RADAR TECHNOLOGY PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE

RADAR TECHNOLOGY PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE

1958 FIRST GATSOMETER (NON RADAR) Two rubber tubes were laid across the road at a fixed distance. The measured time was converted to speed, using a conversion table. 2

LEGISLATIONS/GUIDELINES Since the 70 s the 1 st local /country specific regulations and specifications for enforcement equipment were introduced in Western Europe followed by the OIML guidelines in the 90ties. 3

1970 RADAR WITH HORN ANTENNA, 13 GHZ Wide radar beam 15-20 degrees Long range upto a few hundred meters No fixed measurement angle Accuracy depends highly on the operator Mechanical tuning fork for selftest 4

DETECTION AREA RADAR WITH HORN ANTENNA 300 metres 5

The Doppler Principle The Doppler Principle Transmitted energy reflected off an object will be Transmitted changed in frequency energy reflected in direct off proportion an object will to the be changed relative motion in frequency between in direct the transmitter proportion and to the relative reflection motion object. between the transmitter and the THE DOPPLER PRINCIPLE reflection object. If the energy source and the reflecting object are If moving the energy towards source each and other, reflecting the reflected object are When moving Frequency the vehicle towards will be drives higher. each towards other, the reflected radar the reflecting frequency Frequency will will be be higher. TRANSMITTED RETURNE D TRANSMITTED RETURNE D If the energy source and the reflecting object are When the vehicle drives away from the radar the If moving the energy away source from and each the other, reflecting the reflected object are reflecting moving frequency frequency away will from will be lower. each be lower. other, the reflected frequency will be lower. The Doppler frequency is the result of the radar signal that is reflected. It has a direct relation between the transmitted frequency from the radar and the received frequency from a moving vehicle. TRANSMITTED TRANSMITTED RETURNE D RETURNE D 6

1971 RADAR MK II AND MK III, 13 GHZ Single transceiver; no direction sensing Small radar beamwidth approx. 5º Fixed measurement angle across the road resulting in a small measurement zone Accuracy depends on radar and only partly on the operator Mechanical and electronic tuning fork possible for selftest 7

RADAR WITH SLOTTED WAVE GUIDE ANTENNA No direction sensing A. Approaching the radar beam B. Entering the radar beam C. Continuous measurement D. Leaving radar beam; end speed calculation 8

1971 RADAR PRINTS MK II, III Various printed circuit boards are used in these radar system. 9

1974 RADAR MK IV, 13 GHZ Direction sensing Radar beam approx. 5º Fixed measurement angle Detection of multiple vehicles in the radar beam The accuracy depends for a major part on the radar and only for a small /minor part on the operator. System could be used in unmanned mode Mechanical selftest with tuning fork not possible. Introduction of electronic tuning fork for selftest 10

1974 MK IV MICROWAVE PARTS, 13 GHZ Micro wave part and slotted wave guide antenna use a transmitter and two receivers. This results in a system that is able to detect the direction of passing vehicles. 11

RADAR WITH SLOTTED WAVE GUIDE ANTENNA Direction sensing A. Approaching the radar beam B. Entering the radar beam C. Continuous measurement D. Leaving radar beam; end speed calculation 12

1975 RESULT PHOTO MK IV RADAR WHILE MOVING 13

1980 MICRO RADAR, 13 GHZ Same microwave system as Mk IV. For signal processing a µ-processor is used resulting in high accuracy of measured speed and trigger point of the offending vehicle even in multiple lanes System can run with and without operator and is used mainly for unmanned applications No mechanical tuning fork possible Internal electronic tuning fork for seltest 14

1980 MICRO RADAR, 13 GHZ Direction sensing Fixed measurement angle Radar beam approx. 5º Distinction between passenger cars and trucks (individual speed thresholds) High accuracy of speed measurements 15

1980 MICRO RADAR, 13 GHZ Signal processing for Doppler signal and calculation of speed, direction, multiple vehicles detection and trigger for camera using µ-processors 16

1990 RADAR 24 SLOTTED WAVE GUIDE ANTENNA Higher frequency because of new regulations New microwave part uses 2 detection diodes to detect the direction of travel of the traffic Measures speed of passing vehicles, senses direction, checks signal quality, detects multiple vehicles in the radar beam Self test with electronic tuning fork, starting from microwave part 17

34 GHz RADAR CAMERA SYSTEM Some manufacturers use the 34 GHz frequency Not all countries allow use of 34 GHz, because of other applications RADAR DEVICES 18

1990 RADAR 24 SLOTTED WAVE GUIDE ANTENNA With direction sensing RADAR DEVICES 19

1990 RADAR 24 INSTALLATION IN FIP 20

1990 RADAR 24 ON TRIPOD 21

1990 RADAR 24 BUILT-IN A VEHICLE 22

2004 RADAR 24 PLANAR Much lower power output; conform ETSI 300-440 and FCC Replaces the radar 24 wave guide antenna Same performance and accuracy Same 24 GHz frequency Same fixed angle across the road as the wave guide version 23

RADAR 24 RESULT PHOTO S 24

RADAR 24 FIP WITH SECONDARY METHOD With road markers for secondary speed calculation in unmanned use. The speed of the vehicle can be calculated by measuring the travelled distance between on the 1 st and 2 nd image. A fixed interval setting must be set. RADAR DEVICES 25

PARABOLIC RADAR 13 GHZ AND 24 GHZ For use above the road; single lane monitoring 13 GHz 24 GHz 26

PARABOLIC RADAR PLANAR For use above the road; single lane monitoring Flat design is more compact ETSI 300-440 en FCC compliant 27

PARABOLIC RADAR FOR OVERHEAD USE 28

PARABOLIC RADAR RESULT PHOTO S 29

PARABOLIC RADAR RESULT PHOTO S 30

2005 LOOPLESS TRIGGER RADAR 31

LTR SET-UP FOR SINGLE OR MULTIPLE LANES LTR angle settings are flexible and are set for each individual LTR for each individual lane, depending on height position, distance to centre of the lane, etc. 32

LTR ALIGNMENT Precise and accurate alignment with webcam RADAR DEVICES 33

LTR VEHICLE MEASUREMENT The footprint length can vary from roughly 6 to 25 meters depending on different installation situations. Start measurement at A Triggerpoint at B End measurement C Vx Receding vehicle A B C

LTR VEHICLE MEASUREMENT Start measurement at A Triggerpoint at B End measurement C Vx C B A Approaching vehicle

LTR SIGNALS Yellow = speed Red = LTR signal Green = trigger Blue = distance A-speed V-speed 36

LTR MODULATION The modulation has 4 discrete frequencies that are controlled by the LTR software. The channels are fixed by the program code (version). The difference in frequency varies from about 3 MHz to about 25 MHz. The oscillator is temperature stabilized. 37

LTR MODULATION A spectrum analyzer shows the signals measured on the DSP board. When operational, the DSP software is responsible for modulation and digitization. The modulation plan provides 4 distinct frequencies. The difference between these 4 frequencies is the basis for the distance measurement. Example of a spectrum scan 38

LTR MODULATION The purple curve is the modulation voltage The yellow and cyan curves are the signals on the I and Q channel The 90 degrees lag of the cyan signal is also visible A change in direction of the target will show a lag in the yellow signal DSP board signals 39

EXAMPLE LTR ON OVERHEAD MAST ARM 40

LTR RESULTS RED LIGHT ENFORCEMENT 41

LTR APPLICATIONS Red light Speed Emergency lane Buslane City centre environment zone Access Control Section control.. 42

2012 RT2 RADAR Simultaneously measures own speed, overtaking speed and distance in moving mode Measures speed and distance in stationary mode Selftest starting at front end to check system 43

RT2 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS Type : Planar Patch Array Antenna beam : 5 horizontal, 20 vertical Squint angle : 20 Setting angle : parallel to road axis Measuring direction moving : receding (approaching is approval pending) stationary : approaching, receding or both Lane coverage : up to 4 lanes (stationary measurements) Positioning : aligned at road side for stationary measurements; : fixed radar position in car for moving measurements Transmission class : K-band Max. transmit power : 20 dbm (EIRP) ETSI 300-440 compliant with 250 MHz bandwidth Operating temperature : in operation -25 to +60 RADAR DEVICES 44

RT2 MOVING ENFORCEMENT Overtaking speed Measures its own speed, and simultaneously measures the speed of the overtaking vehicle Measures the distance to the offending vehicle Own speed 45

RT2 DETECTION IN MOVING MODE Receding vehicle (low speed difference) Approaching vehicle (high speed difference) 46

2013 RT3 TRACKING RADAR Wide radar beam of approx. 70 degrees Speed detection Direction sensing Tracks up to 12 vehicles simultaneously Automatic angle measurement for speed calculation Selftest starting at front end Automatic alignment with traffic flow. 47

RADAR FRONT END Internal/external test Internal self test (electronic tuning fork) direct on mixer diodes. 48

RADAR FMCW Speed and ranging with an FMCW radar system 50 MHz 49

RADAR ANGLE MEASUREMENT Wavefront detectors Interferometry / monopulse t t + δt 50

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS Transmit frequency: 24.000 24.250GHz 24.050 GHz, 24.100 GHz, 24.125 GHz, 24.150 GHz and 24.200 GHz Maximum transmit power: 20dBm (EIRP) ETSI 300/400 en FCC compliant Antenna beam horizontal: 70º vertical: 11º Detection range: >70m Speed range: up to 300 km/h Direction sensing: approaching/receding Number of tracked vehicles : 12 (16 optional) Number of lanes to be observed: up to 4 Separation of targets: by speed and/or distance Installation height: 3 to 6m Operating temperature: -25 to +60 51

MEASUREMENT SINGLE VEHICLE Speed raw single vehicle 52

MEASUREMENT SINGLE VEHICLE Speed tracked single vehicle 53

MULTIPLE VEHICLES Speed raw multiple vehicles 54

MULTIPLE VEHICLES Speed tracked multiple vehicles 55

MULTIPLE VEHICLES Quality multiple vehicles 56

MULTIPLE VEHICLES Power level multiple vehicles 57

MULTIPLE VEHICLES Top view multiple vehicles 58

RT3 MULTIPLE VEHICLE TRACKING RADAR Wide angle, radar beam width of 70 Distance measurement Angle measurement Speed measurement Speed measurement in 2 directions State of the art technology 59

SINGLE POLE INSTALLATION 60

RT3 RED LIGHT SITUATION Detection line for camera trigger point Position of the detection line depends on local regulations/legislation 61

RT3 RADAR RESULT PHOTO S 62

TRACKING MULTIPLE VEHICLES The RT3 tracking radar provides lane indication The RT3 tracking radar can identify the offending vehicle RADAR DEVICES 63

SUMMARY Radar sensor has to be able to identify the vehicle for which it has measured the speed. To make identification possible it is necessary to use modulated radar systems. Modulated radar technology in 24 GHz is already available today. Used frequencies should be left unspecified but should meet local/ international regulations. Selftests with electronic tuning fork can be performed manually and/or automatically. A mechanical tuning fork is not possible because of complexity of radar signals. Continuous wave radars can not identify the offending vehicle without the use of a template. Suggestion for the future is to only use radars that enable the system to identify the offending vehicle. 64

Q & A 65

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION 66