SOCIAL EXCLUSION AND POVERTY REDUCTION IN LATIN AMERICAN AND THE CARIBBEAN

SOCIAL EXCLUSION AND POVERTY REDUCTION IN LATIN AMERICAN AND THE CARIBBEAN

ESTANISLAO GACITÚA CARLOS SOJO With SHELTON H. DAVIS Editors SOCIAL EXCLUSION AND POVERTY REDUCTION IN LATIN AMERICAN AND THE CARIBBEAN THE WORLD BANK '.. '.

1, Social Exclusion and Poverty Reduction in Latín America and the Caribbean Copyright (e) 2001 by The Inrernational Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D. C. 20433. U.S.A. AH rights reserved. Manufactured in Costa Rica First printing. August 2001 The findings, inrerpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work are entirely those of the authors and should nor be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to mernbers of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publicarían and accepts no responsibilíty for any consequence of their use. The boundaries, colors. denorninations, and other ínformation shown on any map in this work do not imply on the pan of the World Bank any judgernent of the legal status of any rerritory or [he endorsement or acceptance of such boundanes. The material in this work is copyrighted. No par! of this work may be reproduced or transrnitted in any forrn or by any means. electronic or mechanical, including photccopying, recording. or inclusión in any information storage and retrieval system. without the prior written permission of the World Bank. The World Bank encourages dissernination of its work and will normally grant permission promptly. For permission 10 photocopy or reprint. please send a request with complere inforrnation to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc, 222 Rosewood Orive. Danvers, MA 01923, USA, fax 978-750-4470. AII other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, World Bank, 1818 H Street N.W., Washington De, 20433, fax 202-522-2422, e-mail pubrights@worldbank.org. Cover design by Valeria Varas If8LIUTECA FLAtW E[ f,cu: ': r l' ~ 1lII...... _.- -..._. ~ 1I le",:._1 ~. r

INDEX ACKNOWLEOGEMENTS... 7 PROLOGUE TO WORKSIIOP PROCEEDINGS ON POVERTY AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION IN THE LATlN AMERICA. 9 Guillenno Perrv lntroouctlon POVERTY ANO SOCIAL EXCLUSION IN LATlN AMERICA ANO THE CARIBBEAN 13 Estanislao Gacitúa witlt Shelton I-I. Davis SOCIAL EXCLUSION AS A D1STRIBUTlON THEORY. 23 Adolfo Figueroa THE SOCIO-POLlTICAL ANO CULTURAL OYNAMICS OF SOCIAL EXCLUSION 49 Carlos S% BASIC RIGHTS AS A REFERENCE FOR EXPLAINING THE PARADlGM OF CITIZENSHIP AND OEFINING THE BOUNOARIES OF SOCIAL EXCLUSION 79 Jaime Ordoñe; SOCIAL EXCUJSION IN THE CARIBBEAN Micllel-Rolph Trouillo/ 103 RACE, POVERTY, ANO SOCIAL EXCLUSION IN BRAZIL 143 Nelson Do Valle Silva YOUTII ANO SOCIAL EXCLUSION IN CHILE. 181 Carolina Tohá Morales

SOCIAL EXCLUSION, GENOER, ANO THE CHILEAN GOVERNMENT'S ANTI-POVERTY STRATEGY PRIORITIES ANO METHOOS IN QUESTION 239 Carine Cien CO\'CLUSIONS POVERTY ANO SOCIAL EXCLUSION IN LATlN AMERICA ANO THE CARIBBEAN 289 Estanisloo Gacitúa Corlos Solo ABOUT THE AUTHORS................................................ 297 INOEX 301

ABOUT THE AUTHORS CARINE CLERT has experience in the areas of social policy and poverty alleviation strategies, gender analysis and labor market access. She has worked as a Consultant with the International Trade Organization in Geneva and Chile and has worked as a researcher for the Centro de Análisis de Políticas Públicas en la Universidad de Chile. Ms. Clert has also worked as an Advisor on economic and financial issues for the French Ministry of Cooperation and Development in Mauritania. Her publications inc1ude themes of poverty, social exclusion and gender in Chile. Ms. Clert received her PhD. in Social Policy and Administration from the London School of Economics and Political Sciences. SHELTON H. DAVIS is Lead Specialist and Sector Manager for Social Development in the Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Department of the Latin America and Caribbean Region of the World Bank. Prior to joining the LAC Region, he was a Principal Sociologist within the central Social Development Department of the World Bank and was a founding member of the unit established to strengthen the social dimensions of development projects financed by the Bank. Davis was co-founder and an original member of the first environmental unit in the Latin America and Caribbean Region and worked as a regional specialist on indigenous peoples and resettlement. At present, he is Coordinator of the Cultural Diversity and lndigenous Peoples Thematic Group in the Bank. Mr. Davis received his PhD. in Social Anthropology from Harvard University. ADOLFO FIGUEROA has been a Professor of Economics at the Catholic University of Peru in Lima since 1970. In addition, Mr. Figueroa has held Visiting Professor positions at the University of Texas at Austin, the Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (FLACSO) in Quito, Notre Dame University, and Oxford University. He has held consultan! positions with the International Labor Organization (ILO), the Ford Foundation, the Inter American Foundation, rhe Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). and the Inter American Development Bank (108). Mr. Figueroa has conducted research in Peru, México, Brasil and Paraguay and has published several books on the themes of development, economic 297

theory, income distribution, agricultural economics, agrarian structure, social exclusion and inequality. He holds a PhD. in Economics from Vanderbilt University. E5TANI5LAO GACITÚA-MARIO works in the Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Department of the Latin America and Caribbean Region of the World Bank. He has professional experience in the areas of poverty alleviation, cornmunity development, involuntary resettlement, indigenous peoples and social assessment. Throughout his time in the bank he has participated in multiple sector studies and investment projects, including projects in poverty alleviation and social protection, infrastructure, agricultural development, natural resource management, biodiversity conservation, cornmunity development and indigenous peoples development across the region. Prior to joining the Bank in 1994, he was Research Coordinator in the Academic Center (GIA) in the Universidad Academia de Humanismo Cristiano en Santiago de Chile, and taught post-graduate courses on development theory, political sciences, and project design and monitoring.mr Gacitúa has an interdisciplinary background with a degree in veterinarian medicine, a Master's degree in rural sociology and a PhD. in International Development from the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. JAIME ORDOÑEZ is an Advisor for Project Development Strategy and the Area for International Cooperation for the Inter-American Court on Human Rights and is Director of the Departamento de Teoría del Estado in the University of Costa Rica School of Law. He has held Visiting Professor positions with the Tulane University School of Law, the Center for Latin American Studies at the University of Maryland, the Casa America in Madrid and the Universidad de la Plata in Argentina. He was also Program Director for Administration of Justice and Ombudsman Programs for the Inter-American Institute ofhuman Rights and has participated in the International Advisory Cornmissions for the drafting ofthe Ombudsman Law in numerous countries throughout Latin America. His publications include themes of economic rights and development, human rights of indigenous peoples and women and globalization. Mr. Ordoñez received his PhD. in Law from the Universidad Complutense de Madrid. GUILLERMO E. PERRY has served as Chief Economist for the Latin America and Caribbean Region since 1996 and Director of the Poverty Reduction and Macro-economic Development Unit (PREM) of the World Bank since 1997. Mr. Perry has been responsible for dialogue with regional authorities on issues related to political econorny and in collaboration 298

with the Regional Vice President, for the Bank strategy on lending services and advisory in Latin America. Within PREMfor Latin America, Mr. Perry oversees the department for structural adjustment lending, economic analysis, poverty assessments and public sector reform programs in the region. Mr. Perry undertook a PhD. in Economics from the Massachusetts Institute for Technology between 1968 and 1970. He received a Master's in Economics from the Universidad de los Andes in Bogotá, Colombia in 1968. NELSON DO VALLE SILVA is a Researcher for the Department of Research and Development in the Laboratorio Nacional de Computación Científica/Consejo Nacional para el Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico in Brazil. At present, he is a Professor in the Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones in Rio de Janeiro (IuPERJ). Mr. Silva was a Visiting Fulbright Professor and Fellow of Resident Research Investigaciones in the Center for Latin American Studies at the University of Florida. In addition, he has served as a Professor of Training in Social Research in the IUPER.J and the Instituto de Filosofía y Ciencias Sociales in the Universidad Federal en Rio de Janeiro. Mr. Silva was the Director of the Department of Population Studies in the Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadísticas. He has published various articles on race, discrimination, inequality and poverty in Brazil. Mr. Silva received his PhD. in SocioIogy from the University of Michigan. CARLOS sajo has been a Researcher and Professor in the Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (FLACSO) in Costa Rica since 1989 where at present he serves as Director. In addition, Mr. Soja has served as a professor for Graduate Studies in Sociology and Political Science in the Universidad de Costa Rica and of International Relations and Social Sciences in the Universidad Nacional. He is a professor ofcentral American themes at the Instituto de Servicio del Exterior "Manuel María de Peralta" in the Ministry of Foreign Relations ofcosta Rica. Mr. Sojo has worked as a consultant for the European Commission, the Danish Cooperation and the United Nations Development Programme (UNOP) on socio-political themes in Central America. His various publication include themes of foreign politics and international relations, governance, poverty, social exclusion and the socio-political effects of econornic reforms. His most recent book is Democracias con Fracturas: Reforma Económica, Gobernabilidad y Transición en Centroamérica. Mr. Sajo received his PhD. in Social Sciences from the University of Utrecht. 299

CAROLINA TOHÁ is an independent consultant on public and social policy and public management in Chile. She is an Advisor for the Improvement ofthe Quality ofhigher Education Program on the Ministry of Education (MECESU~. She was a Professor in Postgraduate Studies in the Management and Public Policy Oepartment in the Engineering School of the University of Chile and the Oepartment of Sociology in the Cathol ic University of Chile. Carolina Tohá has worked as a researcher in the Fernando Santi Institute in Milán, Italy, and with the Ministry of Finance and General Secretary of the Chilean government. She has worked as a consultant for Regional Meeting of the International Ebert Foundation in Mexico City and with the Fundación Auyero in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Her publications include themes of lahor relations, modernization, public policy and public management. Carolina Tohá received her PhO. in Political Science from the Universitá degli Studi in Milán. MICHEL-ROLPH TROUILLOT is a Professor of Anthropology at the University of Chicago. He has held faculty positions in the departments of Anthropology at the Johns Hopkins University, Duke University and Brooklyn College. Mr. Troillot has received fellowships from the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford, the John Simon Guggenheim Foundation, The Carter G. Woodson Center for Afro-American Studies at the University of Virginia, the Inter American Foundation. the Social Science Research Council, and the Johns Hopkins University. He has served on the Editorial Boards ofnumerous journals and is widely published on the topic of race and color in the Caribbean. particularly in Haiti. Mr. Troillot holds a PhD. in Anthropology írom the Johns Hopkins University. 300