0 Preparing Cities for Disasters Experience from Istanbul Mara Warwick Country Sector Coordinator Sustainable Development Department - Turkey The World Bank, Ankara
1 like Istanbul Large cities are vulnerable to disasters because: High population density Lack of planning during rapid urbanization Inadequate levels of infrastructure development Multiple/overlapping layers of government authority Poverty (large concentrations of vulnerable people, often in most-disaster prone locations) Low public awareness of risks
2 Compelling case for disaster risk reduction in Istanbul: Turkey is one of the world s most seismically prone countries: 70% of population and 75% of industrial facilities are in areas of high seismic risk, primarily in Istanbul Risks in Istanbul not limited to seismic, also include land slides, floods, tsunami etc.
Annual Average Population Growth Rate (%) 3 Compelling case for disaster risk reduction in Istanbul: Turkey is experiencing an extremely rapid rate of urbanization, especially in large cities 6.0% 5.0% 4.0% 3.0% 2.0% 1.0% 0.0% -1.0% Almaty, 1.4 Belgrade, 1.2 Kyiv, 2.8 Sofia, 1.2 Tbilisi, 1.1 Yerevan, 1.1 Baku, 1.1 Tashkent, 1.9 Odesa, 1.0 Gaziantep, 1.3 Istanbul, 12.6 Ankara, 4.1 Izmir, 2.8 Moscow, 10.6 Warsaw, 1.7 St. Petersburg, 4.6 Budapest, 1.7 Rapidly growing Turkish cities Prague, 1.2-2.0% 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 GDP per Capita, 2010 (in US$)
4 Recent disasters affecting the Istanbul region: Marmara Earthquake August 17 and November 12, 1999 (7.4 R) Fatalities: 18,000 96,000 housing units collapsed Total population affected: 17.8 million of which 13.6 million were urban Flood events Annual, but particularly severe in September 2009 -- flash flooding in local creeks in Istanbul resulted in more than 100 deaths
US$ million 5 Turkey s long-term collaboration with World Bank on DRM: 600 500 Recovery and Reconstruction 400 300 Disaster Mitigation and Preparedness 200 100 0 Erzincan 1992 TEFER 1998 MEER 1999 ISMEP 2005, 2011 IMIP 2007 Total IBRD financing for disaster mitigation and preparedness : US$1.3 billion
US$ million 6 Turkey s collaboration with IFIs: 1400 1200 1000 800 Disaster Mitigation and Preparedness (EIB and CEB) Recovery and Reconstruction (IBRD) Disaster Mitigation and Preparedness (IBRD) 600 400 200 0 Erzincan 1992 TEFER 1998 MEER 1999 ISMEP 2005, 2011 IMIP 2007 Total IFI financing for disaster mitigation and preparedness : US$2.1 billion
7 Responsibilities for DRM in Turkey: In Turkey, responsibility for DRM is shared by: National Government and its Provincial Governorships, responsible for: - National policy framework - Planning for disasters - DRR investments in national public services (education, health etc) - Coordination of emergency response in times of disaster Municipal Governments, responsible for: - Local infrastructure needs - Urban planning - Provision of emergency services (e.g. fire department) WB provides support to both government entities in Istanbul
8 Key WB-supported disaster risk reduction activities: Marmara Earthquake Emergency Reconstruction Project (1999) Establishment of Turkish Catastrophe Insurance Pool (TCIP) Establishment of Turkey Emergency Management General Directorate (later transformed to AFAD under the Turkish Prime Ministry) Istanbul Seismic Mitigation and Emergency Preparedness Project (ISMEP): - Strengthening of emergency management system for Istanbul including emergency response plans - Retrofitting of schools, hospitals and public buildings - Training programs for disaster response, support for volunteer system - Public awareness campaign Istanbul Municipal Infrastructure Project (IMIP) - Creek rehabilitation to reduce flood risk - Procurement of emergency vehicles for fire department - Multi-hazard Microzonation Studies
9 Elements of a disaster preparedness program for Istanbul (1): Establishing institutional arrangements for preparedness and response Leadership at time of disaster national and local appropriate for scale of disaster Responsibilities for preparation before disasters Response systems hardware and software Participation in global DRM community to share experiences and benefit from knowledge sharing
10 Elements of a disaster preparedness program in Istanbul (2): Sustainability of urban development Multi-hazard urban planning (microzonation) Building codes (strengthen codes, building capacity to implement, and enforcement) Addressing key infrastructure risks such as creek rehabilitation Vulnerability assessments and protection of public assets (hospitals, schools, transport lifelines, heritage) DRR integrated into urban regeneration, urban planning face the legacy of inappropriate development
11 Elements of a disaster preparedness program in Istanbul (3) : Financial mechanisms to reduce impact of next disaster on public budget Long-term financing for prevention activities Catastrophe Insurance Social support for preparedness and mitigation Community education and awareness Response and recovery volunteer system
12 Current progress in Istanbul : Significant progress on: Emergency preparedness Seismic retrofitting of public buildings and other infrastructure Flood risk mitigation in creeks Emergency planning and microzonation Implementation of catastrophe insurance program Public awareness raising Challenges remaining: Seismic strengthening of private structures (housing) Deep penetration of catastrophe insurance Mainstreaming DRM into rapid urbanization of the city