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List of Country Indicators Selected Demographic Indicators Selected demographic indicators Child Mortality and Nutrition Status Neonatal, infant and under-five mortality rates: trends Distribution of neonatal deaths by day of life Causes of under-five deaths Trends in nutritional status of children Coverage of Core Interventions Newborn health and related maternal health Proportion of neonates protected against neonatal tetanus (2+ TT injections) Proportion of births by person providing assistance during childbirth Infant and young child nutrition Proportion of infants less than age 12 months who were started breastfeeding within one hour of birth Median duration of exclusive breastfeeding Proportion of children age 6-59 months receiving two doses of vitamin A during calendar year: trends Birth registration Mortality rates by residence Perinatal mortality rate Causes of neonatal deaths Nutritional status of children by age Proportion of deliveries assisted by skilled birth attendants Proportion of children less than age 6 months who were exclusively breastfed Proportion of children age 6 9 months who were breastfeeding and consuming complementary food Immunization Proportion of children age 12-23 months who were vaccinated Management of Sick Children Management of diarrhoea Proportion of children under age 5 with diarrhoea for whom advice or treatment was sought from a health facility or provider Proportion of children under age 5 with diarrhoea who were given treatment other than ORT Management of pneumonia Proportion of children under age 5 with symptoms of pneumonia for whom advice or treatment was sought from a health facility or provider and received antibiotics Management of malaria Use of insecticide-treated bed nets Water and Sanitation Proportion of population using improved drinking water Coverage across life-course Coverage of interventions across the continuum of care in life-course Socio-economic Differentials Demographic and Social Differential for Newborn and Child Health Differentials by Geographical Regions 128 Proportion of children under age 5 with diarrhoea who received ORS & ORT Care-seeking for suspected pneumonia by type of health provider Malaria treatment Proportion of population using improved sanitation facilities Missed opportunities for the delivery of lifesaving interventions Differentials in Newborn and Child Health
Selected Demographic Indicators Total population () 316¹ Total under-five population () 26¹ Annual births () 5¹ Birth registration (%) 93¹ Neonatal mortality rate (per 1 live births) 6² Annual number of neonatal deaths 2,3 * Post-neonatal mortality rate 4 3 Infant mortality rate (per 1 live births) 9² Annual number of infant deaths 2,3 * Under-five mortality rates (per 1 live births) 11² Annual number of under-five deaths 2,3 * Crude birth rate 24.7 3 Total fertility rate 2.5 3 * Annual number of neonatal and infant deaths are less than 1, 1. United Nations Children's Fund. State of the world s children 212: children in an urban world. New York: UNICEF, 212. 2. The UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (IGME). Levels and Trends in Child Mortality: Report 213. 3. Ministry of Health and Family (MOHF) Maldives and ICF Macro. Maldives demographic and health survey 29. Male: MOHF and ICF Macro, 21. Birth registration, 29 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 93 93 92 Total Urban Rural Almost all births in Maldives are registered. Ministry of Health and Family (MOHF) Maldives and ICF Macro. Maldives demographic and health survey 29. Male: MOHF and ICF Macro, 21. 129
Between 199 and 212, infant mortality declined by 59 and under-five mortality by 83. The MDG target for under-five mortality is 31, which has been achieved. Neonatal mortality has reduced considerably from 34 in 199 to 6 in 212. This has contributed significantly to the achievement of MDG target for U5MR well before 215. Child Mortality and Nutritional Status Trends in neonatal, infant and under-five mortality, 199 212 12 1 8 6 4 2 94 68 34 45 11 9 6 199 1995 2 25 21 212 NMR IMR USMR MDG Target MDG Target 31 215 The UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (IGME). Levels and Trends in Child Mortality: Report 213. Mortality rates by residence (for the 1-year period 2-29) 1 Deaths/1 live births 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 Urban Rural Total Disparity in child mortality between urban and rural areas is not much. 2 1 2 15 1 Neonatal mortality rate 23 22 14 Infant mortality rate 23 28 17 Under-five mortality rate * Total mortality values are for the five-year period 25-9 whereas urban and rural mortality rates are for the ten-year period 2-29. Ministry of Health and Family (MOHF) Maldives and ICF Macro. Maldives demographic and health survey 29. Male: MOHF and ICF Macro, 21. 13
Distribution of neonatal deaths by day of life 1 Number of deaths 5 51 23 2.5 5 2.5 5 2.5 5 2.5 2.5 <1 2 4 6 8 1 12 14 16 18 2 22 24 26 28 3 Age at death (number of days) Of 39 surveyed neonatal deaths for MDHS 29, 51% of the deaths occurred before day 1 74% occurred between day zero and day 1 91.5% of the deaths occurred during the first week of life. Perinatal mortality rate, stillbirths and early neonatal deaths Parameter MDHS 29 Number of stillbirths 1 34 Number of early neonatal deaths 2 35 Perinatal mortality rate 3 18 1 Stillbirths are fetal deaths in pregnancies lasting seven or more months. 2 Early neonatal deaths are deaths at age -6 days among live-born children 3 The sum of the number of stillbirths and early neonatal deaths divided by the number of pregnancies of seven or more months duration, expressed per 1,. The perinatal mortality rate is a useful indicator of the state of delivery services, both in terms of the use of these services and of their ability to ensure delivery of healthy babies. Proportion of stillbirths and early neonatal deaths are similar Ministry of Health and Family (MOHF) Maldives and ICF Macro. Maldives demographic and health survey 29. Male: MOHF and ICF Macro, 21. 131
Causes of under-five deaths Injuries, 6.2 Diarrhoeal diseases, 3.2 Other, 9.2 Measles,.3 Acute lower respiratory infections, 1.8 Causes of neonatal deaths Other noncommunicable diseases, 1.6 Acute lower respiratory infections, 3.6 Congenital anomalies, 28.8 Prematurity, 27.9 Neonatal, 7.3 Birth asphyxia and birth trauma, 25.1 Other 6.8 Sepsis and other infectious conditions of the newborn, 6.1 Neonatal causes, acute lower respiratory infections, injuries and diarrhoea are major causes of death among under-five children. Most neonatal deaths are caused by, congenital anomalies, complications of prematurity, infections, birth asphyxia and birth trauma. Li Liu, Hope L Johnson, Simon Cousens, Jamie Perin, Susana Scott, Joy E Lawn, Igor Rudan, Harry Campbell, Richard Cibulskis, Mengying Li, Colin Mathers, Robert E Black, for the Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group of WHO and UNICEF, Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality: an updated systematic analysis for 21 with time trends since 2, The Lancet, Volume 379, Issue 9832, 9 15 June 212, Pages 2151-2161 132
Nutritional status of children under age 5, by sex At the national level, 19% children under five years are stunted, while 17% are underweight. There is no significent difference in levels of stunting, wasting and underweight between male and female children. 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2.3 17.4 18.9 1.7 1.6 1.6 17.6 17 17.3 Stunting Wasting Underweight Male Female Total Ministry of Health and Family (MOHF) Maldives and ICF Macro. Maldives demographic and health survey 29. Male: MOHF and ICF Macro, 21. Nutritional status of children by age 3 25 25 15 1 5 17.2 15.5 14.8 18.5 9.7 8.9 24.4 19.1 21.9 13.8 13.8 6.6 25.1 14.1 6.7 21.2 19.4 19.1 18.1 1 1.9 17.3 14.2 12.5 Stunting increases with the age of the child through the first year of life (from 15% among children less than 6 months to 24% among children age 9-11 months) before declining slightly to 22% between 12-17 months and then increasing to 25% for children age 18-23 months. < 6 6 to 8 9 to 11 12 to 17 18 to 23 24 to 35 36 to 47 48 to 59 Stunted Wasted Underwieght Ministry of Health and Family (MOHF) Maldives and ICF Macro. Maldives demographic and health survey 29. Male: MOHF and ICF Macro, 21. Highest level of wasting is observed for children under 6 months (16%). Highest proportions of underweight children are in the categories of children aged 24-35 months (21%). 133
Coverage of Core Interventions Newborn health and related maternal health Neonates protected against tetanus at birth The last child born to six out of ten mothers was protected against neonatal tetanus. 8 6 4 2 59 Proportion of mothers given 2 or more TT injections Ministry of Health and Family (MOHF) Maldives and ICF Macro. Maldives demographic and health survey 29. Male: MOHF and ICF Macro, 21. Deliveries assisted by skilled birth attendants Proportion of deliveries assisted by skilled birth attendants 1 8 6 4 2 95 Deliveries assisted by SBAs Almost all births take place in health facilities and are assisted by skilled birth attendants. Ministry of Health and Family (MOHF) Maldives and ICF Macro. Maldives demographic and health survey 29. Male: MOHF and ICF Macro, 21. 134
Distribution of live births by person providing assistance during childbirth 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 8.4 More than 8% deliveries are assisted by doctors and 14% by nurse and midwife. 2 1 Qualified Doctor 14.4 Nurse/ mindwife 4.2.6.1 TBA CHW/FHW Relatives/ friends Ministry of Health and Family (MOHF) Maldives and ICF Macro. Maldives demographic and health survey 29. Male: MOHF and ICF Macro, 21. Infant and Young Child Nutrition Proportion of infants who were initiated into breastfeeding within one hour of birth More than 64% children are breastfed within one hour of birth. 1 8 6 4 2 64 Initiation of breastfeeding within 1 hour of birth Ministry of Health and Family (MOHF) Maldives and ICF Macro. Maldives demographic and health survey 29. Male: MOHF and ICF Macro, 21. 135
Median duration of exclusive breastfeeding The median duration of exclusive breastfeeding is 2.2 months as against the recommended six months. Months 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 2.2.5 Median duration of breastfeeding (months) Ministry of Health and Family (MOHF) Maldives and ICF Macro. Maldives demographic and health survey 29. Male: MOHF and ICF Macro, 21. Proportion of infants less than age 6 months exclusively breastfed and infants between 6-9 months who were given complementary foods along with breastfeeding 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 48 Exclusive breastfeeding (-5m) 82 Complementary feeding with breastfeeding (6-9 m) Although 64% of children are initiated into breastfeeding early in Maldives, only 48% below 5 months are exclusively breastfed. Among children between the age of 6-9 months, a high proportion (82%) receive complementary food along with breastfeeding. Ministry of Health and Family (MOHF) Maldives and ICF Macro. Maldives demographic and health survey 29. Male: MOHF and ICF Macro, 21. 136
Proportion of children age 6-59 months receiving two doses of vitamin A during calendar year 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 32 26 27 62 Three in five children between the ages of 6-59 months received two doses of vitamin A supplement in 27. Vitamin A supplementation has almost doubled from 32% to 62% in just one year (26 to 27). United Nations Children s Fund (UNICEF). Maternal, newborn and child survival. New York: UNICEF, 21. About 93% children between the age of 12-23 months had received all basic vaccinations. The coverage for BCG, three doses of polio, DPT vaccine and measles is almost universal. Coverage is only slightly lower (92%) for the hepatitis B vaccine. Immunization Proportion of children age 12-23 months vaccinated 1 99 97 98 9 95 92 93 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 BCG Polio 3 DPT 3 Measles Hepatitis B All basic Ministry of Health and Family (MOHF) Maldives and ICF Macro. Maldives demographic and health survey 29. Male: MOHF and ICF Macro, 21. 137
Management of sick children Management of diarrhoea Proportion of children under age 5 with diarrhoea for whom advice or treatment was sought from a health facility or provider and given ORT and ORS About 84% children with diarrhoea were taken to a medically trained health provider for advice or treatment. While 57% children with 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 84 57 84 diarrhoea received ORS, 84% 2 were given ORT. 1 Percentage for whom treatment was sought from a health facility/ provider Percentage given solution from ORS packet Percentage given any ORT Ministry of Health and Family (MOHF) Maldives and ICF Macro. Maldives demographic and health survey 29. Male: MOHF and ICF Macro, 21. Management of pneumonia 138 Proportion of children under age 5 with fever for whom advice or treatment was sought from a health facility or provider and given antibiotics 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 86 Children with fever (including pneumonia) taken health facility/provider. 76 Children with fever (including Pneumonia) who received antibiotics. 1. Ministry of Health and Family (MOHF Maldives and ICF Macro. Maldives demographic and health survey 29. Male: MOHF and ICF Macro, 21. Twenty-nine per cent of children below 5-years had fever and of them about 84% were taken to a health facility or a medically trained provider for treatment. As per 21 MICS data, 22% children with symptoms of ARI were taken to a health facility or a medically trained provider for advice/treatment. Less than 1% children had symptoms of ARI according to the MDHS 29.
Data not available Use of insecticide-treated nets Water and Sanitation Proportion of population using improved drinking water sources 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 98.6 99.5 97.9 Total Urban Rural Over 98% of the population uses improved drinking water sources with almost the entire urban population and 98% of the rural population having access to improved drinking water sources. Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water 213 Update; WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP 213) Proportion of population using improved sanitation facilities Access to improved sanitation facilities is almost universal. 11 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 98 97.5 98.3 Total Urban Rural Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water 213 Update; WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP 213) 139
Coverage across life-course Coverage of interventions across the life-course continuum 1 9 8 Prepregnancy Pregnancy 85 Birth Postnatal Infancy 95 95 93 84 7 6 5 4 3 35 67 64 57 48 2 1 Contraceptive prevalence rate ANC 1+ Skilled attendant at birth Delivery in a health facility PNC (within 2 days) Breastfeeding initated within 1 hour of birth Immunization Oral rehydration for diarrhoea Careseeking for fever Exclusive breastfeeding (for first 5 months) Over 85% mothers receive skilled antenatal care and 95% skilled care at birth which helps in early detection and management of problems. However, there is scope to improve timely delivery of postnatal care, exclusive breastfeeding and management of diarrhoea. 14
Missed opportunities for the delivery of lifesaving interventions Delivery assistance by SBAs Delivery in a health facility All vaccinations 93 95 95 Care-seeking for fever 84 Care-seeking for diarrhoea 84 Providing breast milk with complementary feeding 82 Treatment by antibiotics for fever 76 PNC (within 2 days) 67 Initiation of breastfeeding within 1 hour of birth Vitamin A supplementation Two doses of TT for protection against neonatal tetanus Treatment of diarrhoea with ORS Exclusive breastfeeding for 5 months 48 64 62 59 57 Missed opportunities 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 Although there is a high level of coverage of interventions around the time of birth to take care of the mothers and neonates health, there are missed opportunities in the areas of exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months, ORS treatment for diarrhoea, vitamin A supplementation and protection of mothers against neonatal tetanus (2 plus injections). Improvements could also be effected in the early initiation of breastfeeding and timely post-natal care. Ministry of Health and Family (MOHF) Maldives and ICF Macro. Maldives demographic and health survey 29. Male: MOHF and ICF Macro, 21. 141
Socio-economic Differentials 142 Demographic and Social Differentials for Newborn and Child Health Differentials Remarks Mother s education Mother s age (years) Wealth quintiles Indicator Total Child s sex Mother s education is a major determinant of newborn and child health. If the mothers are not educated, their children are considerably disadvantaged compared to those whose mothers are educated beyond secondary level: Male Female No education Secondary+ < 2 2-29 Lowest Highest - Newborns are four and a half times more likely to die in the first month. Neonatal mortality rate 1 18 15 32 7 25 13 18 12 Infant mortality rate 14 24 21 41 13 29 2 21 21 Under-five mortality rate 17 29 25 47 14 36 22 28 21 Stunting, % 19 2 17 25 12 - - 22 16 Underweight, % 17 18 17 27 12 - - 24 11 Wasting, % 11 11 11 15 8 - - 13 9 - Infants and children below five years are over three times more likely to die early. Protection against neonatal 59 - - 54 84 59 6* 48 78 tetanus % - They are also likely to be twice more stunted, be underweight or thin (wasted). Deliveries assisted 95 - - 85 99 93 95* 89 99 by SBAs, % - They are also likely to be breastfed for lesser than the median duration. Early initiation of 64 63 65 69 61 - - 66 58 breastfeeding, % - Infants and children are less likely to be taken to a health facility or provider when having fever. Median duration of 2.2 2.2 2.2 1.6 2 - - 1.3 2.5 exclusive breastfeeding, (months) Children receiving all 93 93 92 89 89 - - 95 92 basic vaccinations, % Child mortality is linked directly to the age of the mother in as much as those born to younger mothers (< 2 years) are twice more likely to die as neonates and one and a half times during infancy and later compared to older mothers in the age group 2 29 years. Children with diarrhoea 84 - - - - - - - - brought to health facility/ provider, % Children with diarrhoea 57 - - - - - - - - treated with ORS, % Children with fever taken to 84 83 86 78 97 - - 8 85 health facility/provider, % Family s wealth plays an important role in mother and child survival. Children with fever taken to 88 89 87 86 92 - - 87 87 health facility/ provider and given antibiotics, % Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development and Ministry of Health Myanmar. Myanmar Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 29 21 Final Report, Myanmar, 211.
Socio-economic Differentials Differentials in Newborn and Child Health Differentials in neonatal, infant and under-five mortality rates Mother's education 7 Sec+ Mother's age 1 1 13 (2-29 years 25 (< 2 years) 32 No Edn Wealth quintile 1 12 Highest 18 Lowest 14 Mother's education 13 Sec+ 41 No Edn Mother's age 14 29 (< 2 Years) 2 (2-29 Years) Wealth quintile 14 21 Lowest/Highest 17 Mother's education 14 Sec+ 47 No Edn Mother's age Wealth quintile 17 36 (< 2 Years) 22 (2-29 years) 17 28 Lowest 21 Highest Mortality rates 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 11 12 Neonatal Mortality Rate Infant Mortality Rate Under-five Mortality Rate Differentials in nutritional status of children Mother's education 12 Sec+ 19 25 No Edn Wealth quintile 16 Highest 19 22 Lowest Mother's education 12 Sec+ 17 27 No Edn Wealth quintile 11 Highest 17 24 Lowest Mother's education 8 Sec+ 11 15 No Edn Wealth quintile 11 9 Highest 13 Lowest 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 Stunting Underweight Wasting 143
Differentials in the deliveries assisted by SBAs 95 Mother's education 85 No Edn 99 Sec+ 95 Mother's age 93 (2 year) 95 (2-34 years) 95 Wealth quintile 89 Lowest 99 Highest 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 Deliveries assissted by SBAs Differentials in immunization of children Mother's education 89 Sec+/No Edn 93 Wealth quintile 93 92 Lowest 95 Highest 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 Basic immunization Differentials in care-seeking for children with fever and given antibiotics Mother's education 78 No Edn 84 97 Sec + Wealth quintile 8 Lowest 84 85 Highest Mother's education 86 No Edn 88 92 Sec + Wealth quintile 87 Highest/Lowest 88 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 Brought to health facility/provider Given antibiotics Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development and Ministry of Health Myanmar. Myanmar Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 29 21 Final Report, Myanmar, 211. 144
Differentials by Geographical Regions Indicators Place of Residence Regions Urban Rural Male North North Central South South Central Central NMR 2 15 2 1 17 19 23 1 IMR 23 22 23 13 24 3 32 19 U5MR 23 28 23 21 3 34 41 23 Perinatal mortality rate 22 17 22 18 14 13 23 16 Stunting % 16 2 16 16 23 21 21 2 Underweight % 11 2 11 18 24 18 2 16 Neonates protected 77 52 77 5 5 32 44 8771 against tetanus % Deliveries by SBA % 99 93 99 91 89 9 97 97 Initiation of breastfeeding 6 66 6 6 68 71 74 62 within 1 hour after birth % Median duration of exclusive 2.2 2.2 2.2 3.1 3.2 2.7.4 2.6 breastfeeding (months) Immunization % 91 94 91 94 96 88 95 93 % with diarrhoea for whom - - - - - - - - treatment was sought from a health facility % with diarrhoea - - - - - - - - who received ORS % with suspected - - - - - - - - pneumonia Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development and Ministry of Health Myanmar. Myanmar Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 29 21 Final Report, Myanmar, 211. 145
146 MALDIVES