jiang Kejun. Energy Research Institute, China



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China s CO2 Emission Scenario Toward 2 degree global target Jiang Kejun Energy Research Institute, China PUBLIC CONFERENCE Victoria University, Thursday 26 June, 214 1 ERI, China Framework of Integrated Policy Model for China (IPAC) Energy demand and supply Price/investment Economic impact Medium/long-term analysis IPAC-SGM IPAC-AIM/MATERIAL Environment industry Pollutant emission Medium/long-term analys Energy demand and supply Price/investment IPAC-AIM/Global Medium/long-term analysis Technology development Environment impact Technology policy Region analysis Medium/short analysis Energy demand and supply Technology policy IPAC-Emission IPAC/Tech(Power/Transport) IPAC/SE, IPAC/EAlarm IPAC/AIM-Local AIM-air IPAC/Gains-Asia Climate Model IPAC-AIM/tech IPAC-health Energy demand and supp Full range emission Price, resource, technolog Medium-long term analysis Economic impact Short term forecast/ energy early warning Medium/short term analysis Technology assessment Detailed technology flow ERI, China 1

Keyword: Transition mitigation to reach some climate change targets 15 Category I (< 4 ppm CO 2 ) 15 Category II (< 4-44 ppm CO 2 ) 15 Category III (< 44-485 ppm CO 2 ) 1 1 1 Emissions (GtC) 5 5 5 without neg. emissions with neg. emissions N=27-5 2 22 24 26 28 21 N=19-5 2 22 24 26 28 21 N=76-5 2 22 24 26 28 21 CO2 8. 坐 标 轴 标 题 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1.. 199 1995 2 25 21 215 22 225 23 235 24 245 25 255 26 265 27 275 28 285 29 295 21 L.A Africa M.E S.E.Asia CPA EFSU P OECD W OECD USA 4 2

Transformation: CO2 emission, a rapid change 14 CO2 Emission in China 12 Mt CO2 1 8 6 4 2 Baseline LC ELC 2Degree 2 25 21 22 23 24 25 Transformation: Economy system 亿 元 Investment by industrial sectors 18 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 工 业 分 部 门 投 资 25 21 22 23 24 25 年 份 建 筑 业 自 来 水 的 生 产 和 供 应 业 煤 气 的 生 产 和 供 应 业 蒸 汽 热 水 生 产 供 应 业 电 力 生 产 供 应 业 其 他 工 业 仪 器 仪 表 文 化 办 公 用 机 械 电 气 机 械 及 器 材 电 子 及 通 信 设 备 制 造 业 交 通 运 输 设 备 制 造 业 普 通 机 械 专 用 设 备 制 造 业 金 属 制 品 业 有 色 金 属 黑 色 金 属 冶 炼 及 压 延 加 工 业 非 金 属 矿 物 制 品 业 橡 胶 制 品 业, 塑 料 制 品 业 化 学 纤 维 制 造 业 医 药 制 造 业 化 学 原 料 及 制 品 制 造 业 炼 焦 业 石 油 加 工 印 刷 业 记 录 媒 介 的 复 制, 文 教 体 育 用 品 制 造 业 造 纸 及 纸 制 品 业 木 材 加 工 及 竹 藤 棕 草 制 品 业 家 具 制 造 业 服 装 皮 革 及 其 他 纤 维 制 品 制 造 纺 织 业 烟 草 加 工 业 食 品 饮 料 加 工 制 造 业 非 金 属 矿 采 选 业, 其 他 矿 采 选 业, 木 材 及 竹 材 采 运 业 有 色 金 属 矿 采 选 业 黑 色 金 属 矿 采 选 业 天 然 气 开 采 业 石 油 6 3

Products output in major sectors, Low Carbon and ELC Unit 25 22 23 24 25 Steel Million ton 355 61 57 44 36 Cement Million ton 16 16 16 12 9 Glass Million cases 399 65 69 67 58 Copper Million ton 2.6 7 7 6.5 4.6 Ammonia Million ton 8.51 16 16 15 12 Ethylene Million ton 5.1 7.2 7 6.5 5.5 Soda Ash Million ton 14.67 23 24.5 23.5 22 Casutic Million ton 12.64 24 25 25 24 Paper Million ton 62.5 11 115 12 12 FertilizerMillion ton 52.2 61 61 61 61 Aluminum Million ton 7.56 34 36 36 33 Paper Million ton 46.3 5 5 5 45 Calcium camillion ton 8.5 1 8 7 4 7 分 部 门 能 源 消 费 量, Energy demand by sector, 1995-21 7 6 5 4 3 1995 2 25 26 27 28 29 21 2 1 农 林 牧 渔 业 采 掘 业 煤 炭 开 采 和 洗 选 业 石 油 和 天 然 气 开 采 业 黑 色 金 属 矿 采 选 业 有 色 金 属 矿 采 选 业 非 金 属 矿 采 选 业 其 他 采 矿 业 农 副 食 品 加 工 业 食 品 制 造 业 饮 料 制 造 业 烟 草 制 品 业 纺 织 业 纺 织 服 装 鞋 帽 制 造 业 皮 革 毛 皮 羽 毛 ( 绒 ) 及 其 制 品 业 木 材 加 工 及 木 竹 藤 棕 草 制 品 业 家 具 制 造 业 造 纸 及 纸 制 品 业 印 刷 业 和 记 录 媒 介 的 复 制 文 教 体 育 用 品 制 造 业 石 油 加 工 炼 焦 及 核 燃 料 加 工 业 化 学 原 料 及 化 学 制 品 制 造 业 医 药 制 造 业 化 学 纤 维 制 造 业 橡 胶 制 品 业 塑 料 制 品 业 非 金 属 矿 物 制 品 业 黑 色 金 属 冶 炼 及 压 延 加 工 业 有 色 金 属 冶 炼 及 压 延 加 工 业 金 属 制 品 业 通 用 设 备 制 造 业 专 用 设 备 制 造 业 交 通 运 输 设 备 制 造 业 电 气 机 械 及 器 材 制 造 业 通 信 设 备 计 算 机 及 其 他 电 子 设 备 制 造 业 仪 器 仪 表 及 文 化 办 公 用 机 械 制 造 业 工 艺 品 及 其 他 制 造 业 废 弃 资 源 和 废 旧 材 料 回 收 加 工 业 电 力 煤 气 及 水 生 产 和 供 应 业 电 力 热 力 的 生 产 和 供 应 业 燃 气 生 产 和 供 应 业 水 的 生 产 和 供 应 业 建 筑 业 交 通 运 输 仓 储 和 邮 政 业 批 发 零 售 业 和 住 宿 餐 饮 业 其 他 行 业 生 活 消 费 4

Transformation: Energy efficiency Unit energy use for key products, LCS Scenario Unit 25 22 23 24 25 Steel Kgce/t 76 65 564 554 545 Cement Kgce/t 132 11 86 81 77 Glass Kgce/Weight Cases 24 18 14.5 13.8 13.1 Brick Kgce/ 万 块 685 466 433 421 48 Ammonia Kgce/t 1645 1328 1189 1141 196 Ethylene Kgce/t 192 796 713 693 672 Soda Ash Kgce/t 34 31 29 284 279 Casutic Kgce/t 141 99 89 868 851 Calcium carbide Kgce/t 1482 134 1215 121 1193 Copper Kgce/t 1273 163 931 877 827 Aluminum kwh/t 1432 1287 1217 11923 11877 Paper Kgce/t 147 84 761 721 686 Electricity fossil fuel Gce/kWh 35 35 287 274 264 9 Transformation: Building Solar Energy Solar PV (25-47% 的 家 庭 拥 有 屋 顶 光 伏 电 池, 转 换 效 率 接 近 3% Solar energy for hot water and space heating 普 及 率 : 2-6% ( 目 前 6%) Eco-Life style 减 少 1-2% 能 源 需 求 Planting on top Low Carbon House in 25: comfortable and energy saving High efficiency lighting LED 减 少 5% 照 明 需 求, 普 及 率 1% Energy monitor system (Electric Appliance) Super High Efficiency Air-Con COP =8, 普 及 率 1% Standby energy use 降 低 1/3, 普 及 率 1% Public information Public consumption change Heat pump COP=5 普 及 率 3-7% High insulation system 减 少 6% 采 暖 需 求, 普 及 率 7% Fuel cell 普 及 率 -2% High efficiency electric appliance Reduce energy use, and higher life level 5 5

6

Transformation: Transport Transport, Low carbon scenario 25 21 22 23 24 25 Family car ownership, per 1HH Urban 3.37 14 36 65 77 78 Rural.8.2 8 38 7 9 Family car annual travel distance, km 95 95 93 8635 83 748 Average engin size of family cars, litter 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4 Fuel efficiency of car, L/1km 9.2 8.9 7.1 5.9 4.8 4.1 Share of MRT in total traffic volume, %.11.16.25.46.1.21 Share of Biofuel, % 1.1% 1.3% 4.1% 7.7% 12% 13% Share of electric car, % %.12% 3.2% 6.8% 12.5% 19.8% Share of fuel cell car, % % %.8% 1.6% 4.7% 7.9% 13 Transformation: Energy System 14 7

Transformation: Power generation 3 Power Generation Capacity 万 千 瓦 25 2 15 1 5 Biomass Solar Wind Nuclear Hydro N.Gas Oil Coal 2 25 21 22 23 24 25 Transformation: CCS CCS future 12 % 1 8 6 4 2 IGCC-Fuel Cell IGCC US-Critical Super Critical Large Coal Unit Samll Coal 2 25 21 22 23 24 25 Year 16 8

Good news Technology progress is much faster than our model says: learning curve effects High GDP growth could support low carbon development in China: all cost analysis in models are very small compared with GDP China s low carbon related technology manufacture is getting leading in the world: benefit for economy Local environment issues will be a very strong factor to go to clean production, nearly match with low carbon development 17 Transformation: Technologies Technology learning curve 1.2 Index, 25=1 1.8.6.4.2 25 21 22 23 25 Year Fuel Cell IGCC Hydrogen Car Poly Generation Solar Thermal Power PV 4th Generation Nuclear Off shore wind on shore wind Biomass Power Advanced NGCC Electic Car CCS Solar 21 Wind 21 CCS PostC CCS Enduse LED Lighting By 22, Wind 2GW to 25GW, Solar 5WG Price: US$38 Subsidy: US$15(Shanghai), no need to apply number plate(cost US$1) US$18(Beijing), no need to apply number plate(by Oct. 212, 1.1 million people apply for 2number plates per month), 9

19 2 1

MtSO2 1ton 3 25 2 15 1 5 2 18 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 SO2 Emission 25 21 22 23 24 25 Black Carbon Emission in China 25 21 22 23 24 6. 25 5. 4. BaU BaU LC ELC LowCarbon Mt Mton 16. 14. 12. 1. 8. 6. 4. 2.. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. Mercury Emission. NOx Emission in China, ELC scenario 2 25 21 22 23 24 25 PM2.5 Emission 2 25 21 22 23 24 25 Other Power generation Other Power generation ton 3. 2. Other Power generation 1.. 2 25 21 22 23 24 25 21 Fixed Investment for Pollution Control, million yuan 11

A Snapshot of Selected China Energy Options Today: Climate and Energy Security Impacts and Tradeoffs in 225 Bubble size corresponds to incremental energy provided or avoided in 225. The reference point is the business as usual mix in 225. The horizontal axis includes sustainability as well as traditional aspects of sufficiency, reliability, and affordability. The vertical axis illustrates lifecycle greenhouse gas intensity. Bubble placements are based on quantitative analysis and ERI expert judgment. Power Sector (this size corresponds to 4 billion kwh) by comparing low energy scenario and BaU Power Sector (this size corresponds to 4 billion kwh) by comparing low energy scenario and policy BaU Transport Sector (this size corresponds to 2 thousand barrels of oil per day) by comparing low energy scenario and BaU Transport Sector (this size corresponds to 2 thousand barrels of oil per day) by comparing policy BaU scenario and BaU Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Imports Positive Climate Characteristics Nuclear Nuclear Clean Coal (IGCC) with CO 2 Capture Ultra-Super Critical Industry Efficiency Solar PV Hydro Wind Biodiesel CO 2 -Enhanced Oil Recovery Building Efficiency Vehicle Fuel Efficiency Standard Biomass Power Cellulosic Ethanol Plug-In Hybrids Reduce Energy Security Corn Ethanol Business As Usual In 225 Oil Imports Increase Energy Security For specific details on the assumptions underlying the options on this chart, go to www.wri.org/usenergyoptions Revised 7/1/28 Gas-to-Liquids Expanded Domestic Oil Production Coal-to-Liquids (with carbon capture) Coal-to-Liquids (no carbon capture) Negative Climate Characteristics 23 Investment in Energy Industry in China Energy Expenditures in China 1^8Yuan 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 2 25 21 22 23 24 25 Year BaU HLC HELC LLC 1^8Yuan 3 25 2 15 1 5 2 25 21 22 23 24 25 Year BaU HLC HELC Addtional Investment in end use sectors in ELC GDP Loss, % 1^8 Yuan 2 18 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 21 22 23 24 25 6.% 5.% 4.% 3.% 2.% 1.% 65ppm 55ppm 45ppm Per Capita Carbon Intensity Industry Transport Building Total Year.% 1.% 21 22 23 25 275 21 24 12

POWER_BOX by Baosteel 2kW wind 1kW Solar PV 13

Challenges for short term energy system in China We are in a rapid change period, energy system need to response right now. But it is difficult to make change due to inertia. It could happen in decades in other countries, but maybe 5 to 1 years in China Coal peak before 215? Coal fired power plant peak by 213? Much more natural gas demand Energy pricing should be higher, and need public to accept(public education) There are still more space for new policies It could be a big movement in China s energy system, all aspects 27 The expected big changes in energy system in China Coal consumption start to decrease, coal industry should be ready for it, and make own long-term strategy: local manufacture, export/import, security, clean coal use. Much more natural gas demand, need to work out for the supply Much faster progress on renewable energy, both centralized and distributed Grid should be reconstructed to support the system Energy price increase, to cover energy environment externality. Large scale of nuclear in Much lower growth rate for energy demand in China 28 14

Renewable Energy Renewable Energy Planning 26: wind 3GW, Solar 2GW by 22 29 Energy Bureau: Wind 8WG 21 Energy Planning: Wind 15 GW, Solar 2GW by 22 213, the 12 th Five Year Plan: 2GW of solar PV by 215, 15GW wind February 213, 35GW PV by 215 January 214, 43GW by 215 Now: Wind 2GW to 3GW, Solar 5WG to 8 GW by 22 Based on the conclusion from Chinese Academy for Engineering, grid in China could adopt these renewable energy power generation in short term. 29 3 15

31 32 16

33 34 17

35 Transformation: Low Carbon cities Beijing CO2 emission from energy activities, Peak CO2 emission around 215 北 京 能 源 活 动 CO2 排 放 量 百 万 吨 碳 5 45 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 27 21 22 23 年 份 基 准 情 景 政 策 情 景 强 化 低 碳 情 景 36 18