DISASTER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF TURKEY AND LESSONS LEARNED FROM 1999 BIG EARTHQUAKES

Transcription

1 DISASTER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF TURKEY AND LESSONS LEARNED FROM 1999 BIG EARTHQUAKES Atamer Seymen-Deputy Director General Demir Akın-Project Manager Ministry of Public Works and Settlement General Directorate of Disaster Affairs

2 CONTENTS Why disaster management is important for us? Disaster Management System in Turkey. G.D.D.A and Disasters in Turkey Big Earthquakes and Lessons Learned

3 WHY DISASTER MANAGEMENT IS IMPORTANT FOR US? As it is well-known known, Turkey, serving as a bridge between Europa and Asia and situated in a very strategic location at the intersection of these two continents. Turkey`s crucial geographic location makes Turkey a key point for the region defined by the Middle East and Caucasus. Except from security risks and threats Turkey is frequently subjected various types of natural disasters such as earthquakes,, floods, land slides which causes great losses of human life and property.

4 TECTONIC C STRUCTURE OF TURKEY

5 Earthquakes In Turkey Over the last century Turkey has frequently hit by damaging earthquakes and also other kinds natural disasters. 17 August and 12 November 1999 earthquakes was felt over the thousand of square km s s in Turkey s s most densely populated region. Thousands of residential and commercial buildings collapsed or heavily damaged and caused more then deaths. As a developing country Turkey is threatened by large scale disasters which have negative social, economic and political effect on society.

6 1999 EQ s affected area was Turkey s s industrial heartland and adjacent provinces including Istanbul, accounting one/third of countries overall output. The EQ s that struck western Turkey on, one of the worlds longest and best recorded strike slip faults. The east-west trending North N Anatolian Fault Zone. The last two earthquakes were the eleventh and twelfth with a magnitude greater than 6.7 from 1939 Seismologists now expect that Istanbul will with high probability experience an event bigger than magnitude 7 EQ within at most 30 years.

7 The NAFZ is situated only 25 km from the most populated and industrialized area of Istanbul. This implies that at present about 1/6 of the total population and ½ of industrial potential of Turkey is at great risk from damaging earthquakes. The problem is compounded by insufficient infrastructure and related services, poorly supervised construction practices, overcrowded living conditions, flawed land use planning and continuous degradation of environment. An earthquake master plan for Istanbul is prepared in coordination between government agencies and universities and also NGO s s and private sectors.

8 The last Turkish building code put into effect in 2007 and the last official seismic zoning map of Turkey issued in The seismic zoning map distinguishes five hazard zones which are determined using the observed EQ intensity data. There exist currently sufficiently numerous laws and regulations and actions to be taken in the response, recovery, reconstruction, mitigation and preparedness phases of national and local disaster management. Furthermore these legal documents are continuously revised and reviewed and evaluated as new problems encountered or technological advances are made but the biggest problem is to implement these regulations and plans in timely, appropriate and efficient manner.

9 Unfortunately as has been the case in many other countries following a large disaster, a strong interest for hazard mitigation in the public opinion and therefore accorded political and financial priorities. Such activities become blurred and seemingly less important as memories fade and fatalistic or even apathetic attitudes become prevail. This situation is the biggest barrier for DM both national and local level and also for Istanbul Turkey is trying to improve his capacity of disaster management system with the help of international bodies.

10 MAP OF QUAKE ZONES IN TURKEY

11 Jean Jacques Rousseau s letter to Voltaire after 1755 Lisbon EQ If this tragedy happened, it is not the fault of mother nature. It was not nature who gathered together twenty thousand buildings in this place

12 DISASTER MANAGEMENT A collective term encompassing all aspects of planning for and responding to disaster including both pre and post disaster activities. It refers to the management of both the risks and the consequences of a disaster.

13 DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE

14 Historical Development of Disaster Management System in Turkey Before Republican Era (pre 1923) Between Erzincan Earthquake Between Marmara EQ and new arrangements.

15 ADMINISTRATIVE BODY-CENTRAL Ministry of Public Works and Settlement (GD of Disaster Affairs and other GD) Ministry of Interior (GD of Civil Protection) Turkish Red-Crescent Crescent Other Ministries DASK-Natural Natural Disaster Insurance Council TUBİTAK TAK (Turkish( Scientific and Technical Institute), Universities (BU-KOER KOERİ,-ODTÜ-DMC), DMC), MTA (GD of Mineral Research and Technical Exploration) GD of Turkey Emergency Management TSK (Turkish Military Force)

16 Provincial Emergency Aid Plans LAW NUMBER 7269 GENERAL ASSEMBLY CABINET PRIME MINISTRY National Earthquake Council PM Crisis Management Center Co-ordination Comitee for Extraordinary Events Natural Disasters Co-ordination Comitee Central Coordination Comitee for Disasters General Directorate of Disaster Affairs Turkish General Directorate Emergency Management General Directorate of Civil Protection Turkish Red Crescent Other Govermental Institutes GOVERNOR Provincial Disaster Center Provincial Search and Aid Group Provincial Civil Protection Unit Provincial Red Crescent Unit Provincial Units of Ministries Emergency Aid Service Groups Armed Forces

17 GD of DISASTER AFFAIRS 1958 Ministry of Reconstruction and Resettlements established Disaster Law (number 7269) ) promulgated Directorate of Disaster Affairs (1965 General Directorate ) established. 7 departments,, 22 division ve nearly 700 staff Duties: a) Identifying natural disaster prone areas, taking the required measures to prevent disasters b) Realization international cooperation projects and programs for disaster mitigation.

18 TURKISH REPUBLIC MINISTRY of PUBLIC WORKS and SETTLEMENT

19 GD of DISASTER AFFAIRS Providing emergency relief and coordination at disasters Disaster related research s,, project ct s, damage assessments, site selection for survivors, expropriation, temporary housing and permanent housing, short and long term measures, establishing regional centers, producing prefabricated houses.

20 GD of DISASTER AFFAIRS To give help to governership for emergency plans Infrastructure works for permanent houses areas Development of Earthquake Hazard Map, Earthquake Resistant Design Regulations Earthquake monitoring and earthquake data collection International projects for earthquake prediction and research

21 G. D. of Civil Defense The Civil Defense Law Number 7126 that went into force 1958 established GD of Civil Defense within the Ministry of Interior. Duties of GD of Civil Defense: Saving lives and property of people during disaster SAR (Search and Rescue) activities GDCD has Civil Defense College in Ankara for training SAR and fire fighting teams, to train civil defense staff

22 Turkish Red Crescent Society Turkish Red Crescent was founded in 1868, and has 648 branches across the country. Duties of TRCS during disasters: a) To provide tents, blankets, health service, food and clothing b) With International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent, coordinate international aids c) Blood-transfusion service d) Disaster Operation Center of TRCS is on duty 24 hours of day.

23 GD of Turkey Emergency Management Established after 1999 big earthquakes in June 2000 for the coordination of ministries and state organizations Duties of GDTEM: a)monitor and evaluate the organizations and institutions taking the necessary measures to prevent situations that require emergency management, preparation of short and long term plans and developing information systems. b)carry out coordination services in utilizing all kinds of land, marina and aviation vehicles belonging to public and private sector when emergency management is applied.

24 LOCAL ADMINISTRATIVE BODIES Governorships Municipalities Private Sector Non Governmental Organizations

25 Provincial Rescue and First Aid Committee

26 LEGISLATIVE BODY Disaster Laws (Number 7269, 4123, 4233 ) Development Law s (3194, Metropolitan City, Municipality Law,Province Private Authority Other Law s (Building Supervision Law, Compulsory Building Insurance, Building Code, Five Year Development Plans)

27 VOLUNTERY BODIES AKUT (Search and Rescue Team), AKA ( The Search and Rescue Society), GEA Turkish Earthquake Foundation, Turkish National Committee of Earthquake Engineering TMMOB (Turkish Chamber of Engineers and Architects), TTB (Chamber of Medical Doctors), TOBB (Turkish Chamber of Commerce) TRAC (Turkish Radio and Wireless Amateurs Association) Survivors Associations

28 NATURAL DISASTERS in TURKEY Earthquake Landslides Floods Rock Falling Snow Avalanches, Fires, Erosion and etc.

29 DISASTERS (IN TERMS OF LOSSES) (LAST 100 YEARS) Avalanches And Other Disasters %1 14% 5% 4% 1% Quakes %61 Fires %4 15% 61% Rockfalls %5 Floods %14 Landslides %15

30 EARTHQUAKE Turkey is located in one of the most seismically active region of the world. Anatolian Block moves westward relative to Eurasia plate at about 2.0 cm per year. Turkey EQ hazard map shows that %66 of the surface area of our countries lies first and second degree levels of seismic hazard.

31 EARTHQUAKE In the last 100 years 137 EQ s occurred and people dead, more then injured, building damaged. In the last 13 years the economic losses of earthquake is 181 billion US $. In our country, the annual probability of intensity VII earthquake is %63. The probability of intensity IX earthquake in every five year is also %63.

32 LANDSLIDES Frequently affect Black Sea region and eastern part of Turkey. Main reasons are: Over rain, geological structure, topography, deforestation and bad settlement structure because of migration to cities. In the last 50 years landslides affected 4500 settlements and 200 people dead and houses are relocated to safer places.

33 FLOOD Most frequent and costly natural disasters in Turkey in terms of human suffering and economic losses İzmir and Senirkent, 1998 Western Black Sea,, 2001 Hatay ve 2005 Sivas-Sug Sugözü floods are the most devastating ones in the last decade. Surface features, geomorphologic features, deforestation and increased urbanization without control are the main reasons for flood

34 FLOOD In the last 50 years, 1300 floods occurred and caused 1235 dead and dwelling unit damaged. Each year 24 flood events occur. İzmir, Rize, Kahraman, Maraş, Trabzon provinces are the most affected areas.

35 ROCK FALLS Mainly Mid Anatolia and Eastern Anatolia regions and Kayseri, Nigde, Tunceli provinces are affected. In the last 50 years 750 rock-falls disasters are occurred and 34 people dead and houses are affected.

36 SNOW AVALANCHES Mainly occurred in E and SE part of Turkey. After 1950, 389 important snow avalanches disasters were occurred and 1039 people dead, 5200 houses are destroyed. GD of Disaster Affairs has an avalanche monitoring and an experimental early warning system based on GIS.

37 CASE STUDY- August 17, 1999 Earthquake A strong earthquake happened at on 17 August 1999 at Marmara regions. 30 minutes after Kandilli Observatory declared that magnitude is 6,7-6,8 6,8 and epicenter is in Marmara Sea.

38 CENTRAL LEVEL ACTIVITIES: Around Prime Ministry s s office declared Crisis Situation but Crisis Coordination Council and Crisis Assessment and Monitoring Council meet around 6.30 Communication system blocked and damaged. Gölcük Navy Headquarters collapsed and too many victims are under debris.

39 CASE STUDY August Earthquake GD of Civil Defense send two search and Rescue (SAR) teams to the area. Crisis Coordination Council(CCC) ) send message to all related agencies for help. At main roads and railway were closed. İstanbul Airport is open but Izmit Airport is closed because of control tower.

40 CASE STUDY- 17 August 1999 Earthquake At limited wireless communications belong to army and police are working. But no enough data for human and property losses. Tüpraş refinery is burning. Government send request for international help.

41 CASE STUDY- August Earthquake Turkish Red Crescent appealed international help from IFRC. Media was the only information sources from damaged area. Central authorities declared a massage to all provinces to send heavy machines and relief material and SAR team to Sakarya and Izmit Prime Ministry send three ministers to Sakarya, Izmit and Yalova provinces for coordination

42 CASE STUDY- August 17, 1999 Earthquake LOCAL LEVEL ACTIVITIES According to our disaster management system all disaster response activities are under province governor responsibility. Bursa, Bolu, Eskişehir ve İstanbul provinces Provincial Rescue and Aid Committee are activated 4 hours after disaster. Heavily affected provinces like Izmit, Sakarya and Yalova s PRAC activated after 8 hours. Because responsible staff were victims also. Telephones, GSM systems and wireless systems were out of service. The roads are closed because of collapsed buildings.

43 CASE STUDY- August 17, 1999 Earthquake Bursa ve İstanbul provinces started to help Yalova and Izmit provinces respectively.the injured people are transported to this provinces hospitals. There were no effective search and rescue, command and control and relief activities at local levels in heavily affected provinces. All of these activities were unorganized and done by the survivors, local volunteers, local army personnel

44 CASE STUDY Second Day August 18, 1999 CENTRAL LEVEL Central crisis centers were more effective in all ministries and agencies responsible for Disaster Management. GD of Civil Defense was organized all SAR teams, voluntary groups coal mine workers and send them to all disaster stricken area. At the first day army personnel was and the second day

45 CASE STUDY Ministry of Health sent 808 personnel including doctor, nurse and medical expert. First day s s tent number 3000 is now Ministry of Public Works and Resettlement was activated their technical staff for damage assessments. GD of Highway repairing damaged highways. GD of Provincial Bank technical personnel working on infrastructure damage.

46 Ministry of Transportation was activated all related agencies for emergency repair of lifelines. GD of Rural Affairs and State Water Works begun for removal of debris and demolition of dangerous buildings with heavy machines. 20 foreign SAR teams with 700 personnel, their technical equipment and search dogs were on-site Huge number of personnel and equipment transportation created massive traffic problem. Communication problems makes coordination insufficient.

47 Public information systems are insufficient also. For this reason rumors, provoking and misleading of affected population created a lot of problems. Media and some scientists created a chaos situation. LOCAL LEVEL TUPRAS refinery s s fire went out of control and local authorities took a decision for evacuation around 5 km of refinery. Izmit,, Sakarya, Yalova Crisis Management Centers were activated, but lack of command and control system, they are not very effective

48 Search and Rescue activities are more effective Local efforts for repair and recovery activities were started. Tent, hot meals, food, water, blanquettes distribution to the effected people started. Debris removal activities were started. Some youth groups made voluntary traffic control operation.

49 SOME RESULTS: Emergency management, search and rescue and relief activities seemed abnormally slow and inefficient for the first two days. Coordination and command at all levels were very limited especially for the first day. Because the disaster affected area is extending 8 provinces and 15 million people and this region is Turkeys most industrial region.

50 Earthquake happened in urban settlement and victims are educated urban elite. Their reactions, expectations and understandings are very different from villagers. Disaster caused to demand for changing Turkey Disaster Management System.

51 Legislative weakness * Duplication and uncovered responsibilities * Coordination * Centralized and hierarchal characteristic of the DM system of Turkey

52 Organizational weaknesses: * Coordination and cooperation among the organizations * Integration of the community * DM plans-local emergency plans

53 For Solution Enforcement of legislations Proactive DM system TEMAD for coordination Compulsory Insurance Against EQ s s (DASK)

54 REPUBLIC OF TURKEY MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND SETTLEMENT General Directorate Of Disaster Affairs GENARAL DIRECTORATE OF DISASTER AFFAIRS EARTHQUAKE RESEARCH DEPARTMENT LABORATORY DIVISION ESKİŞEHİR YOLU 12. km. LODUMLU-ANKARA Telefon : Faks : lab@deprem.gov.tr