Chapter 2 Present and Past; Simple and Progressive

Warm up and Preview Complete Exercise 1, p. 13 Read explanation boxes on p. 14, 16, 20-21, 27, 29, 33, and 34 We will go over all of these points together

Use the simple present to talk about a situation that exists now, has existed in the past, and will probably exist in the future. Jazz includes music from many eras. JAZZ music from the past? YES music from the present? YES music from the future? YES Use simple present

The Simple Present Used to talk about repeated activities like habits, routines or scheduled events. Adverbs of frequency and time expressions (usually, every hour, once in awhile, occasionally) often are used with the simple present Example (Routine): I usually drink two cups of coffee in the morning. Example (Schedule): The bus comes every hour.

The Simple Present The Simple Present can also be used to describe factual information, such as GENERAL truths or definitions. Example (General Truth): Some babies don t sleep at night. Example (Definitions): A recliner is a comfortable chair that leans back.

Practice Complete handout, p. 1

The Simple Present Singular Plural 1 st Person I talk We talk 2 nd Person You talk You talk 3 rd Person She talks They talk He talks It Rains *Notice: The verb after the third person singular has an s on the ending!

Present Continuous Use Present Continuous to talk about Activities in progress at this EXACT moment (I m drinking a cup of coffee right now.) Activities in progress over a period of time (I m taking 3 classes.) New or temporary situations (I m living with my parents until I get a job.) To express complaints (My brother is constantly drinking coffee. He should drink more water).

THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE AFFIRMATIVE: Play I am m You We are re playing They He She It is s

Practice Complete Exercise 4 and 5, p. 15

Non-progressive Verbs Some verbs are non-progressive (stative). They describe states not actions. They are rarely used in progressive tenses. Example: I am knowing your cousin. See p. 16 for common nonprogressive verbs

Non-progressive Verbs Some verbs can have both nonprogressive and progressive meanings I think that your cousin is nice. I m thinking about my trip to Rome. See p. 16 for common verbs with both progressive and no-progressive tenses

Practice Complete Exercise 9 and 10, p. 17-18 Complete Handout p. 2

In the 1800s, black musicians learned to play European musical instruments. Later in the early 1900s, as black musicians were beginning to play music at dances and clubs, ragtime developed. Ragtime was a modification of popular marches, with additional rhythms that came from African music. Ragtime gradually merged with the unique music that marching bands played at funerals in New Orleans. Later, the 1930s and 1940s added the smooth sounds of the big swing bands. By the 1950s and 1960s, the whole country was enjoying the works of jazz greats such as John Coltrane, Thelonious Monk, and Miles Davis.

Use the simple past to talk about an action that began and ended in the past. A jazz band played at my sister s wedding last week. My sister s wedding Right Now The band played. The band is not playing now.

Simple Past Base form of verb + -ed I worked on this lesson plan last night. You completed your homework over the weekend. She walked to school yesterday. They traveled to San Antonio over Labor Day Weekend.

Irregular Verbs Sometimes when we conjugate a verb to make it past tense, we don t add the ed ending. These are called IRREGULAR verbs, and there are a lot of them in the English language. Don t ask me WHY we have irregular verbs, it seems quite stupid to me, but we still have to learn them!

Irregular Verbs Come - Came Do - Did Eat - Ate Get - Got Go - Went Have - Had Put - Put See - Saw Sit - Sat Sleep - Slept Stand - Stood Write - Wrote Read - Read (pronounced red ) See p. 20-21 for more irregular verbs

Practice Complete Exercise 16 (listening), p. 24 Complete Exercise 18 (listening), p. 25 Complete Handout p. 3

Pronunciation Determined by the sound at the end of the base form of the verb Voiceless: sounds like /t/ looked clapped missed watched Voiced: sounds like /d/ smelled saved played /t/ and /d/: sounds like /ed/ decided needed

Practice Complete Exercise 21 (listening), p. 27 Complete handout p. 4

Use the past progressive for activities that were in progress at a particular time in the past. Later in the early 1900s, as black musicians were beginning to play music at dances and clubs, ragtime developed. playing music at clubs ragtime developed NOW

Past Continuous 1. Use Past Continuous to: Express an activity in progress at an exact moment in the past. The activity began before a specific point in time and MAY or MAY NOT have continued after that time. He was getting ready for bed at 11:40 p.m. He still wasn t ready 10 minutes later.

Past Continuous 2. Use Past Continuous to: Express an activity in progress over an extended period of time in the past. The activity may have been ongoing or may have stopped and started repeatedly. They were working on the project for two years.

Past Continuous 3. Use Past Continuous to: Describe background activities happening at the same time as the main event in a story. The main event is in simple past. It was raining hard outside. I was sleeping and my roommate was taking a shower. At exactly 7 am, there was a huge clap of thunder. I jumped up as the house shook violently.

Past Continuous was / were + verb + -ing I was working on this lesson plan last night. My dog was sleeping while I was working. You were sleeping when the phone rang. They were driving to San Antonio this weekend. Note: 2 nd and 3 rd person plural = were

Simple Past vs. Past Continuous Simple Past = emphasizes the COMPLETION of an event. The event happened and is over and done with. Past Continuous = emphasizes an activity or process that started in the past. The activity may or may not have been completed. Ask yourself: Am I talking about a completed event or one that was in progress?

Practice 2 Complete each sentence with the correct past tense form of the verb. 1. Many different musical styles (contribute) to the development of jazz. 2. Early jazz musicians (combine) folk music, work songs, and rag-time. 3. During the middle of the 20 th century, jazz (influence) not only musical styles, but also cultural styles in many parts of the country. 4. By the 1980s and 1990s, people all over the world ( listen) to jazz music.

Practice 2 Complete each sentence with the correct past tense form of the verb. 1. Many different musical styles contributed (contribute) to the development of jazz. 2. Early jazz musicians combined (combine) folk music, work songs, and rag-time. 3. During the middle of the 20 th century, jazz was influencing (influence) not only musical styles, but also cultural styles in many parts of the country. 4. By the 1980s and 1990s, people all over the world were listening ( listen) to jazz music.

Time Clauses Time clauses often appear with past tense verbs. Time clauses begin with time words like: - While (while I was sleeping) - When (when she was two) - Before (before breakfast) - After (after school)

Independent vs. Dependent Clauses An INDEPENDENT clause is a Subject + Verb that is a COMPLETE THOUGHT. I was sleeping. He slept. A DEPENDENT clause either lacks a Subject or Verb or is NOT a complete thought. While working (no subject) Before I slept (not a complete thought)

Time Clauses A time clause is ALWAYS a DEPENDENT clause. It HAS to be attached to an independent clause. It can come BEFORE or AFTER the independent clause. While I was working, the dogs were sleeping. The dogs were sleeping while I was working.

Time Clauses If the time clause comes BEFORE the independent clause, you put a comma (,) between the two clauses. It the time clause comes AFTER the independent clause you DO NOT put a comma between the two clauses.

Practice Complete Exercise 27, p. 30

Progressive verbs with always In sentences referring to present time, usually the simple present with used with always to describe habitual or everyday activities Mary always leaves for school at 7:45. In special circumstances, a speaker may use the present progressive with always (or forever/constantly) to express annoyance Mary is always leaving her dirty socks on the floor. I am constantly picking up Mary s dirty socks.

Practice Complete Exercise 35, p. 33

Using expressions of place with progressive verbs In usual word order, an expression of place follows a verb. She s studying in her room. Emphasizes her activity An expression of place can sometimes come between the helping be and the ing verb. Mary is in her room studying. Emphasizes her location

Practice Complete Exercise 37, p. 34 Complete Exercise 38, p. 35 Complete chapter review exercises