4. In the past, Europeans had experience traveling to the Americas as colonists and explorers. Therefore, Europeans knew that they could go to America to start a different life. 5. The percentage of immigrants coming from northern and western Europe dropped from 93% to 61%. The percentage of immigrants coming from eastern and southern Europe increased from 1% to 31%. The percentage of people coming from North and South America doubled. Social Studies Skills: Making Comparisons PRACTICE THE SKILL Students paragraphs will vary, but they should consider that all immigrants traveled far from home to a strange new land seeking a new and better life. APPLY THE SKILL Students could discuss the large numbers of immigrants in both waves and note that these people were all seeking better lives in the New World. Some were economic refugees; others sought to escape religious or political repression. Focus on Writing Students memos will vary. See Rubric 40: Writing to Describe in the Alternative Assessment Handbook. 2. sweatshops 3. Jane Addams REVIEWING THEMES 1. An automated typesetting machine, the Linotype reduced the time and cost of printing. 2. Mass transit was designed to move a large number of people to their homes and jobs. 3. Steel mills produced tons of strong and inexpensive steel. Architects used steel beams to make sturdy frames that could support the weight of tall buildings, thereby allowing builders to use limited city space more efficiently. 4. The safety elevator helped make skyscrapers practical. REVIEW ACTIVITY: IMMIGRATION MAP Each student s map should include the countries immigrants emigrated from. For instance, old immigrants came from Great Britain, Germany, Ireland, and Scandinavia. Most were Protestants. Many were skilled workers, but some became farmers. New immigrants came mostly from southern and eastern Europe Czechoslovakia, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Russia, and Slovakia. They were Eastern Orthodox, Christian, Roman Catholic, and Jewish. They looked for job opportunities caused by the American industrial boom of the late 1800s. Chapter Review REVIEWING VOCABULARY, TERMS, AND PEOPLE 1. Florence Kelley 2. Chinese Exclusion Act 3. Joseph Pulitzer 4. steerage 5. Frederick Law Olmsted COMPREHENSION AND CRITICAL THINKING 1. department stores 27 Immigrants and Urban Life
to build railroads. Railroad companies used steel to build thousands of miles of track. Service improved with the design of elegant passenger and sleeping cars. The growth of the industry led to its employment of more workers. 3. The Knights of Labor invited both skilled and unskilled laborers to become members. The American Federation of Labor limited its membership to skilled workers. 4. Stockholders are, through the money they invest through the purchase of stock shares, the owners of a corporation. Although stockholders actually own the corporation, they do not run its day-today business. Instead, they elect a board of directors that chooses the corporation s main leaders. 5. Specialization is when workers repeat a single step again and again, as in an assembly line. Specialization led to increased production and brought costs down. However, it also made workers tired, bored, and more likely to be injured. 6. The Wright brothers invented the first lightweight airplane, which was powered by a small, gas-powered engine. The airplane later revolutionized the way Americans travel. 7. 1890 Immigrants and Urban Life SECTION QUIZ Section 1 1. j, old immigrants 2. i, new immigrants 3. l, steerage 4. f, Ellis Island 5. b, Angel Island 6. a, Amadeo Giannini 7. c, benevolent societies 8. m, sweatshops 9. h, nativists 10. d, Chinese Exclusion Act Section 2 1. immigrants 2. railroad 3. slaughterhouses 4. skyscrapers 5. Mass transit 6. subways 7. suburbs 8. Joseph Pulitzer 9. department stores 10. Central Park Section 3 1. c, Jacob Riis 2. d, air pollution 3. b, New York State Tenement House Act 4. a, education, recreation, and social activities 5. c, Florence Kelley CHAPTER TEST FORM A 1. c 6. a 2. b 7. a 3. b 8. a 4. c 9. b 5. c 10. d 11. new 12. New York State Tenement House Act 13. benevolent societies 14. mass transit 15. mass culture 16. suburbs 17. steerage 18. nativists 19. T 23. T 20. T 24. F 21. F 25. F 22. T CHAPTER TEST FORM B 1. Skyscrapers were built to use ground space more efficiently. Mass transit systems were created to move people cheaply and quickly to and from work. Many people began moving to suburbs outside of downtown areas. 183 Progress Assessment
2. Newspaper publishing boomed in the cities. Shopping opportunities grew with the creation of department stores. The St. Louis World s Fair produced many new ideas. Public entertainment became more widely available. 3. Unsanitary conditions led to the spread of deadly diseases such as cholera, tuberculosis, typhoid, and influenza. This caused particularly high death rates among children. People in tenements were also exposed to great risk from fire and crime. 4. Immigrants were attracted by the possibility of jobs, land, religious freedom, and the chance to start new lives. 5. Many European immigrants settled in Chicago, as did many African Americans fleeing discrimination in the South. Major railroad lines ran through Chicago, which put the city at the heart of trade in lumber, grain, and meat. This trade provided lots of work for Chicago s growing number of new residents. 6. Only Chinese people whose fathers were U.S. citizens were allowed to immigrate to the United States. 7. The population of Chicago increased by over one million people from 1880 to 1900. A Growing America UNIT TEST FORM A 1. b 11. c 2. b 12. b 3. d 13. c 4. d 14. b 5. d 15. a 6. c 16. a 7. a 17. c 8. b 18. d 9. d 19. d 10. d 20. b 21. telegrams 22. Nez Percé 23. social Darwinism 24. open range 25. moving assembly line 26. horizontal integration 27. Homestead Strike 28. Long Walk 29. Homestead Act 30. d 31. f 36. a 32. c 37. b 33. j 38. d 34. e 39. g 35. k 40. h 41. F 46. F 42. F 47. T 43. F 48. F 44. F 49. T 45. F 50. T UNIT TEST FORM B 1. In the Homestead Strike, the governor of Pennsylvania used the state militia to restore order. In the Pullman Strike, President Grover Cleveland ordered federal troops to end the strike. 2. Exodusters were the 20,000 to 40,000 African Americans who moved to Kansas from the South in 1879. The name shows their similarity to the Hebrew slaves who fled from Egypt in the Bible s book of Exodus. Exodusters felt they had escaped from a land of chains to a promised land. 3. These immigrants had left Mexico. 4. The discovery of gold in Colorado brought thousands of miners to the West. This in turn caused clashes between the new settlers and Plains Indians. The U.S. government negotiated treaties with the Native Americans in 1861, confining them to reservations. This made it nearly impossible for the Native Americans to 184 Progress Assessment
Vocabulary Builder SECTION 1 1. c 4. b 2. d 5. a 3. e 6. f Summaries will vary but might include the following: Immigrants known as the old immigrants mostly came from Great Britain, Germany, Ireland, and the countries of Scandinavia in the mid-1800s. During the 1880s alone, more than 5 million immigrants arrived in the United States and were called new immigrants. They were mostly from southern and eastern Europe. Most immigrants faced hot, cramped, and terrible smelling conditions when traveling in the steerage, an area below deck where steering mechanisms were located, to get to America. Upon arriving, immigrants underwent interviews and examinations at government-run processing centers such as Ellis and Angel Islands. In some communities, immigrants formed benevolent societies that offered immigrant families help in case of sickness, unemployment, or death. Immigrants worked in sweatshops that consisted of little pay, long hours, and hot, unhealthy working conditions in small shops or mills located in their neighborhoods. Some Americans welcomed new immigrants, while some labor unions and nativists, opposed immigration. Nativists were Americans who feared that too many new immigrants were being allowed into the country. One result of their actions was the Chinese Exclusion Act, which banned Chinese people from immigrating to the United States for 10 years. SECTION 2 1. giant retail shops; appeared in some cities during the late 1800s 2. large-scale landscape architect; designed Central Park in New York City 3. added a color comic to his newspaper in 1896; owned the New York World newspaper 4. leisure and cultural activities shared by many people; a boom in publishing contributed to this 5. public transportation designed to move lots of people; included elevated trains running on tracks above the streets 6. many middle-class Americans who could afford it lived here; residential neighborhoods outside of downtown areas 7. publisher of the New York Journal; saw that comics helped sell newspapers and thus added a color strip to his newspaper Sentences will vary but might be similar to: Chicago s location was another factor in its rapid growth. SECTION 3 1. Jacob Riis 2. settlement houses 3. tenements 4. Florence Kelley 5. Jane Addams 6. Hull House Section Quiz SECTION 1 1. j 6. a 2. I 7. c 3. l 8. m 4. f 9. h 5. b 10. d SECTION 2 1. immigrants 6. subways 2. railroad 7. suburbs 3. slaughterhouses 8. Joseph Pulitzer 4. skyscrapers 9. department stores 5. Mass transit 10. Central Park SECTION 3 1. c 4. a 2. d 5. c 3. b Chapter Review REVIEWING VOCABULARY, TERMS, AND PEOPLE 1. Florence Kelley 2. Chinese Exclusion Act 3. Joseph Pulitzer 4. steerage 5. Frederick Law Olmstead Differentiated Instruction Modified Worksheets and Tests
COMPREHENSION AND CRITICAL THINKING 1. department stores 2. sweatshops 3. Jane Addams REVIEWING THEMES 1. technology and innovation 2. politics REVIEW ACTIVITY: IMMIGRATION MAP Each student s map should include the countries of the old and new immigrants. For instance, old immigrants came from Great Britain, Germany, Ireland, and Scandinavia. Most were Protestants. Many were skilled workers, but some became farmers. New immigrants came mostly from southern and eastern Europe Czechoslovakia, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Russia, and Slovakia. They were Eastern Orthodox, Christian, Roman Catholic, and Jewish. They looked for job opportunities caused by the American industrial boom of the late 1800s. Chapter Test 1. c 6. a 2. b 7. a 3. b 8. a 4. c 9. b 5. c 10. d 11. new 12. New York State Tenement House Act 13. benevolent societies 14. mass transit 15. mass culture 16. suburbs 17. steerage 18. nativists 19. new immigrants 20. Chinese 21. children 22. crime 23. Florence Kelley 24. countryside 25. nativists Differentiated Instruction Modified Worksheets and Tests