CNAO design and commissioning Marco Pullia, CNAO Foundation
What is the CNAO Foundation No profit organisation (Foundation) created with the financial law 2001 to build the national center for hadrontherapy designed by TERA Foundation At the end of 2003 CNAO acquires the project and hires the design group from TERA Today CNAO is co-ordinating the construction, the commissioning and the operation of the whole center. Mission: Cure, Research and Teaching
Collaborating Institutions NATIONAL TERA Foundation: design, specifications, research INFN: co-direction, involvement in many technical issues (15), formation University of Milan: medical coordination and formation Polytechnic of Milan: patient positioning, radioprotection University of Pavia: techincal tasks, radiobiology, formation University of Turin: interface beam-patient, TPS University of Catania: medical physics University of Piemonte Orientale: medical activities Istituto Europeo di Oncologia: medical activities, authorizations Ospedale San Matteo di Pavia: medical activities, logistics Fondazioni ABO e Alma Mater (UniBo): research Comune di Pavia: land and authorizations Provincia di Pavia: roads and authorizations 3
Collaborating Institutions INTERNATIONAL CERN (Geneva): technical tasks + PIMMS heritage GSI (Darmstadt): linac and special components LPSC (Grenoble): optics, betatron, low-level RF, control system NIRS (Chiba): medical activities, radiobiology, formation Med-Austron (Wien): technical collaboration Roffo Institute (Buenos Aires): medical activities
What is the CNAO The CNAO is the first italian facility for deep hadrontherapy. It is a synchrotron based proton carbon ion treatment center. It is presently being commissioned in Pavia.
CNAO Phases Phase 1: construction 2005-2009 Phase 2: experimentation 2010-2012 Phase 3: certification 2013-2014 Since 2014/2015: Running Phase
Overview Synchrotron for light ions (z 6) 3 treatment rooms Active scanning Range 27 g/cm2 Space for 2 gantries
Design Parameters I Protons (< 10 10 per spill) LEBT (*) MEBT SYNC HEBT Energy [MeV/u] 0.008 7 7-250 60-250 Imax [A] 1.3 10-3 (0.65, 0.43) 0.7 10-3 5 10-3 7 10-9 Imin [A] 1.3 10-3 (0.65, 0.43) 70 10-6 0.12 10-3 17 10-12 ε rms,geo [π mm mrad] 35 1.9 0.67-4.2 0.67-1.43(V) ε tot,geo [π mm mrad] 180 9.4 3.34-21.2 3.34-7.14 (V) 5.0 (H) Magnetic rigidity [T m] 0.013 (0.026, 0.039) 0.38 0.38-2.43 0.38-2.43 ( p/p) tot ±1.0 ±(1.2-2.2) ±(1.2-3.4) ±(0.4-0.6) * (H 2+, H 3+ )
Design Parameters II Carbon (< 4 10 8 per spill) LEBT (C 4+ ) MEBT SYNC HEBT Energy [MeV/u] 0.008 7 7-400 120-400 Imax [A] 0.16 10-3 0.15 10-3 1.5 10-3 2 10-9 Imin [A] 0.16 10-3 15 10-6 28 10-6 4 10-12 ε rms,geo [π mm mrad] 35 1.9 0.73-6.1 0.73-1.43(V) ε tot,geo [π mm mrad] 180 9.4 3.66-30.4 3.66-7.14 (V) 5.0 (H) Magnetic rigidity [T m] 0.039 0.76 0.76-6.34 3.25-6.34 ( p/p) tot ±1.0 ±(1.2-2.0) ±(1.2-2.9) ±(0.4-0.6)
Accelerators and lines
Sources and LEBT 0.008 MeV/u H 3+ 0.008 MeV/u C 4+ I ~ 0.5 ma (H 3+ ) I ~ 0.2 ma (C 4+ ) Two ECR sources (frequency tuning) Continuous beam LEBT Chopper
RFQ & LINAC Same as HIT, made with GSI 217 MHz RFQ 0.008-0.4 MeV/u H 3+ 0.008-0.4 MeV/u C 4+ LINAC 0.4-7 MeV/u H 3+ 0.4-7 MeV/u C 4+
RFQ acceptance Probe beam Acceptance of RFQ
MEBT 7 MeV p 7 MeV/u C 6+ I ~ 0.75 ma (p) I ~ 0.15 ma (C 6+ ) Match betas (x,x ) Inj Stripping foil Current selection Debuncher Emittance dilution
Injected current selection Intensity degrader
Intensity degrader 4 transmission levels: 100%, 50%, 20%, 10% Keep overall emittance unchanged
Injection in time ~500 µs 1 pulse every 0.1 s LINAC ~20000 µs LINAC quads ~30 µs 1 pulse every 2-3 s LEBT Chopper Debuncher 1 pulse every 2-3 s Injection bumpers
Injection Protons = 1.9 (E x /E linac =2.3) Carbon = 2.6 (E x /E linac =3.2) ~30 µs bump duration BDI BDI IMS 0.070000 Horizontal beam envelope [m] versus distance [m] 0.000 77.640
Injection efficiency (no scraping) I MEBT = 600 ua NP SYNC = 2.7E10 N EFF = 3.6
A useful tool A short pulse (1 µs) from the LINAC was very helpful in setting up injection 2 µs First turns. Beam signal on the PUs.
Synchrotron Based on PIMMS 7-250 MeV p 7-400 MeV/u C ~25 m I ~ 0.1-5 ma (p) I ~ 0.03-1.5 ma (C)
Synchrotron optics 20.0000 Betatron amplitude functions [m] versus distance [m] 2 Superperiods 2 Closed dispersion bumps 1 Dipole Family 3 Quadrupole Families 0.000 3 Sextupole Families Dispersion functions [m] versus distance [m] 9.0000 77.640 0.000 77.640-9.0000 Horizontal Vertical
Betas and dispersion Optics measurements fit with simulations Response matrix
B field on RF off The first MeV 7 to 8 MeV Acceleration The beam spirals inward and is lost B field on RF on Beam position measured with a pickup The beam survives!
Slow Extraction Amplitude Amplitude- momentum selection B p/p Q V
Slow Extraction All the possible ways to have a better spill have been implemented. Ready for other types of extraction: -RF-KO -Quadrupole extraction (with additional coil) E Amplitude Resonance region Sense of stack acceleration Resonance line for low betatron amplitudes Resonance line for high betatron amplitudes PHASE Amplitude RF-KO p/p
Extraction on a scope Dipole field reconstruction (green) Betatron core voltage (pink) and DCCT (yellow) Empty bucket channelling is under study in these days, the air core quadrupole is almost ready for tests.
Preliminary Empty Bucket 3 s Zoom 100 ms No Empty Bucket Empty Bucket ON Acquisition frequency 10 khz
Band Profile Observation of the structure of the peaks, shows an agreement with the band profile 500 µs t in natural units ~1.5 µs
HEBT 60-250 MeV p 120-400 MeV/u C 10 10 p/spill (~2nA) 4 10 8 C/spill (~0.4nA) different settings for Treatment Line Horizontal beam size Vertical beam size Extraction energy Settings interpolation
Extracted beam Twiss functions at entry (ES in ring) β x = 5 m α x = 0 Free parameter. Ex = 5π mm mrad Unfilled ellipse - free. β z = 7.16 m α z = -0.18 Values from ring. E z,rms = 0.7324 to 1.4286 π mm mrad E z,rms = 0.6679 to 1.4286 π mm mrad Carbon range from ring. Proton range from ring. D x = 2.095 m D x = -0.0393 Determined by extraction. 0.0009 0.0008 D z = 0 D z = 0 0.0007 0.0006 0.0005 0.0004 0.0003 0.0002 0.0001 Twiss functions at exit (all beam exits) β x = 7.2 m α x = 0 β z = 2 to 27 m α z = 0 D x = 0 D x = 0 According to medical specifications and earlier choice of free parameters. 0 0.037 0.039 0.041 0.043 0.045 0.047 0.049 0.051 D z = 0 D z = 0
Beam at HEBT entrance Asymmetric Distribution (Bar of charge)
Chopper Fast turn on/off for the beam (200 us) Intrinsically safe Allows beam qualification
Chopper The chopper stops (and starts) the beam within 200 µs. Beam in room Used for irradiation of separated parts of slices and for synchronization with breathing. 200 µs Beam on chopper dump Acquisition frequency 10 khz
Beam position at HEBT end Beam position repeatability (at the same energy): 0.2 mm Beam position precision (at different energies): 0.5 mm Nozzle monitors not aligned
Beam size at isocenter Measurements on films at isocenter
Treatment room
Beam measurements Depth Dose Distributions (mono-en. pencil beams) Peakfinder water column 3-D motorized water ph.
DDD p 60 MeV 121 MeV 250 MeV
Energy from accelerator and Bragg peak measurement match to 0.1 mm
Beam delivery scanning control Box 1 Box 2 1 Integral chamber: 1 Integral chamber: Beam Intensity measure every 1 Beam Intensity measure every 1 2 Strip µs chambers (X and Y): 1 µs Pixel chamber: Beam position measure every Beam position and dimension 100 µs, with 100 µm m of measure every 100 µs/1 ms, with precision 200 µm m of precision
Fast scanning magnets Current step measurement < t > = 35.1 ± 3.5 µs between 20% to 80% I / t ~ 170 ka/s or ~ 85 T/sec
First scannings
Present status and next steps Minimum set of settings to start and debug everything
Minimal Beam Specification 50 energies, 120-170 MeV, steps 2 mm 10 8 10 9 p/spill spill: 1 s FWHM (iso, in air): 1 cm
Present status and next steps Minimum set of settings to start and debug everything Integration with the non accelerator systems (OIS, PACS, DOP...)
Patient Data Workflow and Interfaces Siemens TPS Imaging Modalities (CT, MR, CT-PET)) DICOM DICOM RT Ion PT Archive (Shortterm) DICOM RT Ion DICOM RT Ion DICOM PACS Long Term Storage PPS-PVS Elekta MOSAIQ V 2.0 DICOM RT Ion DOP OIS R&V DTMI CNAO Synchrotron Control System and Dose Delivery System
Present status and next steps Minimum set of settings to start and debug everything Integration with the non accelerator systems (OIS, PACS, DOP...) Some parts of the control system not yet operational
Present status and next steps Minimum set of settings to start and debug everything Integration with the non accelerator systems (OIS, PACS, DOP...) Some parts of the control system not yet operational Start using all treatment rooms
Present status and next steps Minimum set of settings to start and debug everything Integration with the non accelerator systems (OIS, PACS, DOP...) Some parts of the control system not yet operational Start using all treatment rooms Extend library of setups with new foci and energies, carbon,...
Conclusions The work is not yet finished, but CNAO will soon be operational!
Acknowledgements CNAO is the fruit of a large and complex collaboration. What has been shown is the result of many years of work and many joined efforts, which I want to acknowledge. I therefore want to thank all those institutions and people who have contributed.
An image of the beam on the TV screen at injection demostrates that...
There is a feeling with the accelerator... Thank you for your attention