Foreword Acknowledgments xv xvii Part I Compact Stars Dynamic stability of compact stars 3 G. S. Bisnovatyi-Kogan 1 Introduction 3 2 Early development of the theory of compact stars: 1931-1965 4 3 Criteria of hydrodynamic stability 7 4 Energetic method 11 5 Search of quark stars 16 6 Summary 19 Acknowledgments 19 References 20 Constraints on Superdense Matter from X-ray Binaries 23 M. Coleman Miller 1 Introduction and Overview 23 2 Overview of Neutron Star X-ray Binaries 25 3 Radial Velocity Measurements 31 4 Spectral Line Profiles 35 5 Light Curve Profiles 37 6 Orbital Frequencies 37 7 Summary 40 Acknowledgments 41 References 41 Postglitch Relaxations of Angular Velocity of Pulsars 43 David M. Sedrakian and M. V. Hayrapetyan 1 Introduction 43 2 Relaxation solutions 46 vii
viii SUPERDENSE QCD MATTER AND COMPACT STARS 3 Discussion 48 References 50 Isolated neutron stars: An astrophysical perspective 53 Sergei Popov, and Roberto Turolla 1 Introduction 53 2 What s new 55 3 Discussion 61 4 Conclusion. What do we astrophysicists want from QCD theorists? 68 Acknowledgments 69 References 69 Part II Superdense QCD Matter Clusters and Condensates in the Nuclear Matter Equation of State 75 Gerd Röpke, Alexander Grigo, Kohsuke Sumiyoshi, and Hong Shen 1 Introduction 75 2 Ideal Mixture of Different Components 77 3 Relativistic mean field theory 80 4 Medium modifications of two-particle correlations 82 5 Medium modification of higher clusters 86 6 Comparison with the concept of excluded volume 88 7 Isospin singlet (pn) and triplet (nn, pp) pairing in nuclear matter 88 8 Alpha cluster condensation in threshold states of self-conjugate 4n nuclei 89 9 Conclusions 90 References 91 Nuclear equation of state and the structure of neutron stars 93 A.E.L. Dieperink, D. Van Neck Y. Dewulf, and V. Rodin 1 Introduction 93 2 Equation of state and symmetry energy 94 3 How well do we know the symmetry energy? 96 4 Empirical information on the SE 102 5 Constraints on EoS from neutron stars 109 Acknowledgments 110 References 110 Neutron Star Structure with Hyperons and Quarks 113 M. Baldo, F. Burgio, and H.-J. Schulze 1 Brueckner theory 113 2 Three-body forces 115 3 EOS of nuclear matter from different TBF 118 4 Neutron star structure 120 5 Hyperons in nuclear matter 122
ix 6 Quark matter 127 7 Conclusions 131 References 132 The QCD equation of state and quark star properties 135 A. Peshier, B. Kämpfer, and G. Soff 1 Introduction 135 2 Resummation and quasiparticle models 136 3 Implications for quark stars 143 References 146 Effective Lagrangians for QCD: Duality and Exact Results 147 Francesco Sannino 1 Effective Lagrangians for QCD 147 2 Color Flavor Locked Phase 149 3 Duality made transparent in QCD 150 4 2 SC General Features and Effective Lagrangian 156 5 Non Perturbative Exact Results: Anomaly Matching Conditions 161 Acknowledgments 162 References 162 Color superconductivity and high density effective theory 165 Deog Ki Hong 1 Introduction 165 2 High Density Effective Theory 166 3 More on matching 171 4 Color superconductivity in dense QCD 172 5 Quark matter under stress 175 6 Positivity of HDET 177 References 183 Color superconducting quark matter and the interior of neutron stars 187 Micaela Oertel, and Michael Buballa 1 Introduction 187 2 The scalar color antitriplet condensate 188 3 Spin-1 condensate for a two-flavor system 189 4 Neutral quark matter 194 5 Compact stars with a color superconducting quark matter core 201 Acknowledgments 205 References 205 Superconductivity with deformed Fermi surfaces and compact stars 209 Armen Sedrakian
x SUPERDENSE QCD MATTER AND COMPACT STARS 1 Introduction 209 2 Homogeneous superconducting state 210 3 Superconducting phases with broken space symmetries 213 4 Flavor asymmetric quark condensates 219 5 Concluding remarks 221 Acknowledgments 222 References 223 Neutral Dense Quark Matter 225 Mei Huang and Igor Shovkovy 1 Introduction 225 2 Local charge neutrality: homogeneous phase 226 3 Global charge neutrality: mixed phase 234 4 Conclusion 238 References 238 Possibility of color magnetic superconductivity 241 Toshitaka Tatsumi, Tomoyuki Maruyama, and Eiji Nakano 1 Introduction 241 2 What is ferromagnetism in quark matter? 243 3 Color magnetic superconductivity 248 4 Chiral symmetry and magnetism 253 5 Summary and Concluding remarks 258 Acknowledgments 260 References 260 Magnetic Fields of Compact Stars with Superconducting Quark Cores 263 David M. Sedrakian, David Blaschke, and Karen M. Shahabasyan 1 Introduction 263 2 Free Energy 265 3 Ginzburg-Landau equations 267 4 Vortex Structure 269 5 Solution of Ginzburg-Landau Equations 271 6 The Magnetic Field Components 273 7 Summary 275 Acknowledgments 275 References 275 Thermal Color-superconducting Fluctuations in Dense Quark Matter 277 D.N. Voskresensky 1 Introduction 277 2 Physics of pairing fluctuations 279 3 Thermodynamical potential and its mean field solution 280 4 Fluctuations of gap in self-consistent Hartree approximation 281 5 Contribution of fluctuations of gap to specific heat below T c 283
xi 6 Ginzburg Levanyuk criterion and Ginzburg number 286 7 Fluctuations of the gap above T c 288 8 Assumptions which we have done 289 9 Fluctuations of temperature, density, magnetic susceptibility 289 10 How gap fluctuations may manifest in heavy ion collisions 290 11 Pairing fluctuations in hybrid stars 291 12 Concluding 293 Acknowledgments 294 References 294 The inner structure of hybrid stars 297 Bela Lukacs, Gergely G. Barnafoldi, and Peter Levai 1 Introduction 297 2 The Fifth Dimension 298 3 Field Equations 298 4 A Special Solution of the Field Equations 300 5 On the General Solution of the Field Equations 301 6 Matching Conditions on the Surface 302 7 The External Solution 302 8 Conclusion 303 9 Outlook 304 Acknowledgments 306 References 306 Part III Signals for Superdense QCD Matter in Compact Stars Gamma-ray Bursts and their Central Engines 309 Stephan Rosswog 1 Introduction 309 2 Observations 309 3 The fireball model 312 4 Models for the Central Engine 313 5 Summary and Prospects 327 Acknowledgments 328 References 328 Superdense stars with a quark core 331 G. B. Alaverdyan, A. R. Harutyunyan, and Yu. L. Vartanyan 1 Introduction 331 2 Equations of state 332 3 Superdense configurations with a strange quark core. Results and Discussion 333 4 Summary 339 Acknowledgments 340 References 340
xii SUPERDENSE QCD MATTER AND COMPACT STARS Diquark condensation effects on hot quark star configurations 341 A. Öztas, D. Blaschke, S. Fredriksson, and H. Grigorian 1 Introduction 341 2 Thermodynamic potential for asymmetric 2SC quark matter 343 3 EoS for 2SC quark matter in β-equilibrium 344 4 EoS of quark matter in 2SC phase for finite temperature 345 5 Configurations of hot quark stars 346 6 Conclusion 349 References 350 Gamma Ray Bursts and delayed Quark-deconfinement 353 Ignazio Bombaci, Irene Parenti, and Isaac Vidaña 1 Introduction 353 2 Quantum nucleation of quark matter in hadronic stars 357 3 Results 361 4 Mass-to-radius ratio and internal constitution of compact stars 368 5 Quark Deconfinement Nova and GRBs 372 6 Summary 373 References 373 Color Superconducting Quark Matter and Compact Star Observables 377 D. N. Aguilera, J. Berdermann, D. B. Blaschke, H. A. Grigorian, A. Khalatyan, G. Poghosyan and D. N. Voskresensky 1 Introduction 378 2 Nonlocal chiral quark model (NCQM) 379 3 EoS for nonstrange compact stars 381 4 Cooling of compact stars 395 5 Protoquark star evolution and Gamma Ray Bursts 397 6 Conclusions 402 Acknowledgments 402 References 402 Looking inside the Earth with solar and supernova neutrinos: An analytic approach 405 A. N. Ioannisian and A. Yu. Smirnov 1 Introduction 405 2 ɛ- perturbation theory and oscillation probabilities 406 3 Effect of averaging over neutrino energy 410 4 Conclusions 411 References 413 Deconfinement Phase Transition in Relativistic Neutron Star Mergers 415 G. Poghosyan, R. Oechslin, K. Uryū, and F. K. Thielemann 1 Introduction 416
xiii 2 Equation of State 417 3 Summary 419 Acknowledgments 424 References 424 Index 427