Landscape Indicators

Landscape Indicators

Claudia Cassatella Attilia Peano Editors Landscape Indicators Assessing and Monitoring Landscape Quality 1 3

Editors Dr. Claudia Cassatella, PhD Dipartimento Interateneo Territorio Politecnico and Università di Torino Viale Pier Andrea Mattioli 39 10125 Torino Italy claudia.cassatella@polito.it Prof. Attilia Peano Dipartimento Interateneo Territorio Politecnico and Università di Torino Viale Pier Andrea Mattioli 39 10125 Torino Italy attilia.peano@polito.it ISBN 978-94-007-0365-0 e-isbn 978-94-007-0366-7 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-0366-7 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Cover illustration: Isola Bella seen from Stresa (Italy). Photo Giacomo Chiesa Cover design: deblik, Berlin Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Foreword Landscape policies and planning have been developed increasingly in Europe over the last decade, especially due to the European Landscape Convention (Florence, 20 October 2000). The ELC promotes landscape knowledge, assessment, policies, planning and the creation of Observatories or Centres for the landscape. Consequently, the need for indicators to evaluate and monitor the effects of landscape policies and plans is pressing. As a matter of fact, studies concerning landscape indicators are rare and recent. This book presents an exploration of the issues and options for landscape assessment and monitoring, bringing together the results of the research carried out by our experts and key findings from other important works. The contents of the book are the result of academic research carried out by the Inter-University Department of Urban and Regional Studies (Diter) of the Polytechnic and University of Torino (Italy) under the scientific direction of Prof. Attilia Peano and the patronage of the European Network of Local and Regional Authorities for the Implementation of the European Landscape Convention (ENELC). The research was made possible through funding of Fondazione CRT Torino Progetto Alfieri; additional support for the project was provided by the Piemonte Regional Authority Landscape Planning Department. The volume deals with the definition and use of specific indicators for landscape assessment and monitoring. In order to deal with the complexity of the landscape, the subject was developed by a multidisciplinary team of experts in landscape ecology, landscape history, landscape perception, territorial planning, strategic environmental assessment and environmental impact assessment procedures, and multi criteria assessment methods. The book is addressed, in particular, to European researchers, scholars, practitioners in landscape and territorial planning, and regional and local government officials who are responsible for landscape and planning, Strategic Environmental Assessment, and Environmental Impact Assessment. Moreover, it provides key references for studying landscape from a multidisciplinary perspective. Book and research scientific direction by Prof. Attilia Peano. v

Contents 1 Landscape Assessment and Monitoring... 1 Attilia Peano and Claudia Cassatella 2 Indicators Assessment Systems... 15 Marta Bottero 3 Indicators Used for Landscape... 31 Claudia Cassatella and Angioletta Voghera 4 Landscape Assessment: The Ecological Profile... 47 Francesca Finotto 5 Indicators for the Assessment of Historic Landscape Features... 77 Mauro Volpiano 6 Assessing Visual and Social Perceptions of Landscape... 105 Claudia Cassatella 7 Land Use Indicators for Landscape Assessment... 141 Angioletta Voghera 8 Assessing the Economic Aspects of Landscape... 167 Marta Bottero 9 Proposal for a Set of Indicators... 193 Attilia Peano, Marta Bottero and Claudia Cassatella Index... 217 vii

Contributors Dr. Marta Bottero, PhD Dipartimento Casa-Città, Politecnico di Torino, viale Mattioli 39, 10125 Torino, Italy e-mail: marta.bottero@polito.it Dr. Claudia Cassatella, PhD Dipartimento Interateneo Territorio, Politecnico ed Università di Torino, Viale Pier Andrea Mattioli 39, 10125 Torino, Italy e-mail: claudia.cassatella@polito.it Dr. Francesca Finotto, PhD Dipartimento Interateneo Territorio, Politecnico ed Università di Torino, Viale Pier Andrea Mattioli 39, 10125 Torino, Italy e-mail: francesca.finotto@polito.it Prof. Attilia Peano Dipartimento Interateneo Territorio, Politecnico ed Università di Torino, Viale Pier Andrea Mattioli 39, 10125 Torino, Italy e-mail: attilia.peano@polito.it Dr. Angioletta Voghera, PhD Dipartimento Interateneo Territorio, Politecnico ed Università di Torino, Viale Pier Andrea Mattioli 39, 10125 Torino, Italy e-mail: angioletta.voghera@polito.it Dr. Mauro Volpiano, PhD Dipartimento Casa-Città, Politecnico di Torino, viale Mattioli 39, 10125 Torino, Italy e-mail: mauro.volpiano@polito.it ix

Abbreviations AAA ADBPO APAT ARPA BTC CATAP CBCP CED-PPN CIVILSCAPE CMEF CNR CoE CORINE CQC CTN-NEB DESDA-CSD DPSIR ECC ECI ECNC EEA EIA ELC ELCAI ELISA ELPEN ENEA Association of Environmental Analysts Basin Authority of Po River Italian Environmental Protection Agency and Technical Services Regional Environmental Protection Agency Biological and Territorial Capacity Co-ordination of Technical and Scientific Associations for Environment and Landscape Italian Cultural Heritage and Landscape Code European Documentation Centre on Natural Park Planning Civil Society Network for the European Landscape Convention Common Monitoring and Evaluation Framework Italian National Research Centre Council of Europe Coordination de l Information sur l Environnement Countryside Quality Counts National Thematic Centres, Nature and Biodiversity Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Commission on Sustainable Development Driving Forces, Pressure, State, Impact, Response European Economic Community European Common Indicators European Centre for Nature Conservation European Environment Agency Environmental Impact Assessment European Landscape Convention European Landscape Character Assessment Initiative EnvironmentaL Indicators for Sustainable Agriculture European Livestock Policy Evaluation Network Italian Body for New Technologies, Energy and Environment xi

xii ENELC ENRISK ESDP ESL ESPON EU EUROSTAT GIS IFEN INEA IRENA ISTIL IUCN JCR JNCC LCA MCPFE MiBAC MTT NIJOS OCS OECD PECSRL PPR, PTR, PTPR PSR SEA SIC SPA SPES (NORDREGIO) TEPI UN UNCHS UNESCO Abbreviations European Network of Local and Regional Authorities for the Implementation of European Landscape Convention Environmental Risk Assessment for European Agriculture European Spatial Development Perspective European Statistical Laboratory European Spatial Planning Observation Network European Union Statistical Office of European Communities Geographical Information Systems Istitut Français de l Environnement Italian National Institute of Agrarian Economy Indicator Reporting on the Integration of Environmental Concerns into Agricultural Policy Italian Institute of Science and Technology on Light Pollution International Union for Conservation of Nature Joint Research Centre of the European Commission Joint Nature Conservation Committee Landscape Character Assessment Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe Italian Ministry on Cultural Heritage and Activities Agrifood Research Finland Norsk Institutt for Jord Og Skogkartlegging Turin Polytechnic Observatory on Sustainable Cities Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Permanent European Conference for the Study of the Rural Landscape Regional Landscape Plan, Regional Territorial Plan, Regional Territorial and Landscape Plan Rural Development Plan Strategic Environmental Assessment Site of Community Importance Special Protection Area Study Programme on European Spatial Planning Towards Environmental Pressure Indicators for the European Union United Nations United Nations Centre for Human Settlements United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

Abbreviations xiii UNISCAPE USDA USDI VALSAT WHS European Network of Universities for the Implementation of European Landscape Convention United States Department of Agriculture United States Department of Interiors Environmental and Territorial Sustainability Assessment World Heritage Sites