A Special Paper on Heritage and Tourism, Chanderi

URBAN ADMINISTRATION AND DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT Government of Madhya Pradesh A Special Paper on Heritage and Tourism, Chanderi City Development Plan - CHANDERI Project Coordination: City Managers Association Madhya Pradesh LEA Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi June 2011

1 A STUDY ON HERITAGE AND TOURISM CHANDERI 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1. Chanderi is a town of historic importance which lies on the edge of Malwa Plateau and Bundelkhand region. The hilly terrain of Chanderi is characterized with several structures of architectural and heritage value. This paper deals with the significance of heritage and tourism sector in Chanderi. The paper has been divided into 10 sections. After an introductory section, the second section of the paper lists out the major sources of information which were used to assess the status of heritage and tourism in Chanderi. Section 3 deals with the legal framework of heritage conservation. Section 4 describes the significances of architectural and cultural heritage, Section 5 gives a detailed account of the significance of architectural and cultural heritage in Chanderi and Section 6 documents the current status of heritage structures. Section 7 deals with tourism and related material. Heritage and tourism related issues are presented in section 8. Section 9 describes a SWOT analysis and section 10 concludes the paper with strategy and action plan for heritage and tourism. 1.2 SOURCES OF INFORMATION AND CONSULTATION WITH KEY STAKEHOLDERS 2. The information on architectural and cultural heritage has been collected from both primary and secondary sources. Consultations at various levels were conducted considering the importance of heritage in Chanderi. Several resource persons on heritage were consulted so as to obtain an understanding of the rich heritage of Chanderi. Table 1-1 gives the sources of information on heritage of Chanderi. Secondary Sources of Study Site Visits Meeting with Key Stakeholders Table 1-1: Sources of Information and Site Reconnaissance Surveys Discovering Chanderi on Foot: A Guide. INTACH Regional Chapter, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 2008. Chanderi: Ithihas or Viraasat: Muzaffar Ahammad Ansari, Chanderi, 2005. Chanderi: The Built Heritage, Ishwar Dass and Meera I Dass. Journal of the Development and Research Organization for Nature, Arts and Heritage, Vol.V, Issue 1, Spring/Summer 2008. Collection of Domestic Tourism Statistics for the State of Madhya Pradesh, Department of Tourism, Government of Madhya Pradesh, 2006 Site visits to Chanderi by Key Personnel between 14 th to 16 th October 2009 Site visit and workshop with stakeholders on 10 th November 2009 Site visit to identify and assess status of heritage resources of Chanderi from 28 th to 30 th November, 2009 Mr. Narendra Pathak, Chief Municipal Officer, Chanderi Mr. Umesh Purohit, Social Activist, Chanderi Mr. Muzaffar Ahamad Ansari, Tourist Guide, Chanderi. Mr. Mudasar Ali, In-Charge, Archaeological Survey of India, Chanderi. Manager, Tana Bana Hotel, MPSTDC, Chanderi. 1.3 LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR HERITAGE CONSERVATION 1.3.1 The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958 3. The Act provides for the preservation of ancient and historical monuments and archaeological sites and remains of national importance. The Act is also for the regulation of archaeological excavations and for the protection of sculptures, carvings and other like objects. It is relevant to those ancient and historical monuments or archaeological sites and remains which have been declared by 1-1

City Development Plan of Various Urban Local Bodies of Madhya Pradesh A STUDY ON HERITAGE AND TOURISM, CHANDERI the Ancient and Historical Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains (Declaration of National Importance) Act, 1951 or by section 126 of the States Reorganisation Act 1956. It also gives power to the Central Government to declare ancient monuments or archaeological site and remains not included in section 3 of national importance. 4. The Act provides for the acquisition of rights in a protected monument, preservation of protected monument by agreement, imposing restriction on enjoyment of property rights in protected areas, conduct of archaeological excavations and protection of antiquities and also ensures appropriate compensation for loss or damage due to entry or excavations to the owner or occupier of such protected land. 1.3.2 Madhya Pradesh Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1964 and its Amendment 1970 5. The Act provides for the preservation of certain ancient and historical monuments and archaeological sites and remains and for the regulation of excavation of archaeological sites in Madhya Pradesh. The Act gives power to the state government to declare ancient monuments to be state protected monuments or archaeological site and remains to be a state protected area, gives provisions for the maintenance of protected monuments, preservation amenities of protected monuments, imposing restrictions on constructing any building within the protected area. 6. The Act provides for compulsory acquisition of protected monument, as per clause 12, under the provisions of the Land Acquisition (LA) Act, 1894 (I of 1894), as if the maintenance of the state protected monument were a public purpose to equate the purpose of LA Act. The Act has been amended in 1970 with amendment of section 2 which dealt with the meaning of ancient monument and has inserted new sections, 23-A and 23-B which dealt with any antiquity and intimation regarding its transfer or acquisition. Other amendments were with respect to section 29 and 37. 1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF ARCHITECTURAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE 7. Chanderi unfolds the architectural heritage of a vast period ranging from the prehistoric era till present day. Chanderi was an important fortress and administrative centre during the Malwa Sultanate in the 15th Century. The town was initially a walled town. Magnificent stone monuments such as havelis, temples, domed mosques, and step-wells were constructed and are can be seen today. These monuments bear testimony to the rich architectural heritage of the town. The various monuments are witness to the tide of time and the dynasties which have ruled over the region. Chanderi has witnessed a turbulent history with war, blood shed and even exodus of its inhabitants to distant places. There are records which show that Chanderi had more than 50000 people during 15th Century and during the 18th century the population was reduced to barely 2000, as Chanderi became a battlefield during the 1857 disturbances. The chronological history of Chanderi has been given in Table 1-2. 8. The Municipal Council has identified 102 monuments and precincts which are of historical importance while Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) has identified 321 heritage buildings and precincts in an independent study. Out of these, nine monuments are protected in accordance with the provisions of the Ancient Monuments and Archeological sites and Remains Act, 1958. The responsibility of protecting conserving these monuments lies with the ASI. Besides the nine monuments protected by ASI, there are 3 other monuments namely Chakla Baodi, Ram Nagar Mahal and Chhatris that have been notified for protection under the Madhya Pradesh Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1970. 1-2

City Development Plan of Various Urban Local Bodies of Madhya Pradesh A STUDY ON HERITAGE AND TOURISM, CHANDERI Period 10 th to 12 th Century 13 th to 15 th Century 16 th Century (first half) 16 th Century (second half) 17 th Century to beginning of 19 th Century 19 th Century Post Independence Table 1-2: Chronological Events of History of Chanderi Events The pratiharas had their kingdom centred in and around Gwalior region with a strong presence at Chanderi. Kirtidurg at Chandragiri and Kirtisagar at the foot of the hill are attributed to Kirti Pala, a Pratihara king. Kalyan Rai temple also belongs to the same phase. There was a strong presence of the Jain community at Chanderi during this period confirmed by large Jain images carved into living rock at Khandargiri and Jain temple bearing pilgrims record dated 1259 AD. Chanderi town was conquered by Ghiyas al Din Balban in 1251 AD. Ala al Din Khilji conquers Chanderi in 1305 AD and the settling in of Muslims. Development to a big town with market centres. Dilavar Khan, then Governor of Malwa constructs a Mosque in 1392. The main gate of the lower town Delhi Gate was built in 1412 under Sultan Hoshang Shah. In 1515, Rana Sangor of Chitor captured the town and gave it to Medini Rai, the rebel Minister of Sultan Mahmud II. Medini Rai was defeated by Babur in 1528. In 1540, Purbia Rajput Puranmal (one of the main followers of Rai Sen) attacked and conquered Chanderi. In 1540, Sher Shah recovered Chanderi from Rai Sen but again Puranmal captured Chanderi back. Again in 1543 Sher Shah conquered Chanderi afresh. Chanderi fell to Akbar in 1569 and headquartered a sarkar of Malwa. Chanderi rises to fame as one of the largest of ancient cities. During the period Chanderi had to its credit one stone fort, 14000 stone houses, 384 markets, 360 caravanserails and 12000 mosques. Later in 1586 Chanderi was conquered by Bundelas and was held by Ram Singh, son of Raja Madhukar Shah of Orchha. In 1612, Bharat Shah Bundela attacked the citadel and expelled Groda Ram, who held it on behalf of Muslim Kings of the Deccan. Shahjahan approved this take-over of Chanderi. Chanderi remained in the hands of Bundelas until 1811. Bundela principality had owed nominal allegiance to the Moghul Sultan of Delhi. During this period several worship places and recreational spaces were built. Chanderi for was taken by Colonel Jean-Baptiste Filose for Daulat Rao Sindia and Chanderi became part of Sindia estates. In 1844, under a treaty signed with British the revenue of Chanderi and adjoining countryside was assigned for the upkeep of the then formed Gwalior contingent. In 1854, Chanderi was included in the Jhansi superintendency. Chanderi met with major impact of the 1857 uprising. After the recovery by the British, Chanderi was made part of Lalitpur tehsil following a treaty signed with Sindia on December 12, 1860. After 1947, the princely Gwalior State became part of newly formed Madhya Bharat State. Chanderi became a Municipality from 1956 until 1980. in 1979, Special Area Development Authority (SADA) was formed for Chanderi under the Madhya Pradesh Urban and Rural Rehabilitation Act of 1973. Chanderi town was mainly confined within the andar shahar. In the recent past, new developments have taken place primarily along Pichhore road in the northern direction and somewhat towards Fatehbad. Bahar shahar is also in the process of densification as envisaged in the Chanderi development Plan. Nagar Palika boundary was expanded to include Fatehbad in the South-West in the year 1998. 1.5 IDENTIFICATION OF ARCHITECTURAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE OF CHANDERI Chanderi has a rich and varied history of built, natural and living or intangible heritage. The heritage of Chanderi may be grouped under three categories viz. architectural heritage, natural heritage, living and traditional heritage. Architectural heritage of Chanderi is documented with focus on the protected monuments as well as unattended monuments. Table 1-3 lists the protected monuments and Figure 1-13 shows the location of protected and other important monuments in Chanderi. The note on natural heritage explains the natural setting of Chanderi and its utilization for enhancing the resources over time. The living heritage of Chanderi is perceived on the knowledge and practice of saree weaving, making brass, terracotta, bamboo, wood and stone crafts. 1-3

City Development Plan of Various Urban Local Bodies of Madhya Pradesh A STUDY ON HERITAGE AND TOURISM, CHANDERI 1.5.1 Architectural Heritage 9. The earliest architectural evidence is attributed to Pratiharas, who built the stone fort known by name Kirti Durg atop the Chandergiri hills during 11th century. Some of the prominent heritage properties in Chanderi were built during the independent rule of Mandu Sultans (1401-1558). Chanderi became a heavily fortified town in 1411, in which the fortified Ander Sheher (inner city) became extremely important, principally the Bala Kila, in defending the Mughals from Delhi and Jaunpur Sultans from Malwa. Later with the construction of Jama Masjid in 1438 outside the inner city, paved the way for the expansion of the town towards the south into Bahar Sheher (outer city) with a surrounding wall. Afterwards, the next phase of expansion and construction happened with the inclusion of Fatehabad and the construction of Koshak Mahal towards the later part of 15th century. 10. The Bundela rule of Chanderi which lasted for about two centuries had gifted many great buildings including the ancient law court called Purani Adalat, Raja Mahal, Rani Mahal, havelis of caretakers, large buildings of administrative offices, the Hawa Mahal and the Naukhanda Mahal at the Citadel. Apart from this, many temples were also constructed during the Bundela rule, including the extension of Jogeshwari Devi Mandir, construction of Harsidhi Devi Mandir, Narasimha Mandir, Hanuman Mandir and Laxman Mandir. The double arched gateway Badal Mahal is attributed to the Tughlak architecture and often to toranas of Hindu temple 1. 1.5.1.1 Rock Paintings and Mammoth Fossil 11. The surrounding regions of Chanderi, Nannon, Budhi Chanderi, was also rich with its architectural and cultural heritage and had tremendous implications on the heritage and tourism of Chanderi. There is a cave near Nannon, 28 km south-west of Chanderi on the banks of river Urvashi, where rock painting is identified. A jaw and teeth of a mammoth which was of a hippopotamus 30000 year old was discovered here 2. 12. Another ancient site identified recently is the Baheti Math, where the structure of a temple dates back to the 5th century Gupta period (Picture 1-1). This lies about 20km south-east of Chanderi. Near the Baheti Math, a rock painting shelter site Gitkhal Caves - was also identified (Picture 1-2). Picture 1-1: Fifth century Gupta Temple - Baheti Math Picture 1-2: Gitkhal Caves 1 Chanderi: The Built Heritage, Ishwar Dass and Meera I Dass. Journal of the Development and Research Organisation for Nature, Arts and Heritage, Vol.V, Issue 1, Spring/Summer 2008 2 Chanderi: The Built Heritage, Ishwar Dass and Meera I Dass. Journal of the Development and Research Organisation for Nature, Arts and Heritage, Vol.V, Issue 1, Spring/Summer 2008 1-4

City Development Plan of Various Urban Local Bodies of Madhya Pradesh A STUDY ON HERITAGE AND TOURISM, CHANDERI 1.5.2 Natural Heritage 13. Physiographic and the natural surroundings of Chanderi are part of the natural heritage of the Chanderi. The town is surrounded by low hills with the inner town settlement (Andar Shaher) planned on the western slope of Chander Giri that later spilled over into the areas to the South-West and the North and in recent times beyond it on comparatively flat land on the road to Pichhore. The hills surrounding Chanderi were covered with dense forests and foliage which has been reduced to mere scrubland in the recent past. Along with the forests and the hills, the water bodies; both natural and artificially created also form an intrinsic part of the natural heritage. 14. Talaabs have been important reservoirs of water since time immemorial. The town is divided into two hydrological systems with Nayapura talaab popularly known as Khassiyon-ki-tallaya situated within Bahar Shehar acting as the water divide. It is a perennial talaab. It has been established that there were at least four reservoirs percolating into each other as part of the Northern hydrological system. The surface run off from Ander Shehar flowed alongside Delhi Darwaza to Parmeshwar talaab and was channelized downstream of Shahzadi ka roza into these reservoirs. These also acted as recharge areas which ensured that baodies such as Battisi Baodi, Qazion ki Baodi, the Panchmahal Baodi and Jalahar Baodi had water even during the summer months. The southern hydrological system originates mainly from Chander Giri and Karla Pahar. Kirti Sagar, an ancient talaab built in the 12th century, is at the head of a highly complex drainage system. The valley floor was dug out into a series of terraces and further dammed to give the appearance of talaabs. The trinity of tanks, the Dhubiya Talaab, Pann Baodi and the Lal Baodi are constructed in the above mentioned manner between Karla Pahar and Moriya Pahar. Sultani Talaab lies further downstream. 1.5.3 Traditional and Living Heritage 15. The living or intangible heritage of Chanderi is manifested in the form of handlooms and other handicrafts. The Bundelkhand region is rich in performing arts like folk dances, folk music and theatre (storytelling). This gets reflected in the culture of Chanderi as well. 16. The history of handlooms goes back to the rule of the Bundela Rajputs who patronized and encouraged the weaving of textile fabrics in Chanderi. During this time, the craft was restricted to the Momins/Ansaris who were engaged in the weaving of the fabric. The handloom industry in Chanderi declined in the latter half of the 19th century and early decade of the 20th century. In 1926, the Economic and Industrial Survey Commission of the Gwalior Government, introduced sericulture near Chanderi and set up local industries for manufacturing gold and silver threads. This development encouraged the shift to silk in the 1930s and for about three decades Chanderi specialized in silk sarees and dupatta. The textile weaving industry suffered heavily immediately after the merger of Gwalior state into the union of India in 1948 as Chanderi lost the importance it enjoyed in the smaller entity of Gwalior state. Revival of the industry took place with the strengthening and active participation of Cooperatives, M.P textile Cooperation and M.P Laghu Udyog Nigam in the 1970s and 1980s. The industry is said to have received a setback post-liberalization as the subsidies were reduced. Several weavers took up agricultural labour and masonry work while others migrated to Kota in Rajasthan during this time. The situation has been improving since 2004 with the participation of Bunkar Vikas Sanstha under the guidance of United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO).Initially it had 60 Self Help Groups (SHG) which were graded and seven were selected on the basis of their excellence. Six more SHGs were subsequently added. The involvement of NGOs and such societies 1-5

City Development Plan of Various Urban Local Bodies of Madhya Pradesh A STUDY ON HERITAGE AND TOURISM, CHANDERI has also resulted in obtaining a Certificate of Registration of Geographic indication for Chanderi sarees under section 16(1) of the Geographical Indication of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act 1999.However handloom sarees produced in other places like Waraseoni and Sounsar are also being marketed as Chanderi sarees. 17. Surveys carried out by INTACH in 2007 revealed that weavers as individuals are attached to some master weaver or trader and depend on him for loans, advances and raw material such that the cost of which is adjusted when the finished product is delivered to the master weaver or trader. The study estimated around 56 master weavers and traders. As discussed in the earlier paragraph, SHGs of weavers have been formed with the help of Bunkar Vikas Sanstha. It was concluded in the study that there was need for a comprehensive study to determine the linkages, deficiencies and to evolve strategies to rectify the same. 1-6

City Development Plan of Various Urban Local Bodies of Madhya Pradesh A STUDY ON HERITAGE AND TOURISM, CHANDERI Figure 1-1: Protected and other Important Monuments 1-7

City Development Plan of Various Urban Local Bodies of Madhya Pradesh A STUDY ON HERITAGE AND TOURISM, CHANDERI Monument Chanderi Fort / Kirti Durg Battisi Baodi Katighati Koshak Mahal Jama Masjid Badal Mahal Gateway Shahzadi ka Roza Mazar Khandan-e- Hazrat Nizamuddin Bada Madarsa Table 1-3: Protected Monuments (ASI) Description The fort dates back to the 11 th century and was built by Pratihara king Kirtipal. It is situated at a height of 230 feet on Chander giri hills. Johar smarak which was built as attribute to the rajput women who gave up their lives as satis during a war in 1528 and Khooni Darwaza are the important remnants of the fort. Khooni darwaza, a 15 m wide gate is hollow on either side of its 3.5m corbelled central opening. The corbelling is typical of Chanderi and used in combination with Ogee arches (Picture 1-3). The Baodi was built in 1485 A.D under the rule of Malwa sultan GyasShah Khilji. It has 32 ghats and same level of water in all the ghats lends its unique character. Katighati refers to a gate which was carved out of a massive rock of height 30 feet, length 192 feet and breadth 39 feet. Such a massive gate being carved out of a chisel and hammer lends the gate its unique identity. Historians believe that the Koshak Mahal was ordered to be built by Mahmud Khilji of Malwa when he passed through Chanderi in 1445 AD. The original plan of the Khilji ruler was to build a seven-storey palace though only two could be completed during his life time. The Mahal is divided into four equal parts and has architecture resembling that of Mandu (Picture 1-4). Jama Masjid is one of the oldest structures of Bundelkhand built to service the large Muslim population of Chanderi. It is located just outside Ander Shehar. Constructed in a unique style, stone slabs are interlocked to hold the brick outside finished with Lapis Lazuli glazed terracotta tiles. The intricate, ornamental and graceful serpentine brackets supporting the bold chhajja above the elegant ogee arches are distinct about Jama Masjid. They form the most exclusive feature of the early architecture of Chanderi (Picture 1-5). Exclusive to Chanderi, the Badal Mahal gateway is double arched with circular and tapering slender bastions on the two sides rising to a height of about 50 feet with a width of 25 feet. The opening between the tapering slender bastions is spanned by two ogee arches, one over the other with an intervening section filled in with filigree style jail and carving together forming a composition of unparalleled beauty. This gate was probably constructed during the reign of Sultan Mamood Shah Khalji in 1450 and faces the Jama Masjid. They may have been gates to Mahals of Governors (Picture 1-6). Shahzadi ka roza is situated outside the town in an abandoned and desolate place. It is a square building originally covered by a single dome that has now fallen. Masiive chhajjas rest on massive serpentine graceful brackets at two levels. Carved freize bears traces of glazed tiling. Parapet has beautifully designed merlons. The dome in the centre was flanked on either corner by a square chhatri. The dome has now fallen down as also the three chhatries. The characteristic features of this tomb are the serpentine brackets used on the exterior in double series on all sides, ogee of the ornamental arches, large scale use of pendentives and stone work in the interior, chhatries on the superstructure and glazed tiling on the frieze. It appears to be built later than the Jama Masjid around 1470 A.D. (Picture 1-7). The graveyard is believed to be built in the 15 th century. There are several graves of saints within the enclosure constructed in exquisitely carved dark sandstone. The jaali work along with the symbolic motifs on the gravestone is believed to be exceptional. Chanderi appears for the first time in the inscriptions. This is a graveyard built in the 15 th century. The jaali work and the carvings are exceptional beauty. 1-8

City Development Plan of Various Urban Local Bodies of Madhya Pradesh A STUDY ON HERITAGE AND TOURISM, CHANDERI Picture 1-3: Chanderi Fort Picture 1-4: Koshak Mahal Picture 1-5: Jama Masjid Picture 1-6: Badal Mahal Picture 1-7: Shahzadi ka Roza Picture 1-8: Lal Baodi 1.5.4 Existing Situation 18. The gradual shift from a traditional system to the present day town characteristics is assessed. The yesteryears of glory and wealth coupled with civic life seen through indicators such as residential areas, road network and public places are presented in Table 1-4. 1-9

City Development Plan of Various Urban Local Bodies of Madhya Pradesh A STUDY ON HERITAGE AND TOURISM, CHANDERI Table 1-4: Existing Situation Assessment- Chanderi Aspects Traditional System Present Status Palaces and havelis with two or more internal courtyards characterized the residential sectors. Houses of middle-class people were two-storied building with one or two inner courtyards. Labour class people such as artisans, potters, etc. had either semi-pucca or katchha structure. Two types of clustering patterns are seen in Chanderi as Street cluster and Space cluster. Most striking features in the buildings are the Nine monuments including palaces, talabs, and religious places are protected by ASI. The office of the Forest Department is situated in Kankuruti Taksal (mint building) where coins were minted during 14 th to 19 th century. Purana Tehsil building in Katra Bazar is being used as a school building. Almost all monuments are kept open for the public and tourists. However the Chhatris, Residential courtyards and terraces. Talaabs, Fort Wall are in dilapidated condition Areas Each of the mohallas comprised of common The middle-class houses inside the fort wall facilities like drinking water- well (step-well in have been renovated without much structural many places), workshop area, chabutara, worship places, religious practices deities and festivals, used to symbolize a strong community feeling. changes to the old building. The courtyards are now used for different purpose parking, storage, utilities, etc. Stepwell are mostly owned and operated by religious institutions and are used by locals. Chabutara are still existing and used for community gathering and local performances Lack of awareness on heritage and Road Network Public Places Stone paved roads within the inner city. Approaches to Parameswar Talaab were also stone paved. On the main streets, strict control was exercised on the street facade, along which shops and arcades were located. Pilgrimage and stepped embankments near Laxman Mandir, Dhobiya Talaab, Lal Baodi (Picture 1-8), Hauz Khas, Kukku Thalaiya. Platform for various religious ceremonies. Large and small pockets of open spaces within each mohalla for informal gathering. Temples and monuments were also used for the public gathering. 1.5.5 Conservation of Heritage Properties conservation. Roads in front of Circuit House, the major market centre, is encroached by the street hawkers, extension of shops, etc creating problems like insufficient parking space, drainage, etc. Increased vehicular ownership within the city area and the influx of tourist vehicles has led to chaos in the core city area. Infrastructure facilities like drainage, road, etc insufficient in core city wards. The drain aside the approach road leading to Parameswari Talaab is polluting and deteriorates the aesthetic value of the place. Talaabs and surrounding grounds are still places of major religious ceremonies (for Dussehra, Mohrahm Tazia in Dhobia Talaab area and Jogeswari Devi Mela in Mela ground near Hauz Khaz) and public gathering. Parameswari Talab is used also as ghat by locals. Other talabs are also used as fishing ground by the traditional fisher community. Chabutra (platform) are used in various mohallas for public gathering and recreation activities. 19. A few heritage properties are protected and renovated under ASI. However, there are still a large number of monuments which remain unattended. There are instances in which the monuments are situated within private properties and without any sort of connectivity (Picture 1-9). The fort wall around the inner city is encroached in many places and unauthorized construction of homesteads and shops are seen. One monument of the 14th century Kotri 84 which lies near Fatehabad is now in an almost ruined condition (Picture 1-10). The monument was believed to be a large building with 84 rooms and in the due course of time; the local residents have taken out the stones from these monuments for their own construction purposes. 1-10

City Development Plan of Various Urban Local Bodies of Madhya Pradesh A STUDY ON HERITAGE AND TOURISM, CHANDERI Picture 1-9: A monument without connectivity and lies within private property Picture 1-10: Kotri-84 at Fatehabad: Almost Ruined 20. The havelis in Chanderi are in use without any major renovation so far. These structures are mostly two-storied and characterized with stone walls and roofs with open balconies (Picture 1-11). The local residents have discovered many ancient inscriptions while renovating these havelis and are preserved by them (Picture 1-12). Several of these buildings are in dilapidated state and require reconstruction. Such buildings are a potential safety hazard to the people. Picture 1-11: A two-storied haveli at the inner city Picture 1-12: A local resident holding an ancient inscription obtained while renovating their residence 21. The reuse of some monuments is in practice at Chanderi. The present office of the Forest Department is situated in Kankuruti Taksal (mint building) where coins were minted during 14th to 19th century (Picture 1-13). The Purana Tehsil building is used as a school within the Ander Shehar area (Picture 1-14). 1-11

City Development Plan of Various Urban Local Bodies of Madhya Pradesh A STUDY ON HERITAGE AND TOURISM, CHANDERI Picture 1-13: Kankuruti Taksal (Mint Building): presently office of the Forest Department Picture 1-14: Purana Tehsil in Katra Bazar: presently used by a school 22. The Fort-wall which was constructed during the 15th century around the inner city area is encroached at many places (Picture 1-15). Discussion with key resource persons reveal that about 240 households have encroached and constructed houses or shops. The Delhi Darwaza, Pakhan Darwaza (Picture 1-16), Kidki Darwaza, Dholiya Darwaza are all associated with this fort wall. Picture 1-15: Ruined Fort Wall around the inner city area Picture 1-16: Pakhan Darwaja and the Fort Wall 1.6 TOURISM 23. Tourism in Chanderi is at a nascent stage. The tourism potential is yet to be tapped completely by the Government. The number of tourists visiting Chanderi is rather miniscule considering the potential of the place. The town is more popular with tourists who visit the town for a day with around 500 day tourists coming to Chanderi from nearby places like Jhansi, Gwalior, Laitpur etc while 1000 school children visit the town annually. 3 It is estimated that around 200 domestic tourists and 15,000 Jain pilgrims visit Chanderi every year. 24. The average monthly inflow of tourists to Chanderi is estimated from the available data for 2005-2009. The data is obtained from Chanderi Museum run by ASI and is based on the tickets sold at 3 Chanderi Ecocity development Plan 2007-08; INTACH 1-12

City Development Plan of Various Urban Local Bodies of Madhya Pradesh A STUDY ON HERITAGE AND TOURISM, CHANDERI the Museum counter. The actual number of tourists visiting Chanderi is much more than these figures. The Chanderi Museum was earlier functioning at the Singhpura Mahal which was shifted to its new building situated at Mungaoli road. The Museum had not been opened for public during its renovation and shifting during 2007 June to 2008 September. The monthly average inflow of tourists during the period from 2005 to 2009 is estimated to be about 2000, in which the percentage of foreign tourists is 2 percent (Table 1-5). Estimates for annual projected tourist inflow have been given in Appendix 9.1. 25. The inflow of domestic tourists is observed to be higher during the month of January to March and the lean season for domestic tourist is November and December (Figure 1-2). At the same time, the peak season for foreign tourists is during the month of May and lean season is June to August (Figure 1-3). Number of Domestic Tourists 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 January Domestic Tourist Inflow February March April May June July August September October November December Number of Foreign Tourists 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 January February Foreign Tourist Inflow March April May June July August September October November December Figure 1-2: Average Monthly Inflow of Domestic Tourists in Chanderi (2005-09) Figure 1-3: Average Monthly Inflow of Foreign Tourists in Chanderi (2005-09) Months Table 1-5: Average Monthly Tourist inflow in Chanderi during 2005-2009 Domestic Tourist Inflow Foreign Tourist Inflow Total Tourist Inflow Percentage of Domestic Tourist to Total Percentage of Foreign Tourists to Total January 4301 22 4323 99.49 0.51 February 2105 40 2145 98.14 1.86 March 2218 20 2238 99.11 0.89 April 1587 37 1624 97.72 2.28 May 1187 89 1276 93.03 6.97 June 2049 12 2061 99.42 0.58 July 2022 9 2031 99.56 0.44 August 2011 1 2012 99.95 0.05 September 1912 46 1958 97.65 2.35 October 1524 39 1563 97.50 2.50 November 894 16 910 98.24 1.76 December 1053 13 1066 98.78 1.22 TOTAL 22863 344 23207 --- --- Source: Museum, Archaeological Survey of India, Chanderi. 2009 1.6.1 Tourist Infrastructure 1.6.1.1 Accommodation 26. The lodging facilities for domestic and foreign tourists visiting Chanderi is limited. There are about 5 Dharmashalas, 2 government guest houses and 6 major hotel accommodation facilities in Chanderi and Tana Bana Hotel owned by the MPSTDC also gives comfortable lodging facilities to 1-13

City Development Plan of Various Urban Local Bodies of Madhya Pradesh A STUDY ON HERITAGE AND TOURISM, CHANDERI domestic as well as international tourists (Picture 1-17 and Picture 1-18). The details of hotels/dharmasalas and the respective rates of rent per night are mentioned in Table 1-6. Table 1-6 Details of Accommodation Facilities in Chanderi Place of Accommodation No. of Beds Room Rents (Rs./Night) Dharmashalas/ Yatri Niwas (5) 78 Less than 150 Tana Bana 10 600-1000 Amrai Resort 4 500-800 Shiv Lok, Pichore Road 10 Sada Bahar 6 50-200 Ashoka Garden 6 150-250 Dak Bungalow 4 Kila Koti (Circuit House) 4 --- Hotel Sreekunj 28 550-950 Source: Consultations during Reconnaissance visit, 2009 Picture 1-17: Government owned accommodation facilities for tourists Picture 1-18: Private owned accommodation facility in Chanderi 1.6.1.2 Roads 27. The approach roads to various architectural monuments are either absent or are dilapidated. A discussion with the ASI In-Charge at Chanderi has revealed that some major monument sites like Battisi Baodi, Shahazadi-Ka-Roza, Chakla Baodi and Ramnagar Mahal do not have proper connectivity (Picture 1-19). For many other monuments and heritage sites, there are roads paved with sandstones. The roads leading to Cenotaphs situated near and on the way to Parmeshwar Talaab are stone paved and having a width of 3 metre (Picture 1-20). The approach way from the Delhi Darwaza to the Cenotaphs along the open drain is a narrow strip of 2 meter wide walkway that is used for two-wheeler movement also. 1-14

City Development Plan of Various Urban Local Bodies of Madhya Pradesh A STUDY ON HERITAGE AND TOURISM, CHANDERI Picture 1-19: Earthen road in front of Shahazadi-ka- Roza, an ASI Protected Monument Picture 1-20: Stone paved road leading to Parmeshwar Talaab and Chhatries 1.6.1.3 Transport and Guide 28. The nearest rail connectivity to Chanderi is Lalitpur which is at distance of 37 km. Jhansi is another major city with important rail and road junction located at a distance of 90 km. Tourists mostly comes via Jhansi. In spite of the availability of tourist vehicles in Chanderi, many of the tourist places are usually approached by foot due to the poor approach roads. There is an authorized tourist-guide who is also a resident of Chanderi. 1.7 TOURIST INFRASTRUCTURE GAP 1.7.1 Basic Infrastructure Facilities for Tourists 29. The provision of basic infrastructure services like water, sanitation facilities (sewerage and toilet), drainage and solid waste management (SWM) should be made available at heritage sites for the tourists. These services have been included as on site infrastructure development for select heritage sites. The existing situation and future demand of on and off site infrastructure services also have been assessed. A gap analysis of these services has been carried out considering the projected tourist population in Chanderi for the years 2015, 2025 and 2035 (Table 1-7). Table 1-7: On and Off-site Infrastructure Facilities for Tourists: Gap Analysis Location Facilities Unit Year 2010-2015 2015-2025 2025-2035 Drinking water points Number 20 9 0 Public toilets (2WC+2U) Number 20 9 0 On-site Storm water drainage Rmt 2000 1000 0 Solid waste management Number 20 9 0 Pathways Square Meter 4000 2000 0 Street lighting Number 40 20 0 Drinking water points Number 10 42 71 Off-site Public toilets (2WC+2U) Number 2 6 9 Solid waste management Number 15 47 76 Source: LASA Estimates, 2010 1.7.2 Hotel and Accommodation 30. The present status of accommodation facilities and the future requirements have been estimated for the projected tourist population. Considering the present tourist inflow in Chanderi, the 1-15

City Development Plan of Various Urban Local Bodies of Madhya Pradesh A STUDY ON HERITAGE AND TOURISM, CHANDERI existing number of beds available in various accommodation places is sufficient to meet the current requirements. However, Chanderi would require a total number of 7201 beds by 2035 as per the estimated tourist inflow. The area required to accommodate the additional bed has been worked out to be 3ha in 2015 and 14 ha in 2035 (Table 1-8). Table 1-8: Tourist Inflow and Accommodation Facilities (Bed Requirement) in Chanderi: Gap Analysis Category / Year 2009 2015 2025 2035 Annual tourist inflow Domestic 15856 96778 254226 400126 Foreign 180 986 2500 3934 Average monthly tourist inflow Domestic 1321 8065 21186 33344 Foreign 15 82 208 328 Bed requirement during peak month* Domestic 3023 18450 48466 76281 Foreign 38 208 528 831 Monthly bed requirement based on number of night-stay** Domestic 9069 55350 145399 228843 Foreign 152 833 2111 3322 Daily bed requirement Domestic 293 1785 4690 7382 Foreign 5 30 75 119 Total bed requirement 298 1815 4766 7501 Existing number of beds 300 300 300 300 Additional bed requirement -2 1515 4466 7201 Area Requirement for additional beds (ha) 0 3 9 14 *Domestic tourist inflow is observed to be highest during January and foreign tourist inflow is highest during February. **Average night stay is assumed to be 3 nights for domestic tourists and 4 nights for foreign tourists. The estimate is based on peak month demand. Source: LASA Estimates, 2010 (based on data collected during Reconnaissance Visit, 2009 and Annual Final Report: Collection of Domestic Tourism Statistics for the State of Madhya Pradesh, Department of Tourism, Government of India, 2006). 31. The bed requirement under various categories of accommodation also has been estimated. The estimates are based on the distribution pattern of tourists staying in various types of accommodation units. As per the estimates, an additional number of 1383 beds required under unstarred hotel category in 2015 and the requirement will be about 6575 in 2035 considering the nightstaying tourists Table 1-9. Table 1-9: Bed Requirement and Type of Accommodation in Chanderi Year Category 2009 2015 2025 2035 Additional Bed Requirement Type of Accommodation % Distribution* -2 1515 4466 7201 Starred Hotel 7.9 0 120 353 569 Un Starred Hotel 91.3-2 1383 4077 6575 Heritage 0 0 0 0 0 Guest House/Rest House/Tourist Bungalow 0.1 0 2 4 7 Youth Hostels/YMCA etc 0.7 0 11 31 50 * Annual Final Report: Collection of Domestic Tourism Statistics for the State of Madhya Pradesh, Department of Tourism, Government of India, 2006 Source: LASA Estimates, 2010 1.8 HERITAGE AND TOURISM RELATED ISSUES 32. The major issues with respect to heritage and conservation include excessive commercialization, insufficient infrastructure facilities especially lack of approach roads to many 1-16

City Development Plan of Various Urban Local Bodies of Madhya Pradesh A STUDY ON HERITAGE AND TOURISM, CHANDERI heritage properties and sites, encroachment on streets by hawkers and vehicles, inadequate parking facility and lack of awareness. 33. There are important urban heritage precincts, heritage areas and properties, and traditional and living heritage practices which are critical to economic, urban image and social development of Chanderi. The process is to be set in view of developing a system for care of heritage assets and bring out economic regeneration in the town around heritage resources. 1.8.1 Need for preservation and protection of heritage sites 34. Many of the heritage sites and properties are gradually degenerated due to lack of reuse, inadequate maintenance and inappropriate development framework for integrating them into urban economy of the town. There is a critical need to protect these monuments of heritage importance through state department or any private agency. The lack of appropriate legislation with respect to conservation and preservation of un-protected monuments sites poses severe problems in Chanderi. The encroachment of heritage sites and structures by public ultimately destroys the historic wealth of the region and the nation. 35. Talaabs of historic importance are also in a decaying condition. These large water bodies give ample space for community life, however due to lack of care; these culturally centric places are gradually vanishing. Some talaabs are fishing grounds which provides livelihood to few fisher households. The vast potential of developing these talaabs for water based tourism is untapped. 36. The reuse of many monuments is possible yet not utilized to their maximum extent. The development of some structures into heritage hotels would possibly counterbalance the lack of accommodation facilities for high-end tourists, at the same time provides an economic opportunity for the tourism sector. 1.8.2 Lack of proper connectivity to heritage sites 37. The approach roads to some of the major heritage sites are either in dilapidated condition or even do not exist. Appropriate connectivity is a basic necessity with respect to the maintenance and also with respect to tourist visibility of a heritage structure. Consultation with tourists and key resource persons has also revealed that there were many cases of snake-bites happened to tourists. 38. The inter city connectivity by road is in an archaic state in Chanderi. The lack of advanced connectivity and mode of travel could enhance the potentials of tourist based economic activities. These infrastructure necessities are lacking in the heritage based tourism sector of Chanderi. 1.8.3 Banking infrastructure 39. Chanderi is a town without any Automated Teller Machine (ATM) facility and exchange of foreign currency. Though Chanderi has many banking institutions including branch-offices of some major public sector and private sector banks. 1.8.4 Lack of appropriate tourist promotion strategies 40. The analysis of tourist inflow shows that the percentage of foreign tourists visiting the place is less than 2 percent. This is mainly because of the lack of quality accommodation facilities, lack appropriate food suiting to the visitor, lack of infrastructure facilities like road and transport and also the lack of maintenance of heritage sites. The awareness campaigns in view of promoting Chanderi based 1-17

City Development Plan of Various Urban Local Bodies of Madhya Pradesh A STUDY ON HERITAGE AND TOURISM, CHANDERI tourism is yet to be revamped. There is acute shortage of trained tourist guides and at present there is only one authorized guide functioning at the local level. 41. Signboards and indication boards regarding various heritage monuments and places are lacking in Chanderi. The lack of these basic facilities has downward effect on the future tourism growth. 1.9 SWOT ANALYSIS 42. Heritage is one of the most important strengths for economic development of Chanderi. It has given the town its identity. However, the negligence of maintenance of heritage structures is evident from the present condition in the town. It is important that heritage in all its forms (natural, cultural, architectural) are recognized, protected and given a new lease of life. These can then lead to economic development in the town. Table 1-10 presents the SWOT assessment for heritage in Chanderi. Table 1-10: SWOT for Heritage and Tourism Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats Rich urban, General Development Improving the Permanent collapse and architectural, Control Regulations on Heritage monuments final loss of valuable natural, and heritage is not being can strengthen the cultural treasures due to living heritage properly followed and as a image, economy, and poor upkeep, especially monuments of result few buildings or areas quality of life of in budhi Chanderi. architectural are not covered under these Chanderi. value. guidelines. Muslin Industries No proper water and sewerage system. Insufficient power supply for the industry. Importing raw material from China. Raw material supply for hand-woven saris may improve the output of the industry. Imparting marketing strategies to local weavers may cause local weavers to gain additional profits for their work. Shortage of raw materials may cause weavers to migrate to other activities thus resulting in the loss of a very important cultural heritage. 1.10 STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN FOR HERITAGE, CONSERVATION, AND TOURISM 43. The strategies are in accordance with the conclusions drawn in the infrastructure analysis report and as per the suggestions of the citizens, elected representatives and other stakeholders involved in the preparation of City Development Plan (Table 1-11). Table 1-11: Strategy and Action Plan for Heritage Conservation and Tourism Issues Strategy Action Plan Need for preservation and protection of heritage sites. Lack of proper connectivity to heritage sites. Infrastructure for banking facilities that is necessary for the tourists. Lack of appropriate tourist promotion strategies. Improve coordination with the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), the state archaeology department, the tourism department and the forest department for maintenance of monuments. Explore private sector participation for maintenance of all monuments and tourism promotion Provision of infrastructure within all heritage precincts. Restoration of Fort Wall. Restoration and Conservation of heritage buildings. Adaptive reuse of havelis and abandoned heritage properties. Continuous monitoring of heritage areas and updation of information such as structural stability. Usage of heritage areas and precincts to be assessed for demand and feasibility on a regular basis. Continuous up-gradation of basic services especially water, sanitation, solid waste and 1-18

City Development Plan of Various Urban Local Bodies of Madhya Pradesh A STUDY ON HERITAGE AND TOURISM, CHANDERI Issues Strategy Action Plan drainage. Density regulations within the walled town. Develop Heritage & Tourism corridor. Environmental improvement of water bodies of the town. Develop adequate infrastructure for tourists such as hotels and resting facilities. Update action plans for tourism promotion and include activities such as development of sound and light show, heritage walk, development of water bodies, avenue and ornamental plantation, tourist bus services, and construction of gateways. 1-19

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1. pansjh ds /kjksgj vksj i;zvu dk,d v/;;u 1.1 ifjp; 1.,sfrgkfld egro dk 'kgj pansjh cqunsy[k.m {ks= esa ekyok ds ibkjksa ds fdukjs clk gsa pansjh dh igkm+huqek HkwHkkSfrdh esa oklrq dyk vksj /kjksgjksa ds vusd mnkgj.k gsaa ;g v/;;u pansjh ds /kjksgj vksj i;zvu ds egro dh ppkz djrk gsa bl v/;;u dks nl [k.mksa esa ck Vk x;k gsa ifjp; [k.m ds i'pkr nwljs [k.m esa,sfrgkfld /kjksgjksa dh tkudkfj;ksa dks izkir djus ds lzksrksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nh x;h gsa rhljs [k.m esa,sfrgkfld /kjksgjksa dks lajf{kr djus ds laca/k esa ykxw gksus okys dkuwuksa vksj fn'kk funzs'kksa dh ppkz dh x;h gsa [k.m pkj pansjh ds oklrq dyk vksj lkald`frd /kjksgj ds egro dh ppkz djrk gs vksj [k.m ik p 'kgj ds oklrq dyk vksj lkald`frd /kjksgjksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nsrk gsa [k.m N% esasa /kjksgjksa ls tqm+h lajpukvksa dh orzeku flfkfr ds ckjs esa ppkz dh x;h gsa [k.m lkr i;zvu vksj lec) olrqvksa dh ppkz djrk gsa vkbosa [k.m esa /kjksgj,oa i;zvu ls lacaf/kr eqn~nksa dks izlrqr fd;k x;k gsa [k.m uks SWOT fo'ys"k.k dk o.kzu djrk gsa [k.m nl /kjksgj,oa i;zvu dh dk;z uhfr vksj dk;z ;kstuk ds lkfk v/;;u dks iw.kz djrk gsa 1.2 lwpuk ds lzksr vksj izeq[k fgrhkkfx;ksa ls fopkj&foe'kz 2. 'kgj ds oklrq dyk vksj lkald`frd /kjksgj laca/kh tkudkfj;kwa izkfkfed vksj f}rh;d nksuksa gh lzksrksa ds ek/;e ls bdb~bh dh x;h gsaa pansjh ds /kjksgjksa ds egro dks ns[krs gq;s vusd Lrjksa ij fopkj&foe'kz fd;k x;ka pansjh ds /kuh /kjksgj ij le> cukus ds fy;s cgqr ls lacaf/kr O;fDr;ksa ls ppkz dh x;ha lkj.kh 1-1 esa pansjh dh,sfrgkfld /kjksgjksa o i;vzu ds orzeku flfkfr dks le>us ds fy;s ftu lwpuk lzksrksa dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gs] mudh tkudkjh nh x;h gsa lkj.kh 1-1% lwpuk ds lzksr vksj {ks= Hkze.k vk/kkfjr lozs{k.k v/;;u ds f}rh;d fmldofjax pansjh vkwu QqV% v xkbm+a INTACH jhtuy psivj Hkksiky e/; izns'k] 2008A lzksr pansjh % bfrgkl vksj fojklr] eqt Qj vgen valkjh] pansjh 2005A pansjh% n fcyv gsjhvst] bz'oj nkl vksj ehjk nkl] tuzy vkwq n MsoysiesUV,.M fjlpz vkxzukbts'ku QkWj uspj] vkvz~l,.m gsfjvst] o"kz 5 vad 1] clar@xzh"e 2008A?kjsyw i;zvdksa ds vk dm+ksa dk laxzg.k] i;zvu fohkkx] e/; izns'k ljdkj] 2006A {ks= Hkze.k 14 ls 16 vdvwcj 2009 ds nksjku pansjh dk {ks=h; Hkze.kA 10 uoecj 2009 dks {ks= Hkze.k rfkk fgrhkkfx;ksa ds lkfk dk;z'kkyka pansjh dh fojklrksa dks igpkuus vksj mudk ewy;kadu djus ds mn~ns'; ls 28 ls 30 uoecj 2009 ds nksjku {ks= Hkze.kA izeq[k fgrhkkfx;ksa ls Jh ujsunz ikbd] eq[; uxjikfydk vf/kdkjh pansjha ppkz Jh mes'k iqjksfgr] lkekftd dk;zdrkz] pansjha Jh eqt Qj vgen valkjh] xkbm+] pansjha Jh eqnllj vyh] izhkkjh Hkkjrh; iqjkrro lozs{k.k fohkkx] pansjha izca/kd] rkuk ckuk gksvy] MPSTDC] pansjha 1-1

e/; izns'k ds fofhkuu LFkkuh; 'kgjh fudk;ksa dh 'kgj fodkl ;kstuk pansjh ds /kjksgj vksj i;zvu dk,d v/;;u 1.3 /kjksgjksa ds laj{k.k laca/kh dkuwuh izko/kku 1.3.1 izkphu Lekjd,oa iqjkrkfrod LFky vksj vo'ks"k vf/kfu;e] 1958 3. ;g vf/kfu;e jk"vªh; egro ds izkphu vksj,sfrgkfld Lekjdksa,oa iqjkrkfrod LFky vksj vo'ks"kksa ds laj{k.k ds fy;s dkuwuh vk/kkj iznku djrk gsa ;g vf/kfu;e iqjkrroksa dh [kqnkbz ds fu;a=.k,oa ewfrz;ksa] uddkf'k;ksa rfkk bl tslh vu; olrqvksa ds iqjkrroksa dh [kqnkbz ds laj{k.k ds fy;s Hkh gsa ;g vf/kfu;e mu izkphu vksj,sfrgkfld Lekjdksa,oa iqjkrro LFkyksa vksj vo'ks"kksa ds fy;s Hkh izklafxd gs ftugsa izkphu vksj,sfrgkfld Lekjdksa,oa iqjkrkfrod LFky vksj vo'ks"kksa ¼jk"Vªh; egro dh?kks"k.kk½ vf/kfu;e 1951] ;k jkt; iquxzbu vf/kfu;e 1956 dh /kkjk 126 ds vurxzr j[kk x;k gsa ;g vf/kfu;e dsunz ljdkj dks ;g vf/kdkj Hkh nsrk gs og fdlh LFky dks tks jk"vªh; egro dk ga fdurq /kkjk 3 esa 'kkfey ugha gsa] mugsa izkphu vksj,sfrgkfld Lekjd,oa iqjkrro LFkyksa vksj vo'ks"kksa ds LFky ds :i esa?kksf"kr dj ldrh gsa 4. ;g vf/kfu;e fdlh lajf{kr Lekjd ds vf/kdkjksa dk vf/kxzg.k djus] lgefr ds vk/kkj ij jf{kr Lekjdksa dk laj{k.k] jf{kr {ks=ksa esa leifrr;ksa ds ekfydkuk gd ij izfrca/k] iqjkrkfrod [kqnkbz vksj iqjkrroksa ds laj{k.k djus vksj izos'k ;k [kqnkbz ds nksjku gksus okyh {kfr ds fy;s lajf{kr Hkwfe ds ekfyd ;k /kkjd dks i;kzir eqvkots dk izko/kku Hkh djrk gsa 1.3.2 e/; izns'k izkphu Lekjd,oa iqjkrkfrod LFky vksj vo'ks"k vf/kfu;e] 1964 vksj bldk la'kks/ku 1970 5. ;g vf/kfu;e e/; izns'k esa dqn izkphu vksj,sfrgkfld Lekjdksa,oa iqjkrkfrod LFky vksj vo'ks"kksa ds laj{k.k rfkk iqjkrro LFkyks dh [kqnkbz ds fu;a=.k ds fy;s gsa ;g vf/kfu;e jkt; ljdkj dks ;g vf/kdkj nsrk gs og fdlh izkphu Lekjd dks jkt; ds }kjk lajf{kr Lekjd ;k iqjkrro LFkyksa vksj vo'ks"kksa ds LFky dks jkt; }kjk lajf{kr {ks= ds :i esa?kksf"kr dj ldsa ;g vf/kfu;e lajf{kr Lekjdksa ds j[k&j[kko mudh lqfo/kkvksa dh j{kk rfkk lajf{kr {ks= esa fdlh izdkj ds fuekz.k ij izfrcu/k yxkus dk vf/kdkj Hkh nsrk gsa 6. ;g vf/kfu;e] ;fn fdlh Lekjd dks uqdlku gks jgk gks ;k mldk nq:i;ksx fd;k tk jgk gks rks jkt; dks Hkw vf/kxzg.k vf/kfu;e 1894 ¼1894 dk 1½ dh /kkjk 12 ds vurxzr Hkwfe ds vf/kxzg.k ds vuq:i lajf{kr Hkouksa ds vfuok;z vf/kxzg.k dk vf/kdkj nsrk gsa bl vf/kfu;e esa 1970 esa la'kks/ku djds /kkjk 2 esa la'kks/ku fd;k x;k gs] tks izkphu Hkouksa ds vfkz ls lacaf/kr gs] rfkk u;s [k.mksa dks tksm+k x;k gs] /kkjk 23, vksj 23ch tks fdlh izkphu olrq vksj glrkarj.k vksj vf/kxzg.k dh lwpuk nsus ls lacaf/kr gsa blh izdkj ds la'kks/ku [k.m 29 vksj 37 ds lanhkz esa fd;s x;s gsaa 1.4 oklrq dyk vksj lkald`frd /kjksgjksa dk egro 7. pansjh izkxsfrgkfld dky ls ysdj orzeku dky ds bfrgkl dks latks;s gq;s gsa 15oha lnh esa eqxy lyrur ds le; pansjh,d egroiw.kz x<+ vksj iz'kklfud bdkbz ds :i esa FkkA ;g 'kgj vkjehk esa nhokjksa ls f?kjs,d fdys ds :i esa FkkA blesa irfkjksa dh HkO; gosfy;ksa] eafnjksa] xqecnksa] efltnksa vksj ckofm+;ksa dk fuekz.k djk;k x;k Fkk ftls vkt Hkh ns[kk tk ldrk gsa ;s bekjrsa 'kgj ds izkphu oklrqdyk ds oshko dh xkfkk lqukrh gsaa bu bekjrksa us bl {ks= esa 'kklu djus okys cgqr ls 'kkldksa ds thou ds mrkj&p<+koksa dks ns[kk gsa pansjh dk bfrgkl ds cgqr ls ;q)ksa] [kwuh tax vksj fuokfl;ksa ds nwljs LFkkuksa ij tkus dk lk{kh gsa,sls cgqr ls nlrkost gsa tks crkrs gsa fd 15oha lnh esa pansjh dh vkcknh 50000 ds vkl&ikl Fkh tcfd 18oha lnh esa ;g?kvdj egt 2000 jg x;ha,slk blfy;s Hkh gqvk D;kasfd 1857 ds Lo=arrk laxzke ds nksjku pansjh esa cgqr lh ym+kbz;k ym+h x;haa lkj.kh 9-2 esa pansjh dk dkykuqøfed,sfrgkfld fooj.k fn;k x;k gsa 1-2

e/; izns'k ds fofhkuu LFkkuh; 'kgjh fudk;ksa dh 'kgj fodkl ;kstuk pansjh ds /kjksgj vksj i;zvu dk,d v/;;u 8. pansjh uxjikfydk ifj"kn~ us,sls 102 Hkouksa vksj bekjrksa dks fpfugr fd;k gs tks,sfrgkfld egro ds gsa tcfd dyk vksj lkald`frd /kjksgj ds fy;s Hkkjrh; jk"vªh; VªLV ¼INTACH½ us,d vyx v/;;u esa,sls 321 Hkouksa vksj bekjrksa dh igpku dh gsa buesa ls 9 Hkouksa dks e/; izns'k izkphu Lekjd,oa iqjkrkfrod LFky vksj vo'ks"k vf/kfu;e] 1958 ds vurxzr lajf{kr fd;k x;k gsa bu Hkouksa dks laj{k.k nsus dh tokcnsgh Hkkjrh; iqjkrro lozs{k.k fohkkx dh gsa bu 9 Hkouksa ds vfrfjdr 3 vu; Hkouksa pdyk ckom+h] jke uxj egy vksj Nrjh] ftugsa e/; izns'k izkphu Lekjd,oa iqjkrkfrod LFky vksj vo'ks"k vf/kfu;e] 1970 ds vurxzr lajf{kr djus ds fy;s vf/klwfpr fd;k x;k gs] dk Hkh laj{k.k fd;k tk jgk gsa vof/k 10oha ls 12oha 'krkcnh 13oha ls 15oha 'krkcnh 16oha 'krkcnh ¼iwokZ/kZ½ 16oha 'krkcnh ¼mRrjk/kZ½ 17oha ls 19oha 'krkcnh dk vkjehk 19oha 'krkcnh Lora=rk ds ckn lkj.kh 1-2% pansjh ds bfrgkl dk dky Øe ds vuqlkj o.kzu?kvuk;sa izfrgkjksa dk jkt; Xokfy;j vksj mlds vkl&ikl ds {ks=ksa rd dsfunzr Fkk ftldk izhkko pansjh esa Hkh FkkA izfrgkj jktk dhfrziky dks lefizr punzfxjh esa dhfrznqxz vksj igkfm+;ksa ds uhps dhfrzlkxj gsa bugha dks lefizr dy;k.k jk; eafnj Hkh cuk;k x;k gsa bl dky pansjh esa tsuksa dk ckgqy; Fkk ftldh iqf"v [k.mkjfxjh igkm+ksa ij mdsjh x;h tsu izfrekvksa vksj 1259 esa cuk;s x;s tsu eafnj ds }kjk gksrh gsa 1251esa x;klqn~nhu cycu us pansjh ij thr gkfly dha vykmn~nhu f[kyth us 1305 esa pansjh dks vius v/khu djds ;gk eqxy 'kklu dh LFkkiuk dha bl dky esa pansjh esa cktkj ds lkfk,d cm+s 'kgj dh LFkkiuk gq;ha blds ckn ekyok ds xouzj ds }kjk 1392 esa ;gk,d efltn dh LFkkiuk dh x;ha uhpys 'kgj ds iqjkus njokts & fnyyh xsv& dk fuekz.k 1412 esa lqyrku gks'kax 'kkg ds }kjk djok;k x;ka 1515 esa fprrksm+ ds jk.kk lkaxk us pansjh ij dctk djds bls lqyrku egewn f}rh; ds fonzksgh ea=h esfnuh jk; dks lksai fn;ka 1528 esa ckcj ds gkfkksa esfnuh jk; ijklr gqvka 1540 esa iqjfc;k jktiwr iwjuey ¼jk; lsu dk,d izeq[k lefkzd½ us pansjh ij vkøe.k fd;k vksj Qrg gkfly dha 1540 esa gh 'ksj 'kkg us jk; lsu ls pansjh okil djk fy;k fdurq iwjuey us pansjh dks iqu% gkfly dj fy;ka varr%,d ckj fqj 'ksj 'kkg us pansjh ij dctk dj fy;ka 1569 esa pansjh ij vdcj dk vf/kdkj gks x;k vksj ;g ekyok ds ljdkj dk eq[;ky; cuk fn;k x;ka blds lkfk gh pansjh dk ntkz brgkl esa Å pk gks x;ka bl dky esa pansjh esa irfkj dk,d fdyk] 14000 irfkjksa ds?kj] 384 cktkj] 360 dkjokfljsyl 12000 efltnsa FkhA ckn esa 1586 esa pansjh dks cqunsyksa us thr fy;k vksj vksjnk ds jktk e/kqdj 'kkg ds iq= jke flag dks bldk jktk cuk;k x;ka 1612 esa Hkkjr 'kkg cqansyk us jktx`g ij vkøe.k fd;k vksj xksam jke dks fudky fn;k tks nf{k.k ds eqlyeku jktkvksa dh vksj ls bl ij 'klu djrk FkkA 'kkgtgk us pansjh dh bl flfkfr dks eku;rk iznku dha lu 1811 rd pansjh cqansyksa ds gkfk esa jgha cqansy jktkvksa dh fnyyh ds eqxy lyrur ds izfr fu"bk cgqr de FkhA bl dky es pansjh esa cgqr ls iwtk vksj euksjatu ds LFkyksa dk fuekz.k fd;k x;ka fczfv'k duzy thu csifvlv fqykst ds }kjk pansjh nksyr jko flaf/k;k dk lksaih x;h ftlls pansjh flaf/k;k jkt; dk fgllk cu x;ka 1844 esa,d laf/k ds ek/;e ls pansjh vksj blds vkl&ikl ds {ks=ksa ls jktlo olwyus vksj mls lahkkyus dk dke Xokfy;j dh lsuk dks lksai fn;k x;ka 1854 esa pansjh dks >k lh ds v/khu dj fn;k x;ka 1857 ds fonzksg dk pansjh ij cgqr izhkko im+ka vaxzstksa ds }kjk fonzksg ds neu ds ckn 12 fnlecj 1860 dks flaf/k;k jktkvksa ds lkfk gqbz laf/k ds vuqlkj yfyriqj rglhy dk,d fgllk cuk fn;k x;ka 1947 esa vktknh ds ckn Xokfy;j jkt?kjkuk uoxfbr e/; Hkkjr jkt; dk fgllk cuka 1956 ls 1980 rd pansjh uxjikfydk ds :i esa jgka 1979 esa pansjh ds fy;s e/; izns'k 'kgjh vksj xzkeh.k iquokzl vf/kfu;e 1973 ds vurxzr fo'ks"k {ks= fodkl izkf/kdj.k ¼SADA½ dk xbu fd;k x;ka pansjh 'kgj eq[;r;k 'kgj vanj rd lhfer jgka gky ds o"kkzsa esa u;s fodkl ds dke] fo'ks"k dj mrrj fn'kk esa finksj jksm+ ij vksj nf{k.k esa dqn gn rd Qrsgkckn dh vksj] gq;s gsaa tslk fd pansjh fodkl ;kstuk esa lkspk x;k Fkk] 'kgj ckgj esa Hkh vc tula[;k c<+ jgh gsa 1998 esa uxjikfydk dh lhek dks c<+ dj blesa Qrsgkckn dks Hkh 'kkfey dj fy;k x;ka 1.5 pansjh ds oklrq dyk vksj lkald`frd /kjksgjksa dh igpku 9. pansjh izkd`frd] ekuo fufezr vksj tsfod ;k vn`'; /kjksgjksasa dk /kuh vksj fofo/krkiw.kz bfrgkl dk 'kgj gsa pansjh ds /kjksgj dks rhu Jsf.k;ksa esa lewgc) fd;k tk ldrk gs& oklrq dyk ls lacaf/kr /kjksgj] izkd`frd /kjksgj vksj lkald`frd@ikjeifjd@thfor /kjksgja pansjh dh oklrqdyk ls lacaf/kr /kjksgj ds nlrkostksa esa lajf{kr vksj vlajf{kr Hkouksa dks dsunz cuk;k x;k gsa lkj.kh 1-3 esa pansjh ds lajf{kr vksj xsj lajf{kr Hkouksa ds ckjs esa crk;k x;k gsa izkd`frd /kjksgjksa esa pansjh ds izkd`frd O;oLFkkiu vksj le; ds lkfk blds lalk/kuksa dh mi;ksfxrk dk o.kzu fd;k x;k gsa pansjh ds thoar /kjksgjksa dks lkm+h cquus] 1-3

e/; izns'k ds fofhkuu LFkkuh; 'kgjh fudk;ksa dh 'kgj fodkl ;kstuk pansjh ds /kjksgj vksj i;zvu dk,d v/;;u dkals ds crzu cukus] VsjkdksVk] ckal ds dke] ydm+h ds dke vksj irfkjksa ds dke ls lacaf/kr Kku vksj vh;kl ds :i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gsa 1.5.1 oklrqdyk ls lacaf/kr /kjksgj 10. pansjh ds izkphure oklrq dyk dk mnkgj.k izfrgjks ds le; esa feyrk gs ftugksaus 11oha 'krkcnh esas punzfxfj iozr ij dhfrz nqxz ds uke ls irfkjksa ds fdys dk fuekz.k fd;ka pansjh ds dqn ifjlaifrr;ksa dk fuekz.k ek.mw ds Lora= 'kkld ds 'kklu dky ¼1401&1558½ esa fd;k x;ka 1411 rd pansjh,d 'kgj ds :i esa LFkkfir gks x;k ftlesa vanj 'kgj oky+k fdyk {ks=] tks ;gk ds 'kkldks dks fnyyh ds eqxy 'kkldksa vksj ekyok ds tksuiqj lqyrkuksa ls cpkrk Fkk] lokzf/kd egro dk FkkA ckn esa 1483 esa tkek efltn dk fuekz.k vanj 'kgj ds ckgj gksus ls 'kgj ckgj esa folrkj nf{k.k dh vksj pkjfnokjh ds lkfk gksus dk jklrk [kqyka blds ckn folrkj vksj fuekz.k ds vxys pj.k esa 15oha lnh ds mrrjk/kz esa Qrsgkckn dks 'kkfey dj fy;s tkus vksj dks'kd egy ds fuekz.k ls kgj dk folrkj gqvka 11. pansjh esa cqansys 'kkldksa ds nks lnh ds 'kklu dky esa cgqr ls oshko'kkyh Hkouksa dk fuekz.k fd;k x;k ftlesa ykw dksvz ¼iqjkuh vnkyr½] jktk egy] jkuh egy] njcku dh gosyh] iz'kklfud dk;kzy; dh cm+h gosyh] gok egy vksj uks[k.mk egy izeq[k gsaa blds vfrfjdr cqansyksa ds 'kklu dky esa cgqr ls eafnjksa dk Hkh fuekz.k djk;k x;k ftlesa tksxs'ojh nsoh eafnj] gjflf) nsoh dk eafnj] ujflag eafnj] guqeku eafnj vksj y{eh eafnj 'kkfey gsaa nks esgjkc okys njokts&ckny egy& rqxyd oklrq dyk vksj fgunq eafnjksa ds rksj.k dh ;kn fnykrs gsa1 A 9-5-1-1 f'kyi dyk vksj o`gr thok'e 12. pansjh ds vkl&ikl ds {ks= tsls ukuksu] cq<+h pansjh br;kfn Hkh oklrq dyk vksj lkald`frd /kjksgjksa ls Hkjiwj gsa vksj budk pansjh ds i;zvu vksj /kjksgjksa ij cgqr izhkko gsa pansjh ds nf{k.k if pe esa 28 fdeh nwj ukuksu ds ikl moz'kh unh ds fdukjs dqn f'kyi dyk dh igpku dh x;h gsa yxhkx 30 gtkj o"kz iwoz ds,d tkuoj fgiiskvkel ds tcm+s vksj nkar ;gk ik;s x;s gsa2 A 13. gky gh esa,d vu; izkphu LFky dh igpku cgrh eb ds :i esa dh x;h gs tgk 5oha 'krkcnh ds xqir dky ds,d eafnj gs ¼rLohj 1-1½A ;g LFkku pansjh ls 20 fdeh nf{k.k if pe esa gsa cgrh eb ds ikl fxr[ky xqqqkvksa esa f'kyi dyk ds dqn izek.k feys gsa ¼rLohj 1-2½A rlohj 1-1% cgrh eb ds ikl 5oha lnh ds xqir dky dk eafnj rlohj 1-2% fxr[ky xqqk 1 pansjh% n fcyv gsjhvst] bz zoj nkl vksj ehjk nkl] tuzy vkwq n MsoysiesUV,.M fjlpz vkxzukbts'ku QkWj uspj] vkvz~l,.m gsfjvst] o"kz 5 vad 1] clar@xzh"e 2008A 2 mijksdra 1-4

e/; izns'k ds fofhkuu LFkkuh; 'kgjh fudk;ksa dh 'kgj fodkl ;kstuk pansjh ds /kjksgj vksj i;zvu dk,d v/;;u 1.5.2 izkd`frd /kjksgj 14. pansjh ds izkd`frd {ks= vksj bldh HkkSfrd voflfkfr 'kgj ds izkd`frd /kjksgj ds fglls gsaa ;g 'kgj] tks panzfxjh iozr ds if'peh <+ky dh vksj gs] vanj ds vf/kokl ¼'kgj vanj½ lfgr de Å pkbz okys igkm+ksa ls f?kjk gs ftldk ckn esa folrkj nf{k.k& if pe vksj mrrj dh fn'kk esa gqvk vksj orzeku esa bldk folrkj rqyukred :i ls lery finksj lm+d dh vksj gqvk gsa pansjh ds vkl&ikl ds igkm+ksa ij igys?kus taxy Fks fdurq ism+ksa ds dvus vksj yxkrkj pjkbz ds dkj.k vc ;s igkm+ >kfm+;ksa ds {ks= ds :i esa jg x;s gsaa igkm+ksa vksj taxyksa ds lkfk izkd`frd vksj ekuo fufezr tylzksr izkd`frd /kjksgjksa ds fglls ds :i esa gsaa 15. izkphu dky ls rkykc ikuh dk egroiw.kz lzksr gsa ;g 'kgj nks tyh; iz.kkyh esa fohkkftr gs vksj ckgj 'kgj flfkr u;k iqjk rkykc] ftls [kfl;ksa dh rys;k ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gs] tyh; iz.kkyh dks fohkkftr djrk gsa ;g lky Hkj Hkjk jgus okyk rkykc gsa ;g LFkkfir gs fd mrrjh tyh; izokg iz.kkyh ls tqm+s pkj tyk'k; gsa ftudk ikuh fjl dj,d nwljs esa feyrk gsa vanj 'kgj ls lrgh izokg fnyyh njoktk ls gksrs gq;s ijes'oj rkykc dh vksj tkrk gs vksj ogk ls 'kgtknh dk jkstk gksrs gq;s ;g bu tyk'k;ksa esa fey tkrk gsa ;s tyk'k; crrhlh ckom+h] dkft;ksa dh ckom+h] iap egy ckom+h vksj tykgkj ckom+h dks jhpktz Hkh djrs gsa ftuls buesa xfez;ksa ds fnuksa esa Hkh ikuh jgrk gsa nf{k.kh tyh; izokg iz.kkyh eq[;r;k panjfxjh vksj dkykz igkm+ ls vkjehk gksrk gsa dhfrz lkxj],d izkphu rkykc ftls 12oha lnh esa cuok;k x;k Fkk] bl tfvy ukyh iz.kkyh ds var esa gsa?kkfv;ksa dks [kksn dj vusd lery LFkku cuk;s x;s gsa iqu% budksa ck /kksa dk vkdkj nsdj rkykc dk fuekz.k fd;k x;k gsa /kwfc;k rkykc] yky ckom+h vksj iku ckom+h dk f=xqv mijksdr vk/kkj ij dkykz igkm+ vksj eksfj;k igkm+ ds chp cuk;s x;s gsaa lqyrkuh rkykc blls vksj vksj Hkh vkxs flfkr gsa 1.5.3 ikjeifjd vksj thfor fojklr 16. pansjh ds thour ;k vn`'; /kjksgj ;gk ds gfkdj?kk vksj vu; glr f'kyiksa ds :i esa fn[kk;h nsrs gsaa cqansy[k.m {ks= dyk izn'kzu tsls yksd u`r;] yksd laxhr vksj ffk;svj ¼dgkuh lqukuk½ ds {ks= esa le`) gsa ;g pansjh dh lald`fr esa Hkh fn[kk;h nsrk gsa 17. pansjh esa gfkdj?kk m ksx dk bfrgkl cqansyksa ds 'kklu dky ls vkjehk gksrk gs ftugksaus dim+ksa ds cqukbz ds dke dks pansjh esa izksrlkgu vksj laj{k.k fn;ka bl dky esa bl dyk dks eksfeuksa@valkjh yksxksa rd lhfer dj fn;k x;k tks dim+ksa ds cqukbz ds dke es a yxs gq;s FksA 19oha 'krkcnh ds mrrjk/kz vksj 20oha 'krkcnh ds iwokz/kz esa pansjh ds gfkdj?kk m ksx esa fxjkov dk :[k jgka 1926 esa Xokfy;j ljdkj ds vkffkzd vksj vks ksfxd lozs{k.k vk;ksx us pansjh ds ikl js'ke dhv ikyu dk fodkl fd;k vksj lksus vksj pkafn;ksa ds /kkxs rs;kj djus ds m ksxksa dks LFkkuh; Lrj ij LFkkfir fd;ka 1930 ds vkl&ikl bl fodkl ds dkj.k js'ke dh vksj yksxksa dk >qdko c<+k vksj vxys rhu n'kdksa esa pansjh js'ke dh lkfm+;ksa vksj nqiv~vksa ds {ks= esa fof'k"v {ks= cu x;ka 1948 esa Xokfy;j jkt; ds Hkkjr esa foy; ds rrdky ckn pansjh ds cqukbz m kksx esa fxjkov vk;h vksj Xokfy;j ds NksVs jkt; esa pansjh dk tks egro Fkk og lekir gks x;ka lgdkjh lfefr;ksa] e/; izns'k dim+k fuxe vksj e/; izns'k y?kq m ksx fuxe ds lfø; lg;ksx,oa l'kfdrdj.k ls 1970 vksj 1980 ds chp pansjh esa bl m ksx dk iqujks)kj gqvka fdurq vkffkzd mnkjhdj.k ds ckn lfclmh gvk fy;s tkus ds ckn ;gk ds m ksx dks,d ckj fqj /kddk yxka cgqr ls cqudjksa us d`f"k Jfed vksj fuekz.k ds dk;kzsa dks djuk vkjehk dj fn;k tcfd dqn cqudj jktlfkku ds dksvk 'kgj esa pys x;sa 2004 ds ckn la;qdr jk"vª vks ksfxd fodkl laxbu ¼UNIDO½ ds ekxz funzs'ku esa cqudj fodkl lalfkk ds tqm+us ls flfkfr esa dqn lq/kkj gqvk gsa izkjehk esa 60 Lo;a lgk;rk lewgksa dks oxhzd`r djus ds ckn 7 Lo;a lgk;rk lewgksa dk p;u muds lokzsrre dke ds vk/kkj ij fd;k x;k gsa ckn esa 6 vksj Lo;a lgk;rk lewgksa dks blesa tksm+k x;k gsa xsj ljdkjh laxbuksa vksj vu; lfefr;ksa ds tqm+us ls olrqvksa ds HkkSxksfyd igpku ¼iathdj.k,oa laj{k.k½ vf/kfu;e 1999 dh /kkjk 61 ¼1½ ds vurxzr 1-5

e/; izns'k ds fofhkuu LFkkuh; 'kgjh fudk;ksa dh 'kgj fodkl ;kstuk pansjh ds /kjksgj vksj i;zvu dk,d v/;;u pansjh lkm+h dks HkkSxksfyd igpku dk iatkdj.k izek.k i= Hkh izkir gks x;k gsa fdurq vu; LFkkuksa tsls ckjkflouh vksj lksalj esa gfkdj?kk ls cus mriknksa dk foø; Hkh pansjh lkm+h ds :i esa fd;k tk jgk gsa 18. 2007 esa INTACH ds }kjk djk;s x;s lozs{k.k ls ;g Kkr gksrk gs fd pansjh ds cqudj O;fDrxr :i ls fdlh eklvj cqudj ;k O;kikjh ls tqms gsa vksj _.k] vfxze rfkk dpps eky ds fy;s mu ij fuhkzj gsa rfkk ;g ykxr ml le; okil dh tkrh gs tc cqudj ds }kjk eklvj cqudj ;k O;kikjh dks rs;kj mrikn fn;k tkrk gsa v/;;u es,sls 56 eklvj cqudj vksj O;kikfj;ksa dk irk pyk gsa tslh dh igys ppkz dh tk pqdh gs] cqudj fodkl lalfkk ds lg;ksx ls cqudjksa ds Lo;a lgk;rk lewg cuk;s x;s gsaa v/;;u esa ;g fu"d"kz fudkyk x;k gs fd cqudjksa ds cktkj ls tqm+ko] blesa vkus okyh dfe;ksa vksj bugsa nwj djus ds mik;ksa ds v/;;u ds fy;s,d folr`r v/;;u djus dh vko';drk gsa fp= 1-1% lajf{kr vksj vu; egroiw.kz Hkou lkj.kh 1-3% lajf{kr Hkou ¼Hkkjrh; iqjkrro vksj lozs{k.k fohkkx½ Hkou fooj.k pansjh dk fdyk@ dhfrz nqxz ;g fdyk 11oha 'krkcnh esa izfrgkj jktk dhfrziky ds }kjk cuok;k x;k FkkA ;g panzfxfj pozr ij 230 QhV dh Å pkbz ij flfkr gsa 1528 esa lrh ds :i esa vius izk.k nsus okyh jktiwr efgyk dh ;kn esa cuk tksgj LEkjd vksj [kwuh njoktk bl fdys ds izfl) LFky gsaa [kwuh njoktk,d 15 ehvj pksm+k njoktk gs tks nksuksa vksj ls 3-5 ehvj xgjk gs vksj dkczsy ds chp ls [kqyrk gsa dkczsy pansjh dh viuh fof'k"vrk fy;s gq;s gs vksj vksxh vkdz ds lkfk feyk dj mi;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gs ¼rLohj 1-3½A crrhlh ckom+h bl ckom+h dk fuekz.k 1485 esa ekyok ds lqyrku x;kl 'kkg f[kyth ds 'kklu dky esa fd;k x;k FkkA blesa 32?kkV gsa vsj lhkh?kkvksa ij leku Lrj ds ikuh dk gksuk bldk fof'k"v pfj= gsa dvh?kkvh dvh?kkvh 30 QhV Å ps] 192 QhV yecs vksj 39 QhV pksm+s,d igkm+ dks dkv dj cuk;k x;k,d njoktk gsa brus cm+s igkm+ dks NSuh vksj gfkksm+s ls dkv dj cuk;k x;k gs tks bldh fo'ks"krk gsa dks'kd egy bfrgkdkjksa ds vuqlkj dks'kd egy dk fuekz.k ekyok ds egewn f[kyth ds }kjk 1455 esa pansjh ls xqtjrs le; djok;k x;k FkkA f[kyth 'kkld dh reuuk bls lkr eafty Å ps egy ds :i esa cukus dk Fkk fdurq mlds thou dky rd dsoy nks eaftyksa dk fuekz.k gh iwjk gks ik;ka ;g egy pkj fgllksa 1-6

e/; izns'k ds fofhkuu LFkkuh; 'kgjh fudk;ksa dh 'kgj fodkl ;kstuk pansjh ds /kjksgj vksj i;zvu dk,d v/;;u tkek efltn Hkou Ckkny egy njoktk 'kgtknh dk jkstk etkj [kkunku, gtjr futkeqn~nhu cm+k enjlk fooj.k esa fohkkftr gs vksj bldh oklrq dyk ek.mw dh ;kn fnykrh gs ¼rLohj 1-4½A pansjh dh cgqla[;d eqflye vkcknh ds fy;s cuk;k x;k tkek efltn cqansy[k.m {ks= ds izkphu <+k pksa esa ls,d gsa ;g vanj 'kgj ds Bhd ckgj flfkr gsa vius vki esa vf}rh; rjhds ls fufezr bl efltn ds irfkj,d nwljs ls xqafks gq;s gsa vksj budks ykfil yktqyh VsjkdksVk ls vafre :i fn;k x;k gsa vkil esa,d nwljs ls tqm+s] ltkovh vksj [kwclwjr lihzys vkdkj ds czsdsv xqecnksa ds mij cm+s NTts dks lgkjk nsrs gsa tks tkek efltn dh [kkfl;r gs ¼rLohj 1-5½A pansjh dk vf}rh; ckny egy njoktk nks xqftz;ksa dss chp,d lqunj esgjkcnkj njoktk gs tks 50 QhV Å pk vksj 25 QhV pksm+k gsa bl njokts dk fuekz.k] tks fd tkek efltn ds ikl gs] lahkor% lqyrku egewn f[kyth ds dky esa 1450 esa fd;k x;k FkkA ;s xouzj ds egyksa ds }kj gks ldrs gsa ¼rLohj 9-6½A 'kgtknh dk jkstk 'kgj ds ckgj,d ohjku vksj [kkyh LFkku ij flfkr gsa ;g,d pksjl Hkou gs tks,d xqecn ls <+dk gs tks fd vc fxj x;k gsa cm+s lihzys czsdsv ij cm+k NTtk fvdk gqvk gsa xqecn ds chp ds fglls ds nksuks vksj pksdksj Nrfj;k cuh gqbz gsaa orzeku esa xqecn vksj rhuksa Nrfj;k fxj x;h gsaa,slk yxrk gs fd bldk fuekz.k 1470 esa tkek efltn ds fuekz.k ds ckn fd;k x;k gsa,slk ekuk tkrk gs fd bl dczxkg dk fuekz.k 15oha lnh esa fd;k x;k FkkA bl dczxkg esa dbz larksa dh dczs gsa ftugsa dkys irfkjksa dks dkvdj <+dk x;k gsa dczxkg ds irfkjksa ij ckjhd [kqnkbz ds }kjk fd;k x;k tkyh dk dke vf}rh; gsa budh fy[kkovksa esa pansjh,d ckj esa gh fn[k tkrk gsa ;g,d dcz xkg gs ftldk fuekz.k 15oha 'krkcnh esa fd;k x;k FkkA tkyh ds dke vksj dvkbz bldh vf}rh; fo'ks"krk gsaa rlohj 1-3% pansjh dk fdyk rlohj 1-4% dks'kd egy rlohj 1-5% tkek efltn rlohj 1-6% ckny egy 1-7

e/; izns'k ds fofhkuu LFkkuh; 'kgjh fudk;ksa dh 'kgj fodkl ;kstuk pansjh ds /kjksgj vksj i;zvu dk,d v/;;u rlohj 1-7% 'kgtknh dk jkstk rlohj 1-8% yky ckom+h 1.5.4 orzeku flfkfr 19. ijeijkxr O;oLFkk ls orzeku le; dh vksj c<+ jgs pansjh 'kgj dk ewy;kadu fd;k x;k gsa izkphu dky dk oshko vksj laifrr ds lkfk ;gk dh thou 'ksyh dks vkoklh; {ks=] lm+d ds usvodz vksj lkoztfud LFkkuksa ds lwpdksa ds vk/kkj ij lkj.kh 1-4 esa izlrqr fd;k x;k gsa vkoklh; {ks= lkj.kh 1-4% pansjh dh orzeku flfkfr dk ewy;kadu vk;ke ijeijkxr o;olfkk orzeku flfkfr vkoklh; {ks=ksa ds gosfy;ksa vksj egyks esa nks 9 Hkouksa ftuesa egy] rkykc vksj /kkfezd LFky 'kkfey gsa vkurfjd vkgkrs izeq[k y{k.ka Hkkjrh; iqjkrro lozs{k.k fohkkx ds }kjk lajf{kra e/;e vk; oxz ds ifjokjksa ds nks eaftys vkokl dudq:rh Vdlky ¼feUV Hkouksa½ esa ou fohkkx dk ftlesa,d ;k nks vkurfjd vkgkrsa dk;kzy; flfkr gs tgk 14oha ls 19oha 'krkcnh rd fldds Jfed oxz ds yksx tsls f'kyidkj] fev~vh ds crzu <kys tkrs FksA cukus okys br;kfn ds?kj dpps ;k v/kz iddsa dvjk cktkj esa iqjkuk rglhy Hkou fo ky; Hkou ds pansjh esa nks rjg ds vkoklh; ladqy & xyh ds :i esa mi;ksx gks jgk gsa Lrj ij ladqy ;k LFkku ds vk/kkj ija yxhkx lhkh Hkou turk vksj i;zvdksa ds fy;s [kqys gsaa bu Hkouks ds izeq[k y{k.k vkgkrksa vksj ckyduh fdurq Nrjh] rkykc] fdys dh nhokj br;kfn [klrkgky dk gksuka gsaa izr;sd eqgyys esa,d tslh lqfo/kk;sa ftuesa ihus ds fdys ds Hkhrj ds e/;e oxhz; ifjokjksa ds?kjksa dk ikuh ds dqa,] dkj[kkuk {ks=] pcwrjk] iwtk ds iqujks)kj fcuk fdlh fo'ks"k <+k pkxr ifjorzu ds djk;k LFkku] /kkfezd ioz] mrlo vksj R;ksgkj 'kkfey gsa] x;k gsa vksj ftuls leqnk; dk,glkl c<+rk gsa lm+d usvodz 'kgj vanj esa irfkjks ls cuh lm+da ijes'oj rkykc rd tkus okyh lm+d Hkh irfkj dh cuh FkhA eq[; ekxz ij ft/kj nqdkus vksj ekwy gsa] lm+dks dks <+dus ij dbksj fu;a=.ka vgkrksa dk mi;ksx ikfdzax] laxzg.k lqfo/kkvksa br;kfn ds fy;sa ckofm+;ksa dk LokfeRo o lapkyu eq[;r% /kkfezd lalfkkvksa ds }kjka pcqrjksa dk vflrro vkt Hkh gs ftldk mi;ksx leqnk; ds yksxksa dh csbd ;k LFkkuh; dk;zøe ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gsa /kjksgjksa vksj muds laj{k.k ds izfr de tkx:drka lfdzv gkml ds lkeus dh lm+dksa vksj izeq[k cktkj dsunzksa dh lm+dksa ij Bsysokyksa dk dctk] nqdkuksa esa o`f)] ftlls vi;kzir ikfdzax lqfo/kk] ukfy;ksa br;kfn dh lel;k gks jgh gsa 'kgj esa yksxksa ds ikl okguksa dh la[;k esa o`f) vksj lkfk gh i;zvdksa ds okguksa ds vkus ls eq[; 'kgj esa vo;olfkka vk/kkjhkwr lajpuk;sa tsls ukfy;k ] lm+d br;kfn dh eq[; 'kgj ds okmszk es deha ijes'oj rkykc dh vksj tkus okyh lm+d ds lkfk cuh ukyh iznwf"kr ftlls bl LFkku 1-8

e/; izns'k ds fofhkuu LFkkuh; 'kgjh fudk;ksa dh 'kgj fodkl ;kstuk pansjh ds /kjksgj vksj i;zvu dk,d v/;;u vk;ke ijeijkxr o;olfkk orzeku flfkfr dk lksun;z lekir gks jgk gsa y{e.k eafnj] /kksfc;k rkykc] yky ckom+h ¼fp= 9-8½] gkst [kkl] dw dw rys;k ds ikl lh<+hnkj ck /k vksj /kkfezd tekoa fofhkuu /kkfezd mrloks ds fy;s eapa esa½ ds LFkyA lkoztfud LFky vuksipkfjd eqykdkr ds fy;s izr;sd eqgyys esa [kqyk LFkkuA eafnjksa vksj Hkouksa dk Hkh lkoztfud dkeksa esa mi;ksxa rkykc vksj mlds vkl&ikl ds {ks= vhkh Hkh eq[; /kkfezd mrlo ¼n'kgjk] eqgjze dk rkft;k /ksfc;k rkykc {ks= esa vksj txs'ojh nsoh dk esyk gkst [kkl ds ikl esyk {ks= ijes'ojh rkykc ds?kkvksa dk LFkkuh; yksxksa ds }kjk?kkv dk mi;ksxa vu; rkykcksa dk ikjeifjd enqvkjk leqnk; ds }kjk enyh ikyu ds fy;s mi;ksxa fofhkuu eqgyyks esa lkoztfud csbdksa vksj euksjatu ds fy;s pcwrjksa dk mi;ksxa 1.5.5 /kjksgj leifrr;ksa dk laj{k.k 20. dqn /kjksgj leifrr;ksa dk Hkkjrh; iqjkrro lozs{k.k fohkkx ds }kjk laj{k.k o iqujks)kj fd;k tk jgk gsa fdurq vhkh Hkh cm+h la[;k esa,sls Hkou gsa ftu ij dksbz /;ku ugha ns jgk gsa ;s,sls mnkgj.k gsa ftuesa Hkou futh leifrr;ksa ds lkfk fcuk fdlh leidz ds flfkr gsa ¼rLohj 9-9½A 'kgj vanj ds vkl&ikl fdys dh nhokj dk dbz LFkkuksa ij vfrøe.k fd;k x;k gs vksj dbz LFkkuksa ij Hkouksa vksj nqdkuksa dk vos/k fuekz.k djk;k x;k gsa 14oh lnh dk,d Hkou dksvjh 84 tks fd Qrsgkckn ds ikl flfkr gs vc,dne cngky flfkfr esa gs ¼rLohj 9-10½A,slk ekuk tkrk gs fd bl fo'kky Hkou esa 84 dejs gsa vksj foxr o"kkzsa esa LFkkuh; fuoklh bu Hkouksa ds irfkjksa dks vius?kjksa ds fuekz.k ds mn~ns'; ls ysdj pys x;s gsaa rlohj 1-9% fcuk fdlh leidz ds futh leifrr;ksa esa flfkr,sfrgkfld Hkou rlohj 1-10% Qrsgkckn ds ikl dksvjh 84 cngky flfkfr esa 21. pansjh dh gosfy;k fcuk fdlh th.kkzs)kj ds mi;ksx dh tk jgh gsaa ;s bekjrs eq[; :i ls nks eaftyh gsa vksj irfkj dh nhokj ls cuh gsa vksj buesa ckyduh gs ¼rLohj 9-11½A LFkkuh; yksxksa us bu gosfy;ks ds th.kkzs)kj ds nksjk cgqr ls f'kykys[kksa dks [kkstk gs vksj vius ikl lqjf{kr j[kk gs ¼rLohj 9-12½A buesa ls cgqr lh bekjrs cngky flfkfr esa gsa vksj muds th.kkzs)kj dh vko';drk gsa ;s bekjrs yksxksa ds fy;s lahkkfor [krjk gsaa 1-9

e/; izns'k ds fofhkuu LFkkuh; 'kgjh fudk;ksa dh 'kgj fodkl ;kstuk pansjh ds /kjksgj vksj i;zvu dk,d v/;;u rlohj 1-11% 'kgj vanj esa,d nks eaftyh gosyh rlohj 1-12% vius?kj dh ejeer ds nksjku izkir,d izkphu f'kykys[k dks fn[kkrh LFkkuh; fuoklh 22. pansjh esa dqn Hkouksa dk iqu% mi;ksx gks jgk gsa ou fohkkx dk orzeku dk;kzy; dudq:rh Vdlky esa flfkr gs] tgk 14oha ls 19oha 'krkcnh rd fldds cuk;s tkrs Fks ¼rLohj 9-13½A iqjkus rglhy Hkou dk mi;ksx 'kgj vanj {ks= esa fo ky; ds :i esa gks jgk gs ¼rLohj 9-14½A rlohj 1-13% dudq:rh Vdlky&orZeku esa ou fohkkx dk dk;kzy; rlohj 1-14% dvjk cktkj esa iqjkuk rglhy% orzeku esa fo ky; ds :i esa iz;qdr 23. 15oh alnh esa vanj 'kgj ds pkjksa vksj cuk;s x;s fdys dh nhokj dk dbz LFkkuksa ls vfrøe.k dj fy;k x;k gs ¼rLohj 9-15½A fofhkuu lanhkz O;fDr;ksa ls gqbz ppkz ls ;g Kkr gqvk fd yxhkx 240 ifjokjksa us vfrøe.k djds?kj ;k nqdku cuok;s gsaa fnyyh njoktk] ik[ku njoktk ¼rLohj 9-16½] f[kmdh njoktk] /kksfy;k njoktk br;kfn blh nokj ls tqms gsaa 1-10

e/; izns'k ds fofhkuu LFkkuh; 'kgjh fudk;ksa dh 'kgj fodkl ;kstuk pansjh ds /kjksgj vksj i;zvu dk,d v/;;u rlohj 1-15% 'gj vanj ls yxh fdys dh nhokj dh [kjkc flfkfr rlohj 1-16% ik[ku njoktk vksj fdys dh nhokj 1.6 i;zvu 24. pansjh esa i;zvu vhkh 'ks'kokolfkk esa gsa pansjh ds i;zvu dh lahkkoukvksa dk ljdkj ds }kjk vhkh iwjk mi;ksx ugha fd;k x;k gsa pansjh Hkze.k djus okys i;zvdksa dh la[;k bldh {kerk dh rqyuk esa ux.; gsa ;g 'kgj vhkh Hkh dsoy,d fnu ds fy;s 'kgj?kweus okyksa ds fy;s izfl) gsa vkl&ikl ds 'kgjksa tsls >k lh] Xokfy;j] yfyriqj br;kfn ls yxhkx 500 i;zvd izfrfnu ;gk vkrs gsa tcfd yxhkx 1000 Ldwyh cpps ;gk okf"kzd :i ls Hkze.k djus vkrs gsa 3 A,slk vuqekfur gs fd yxhkx 200?kjsyw i;zvd vksj 15000 tsu J)kyq izfro"kz pansjh Hkze.k ds fy;s vkrs gsaaa 25. pansjh esa 2005&09 ds nksjku miyc/k vk dm+ksa ds vk/kkj ij i;zvdksa dk vkslr ekfld vkxeu dk vuqeku yxk;k x;k gsa bu vk dm+ksa dks pansjh ds laxzgky; ls fy;k x;k gs] ftldk lapkyu Hkkjrh; iqjkrro lozs{k.k fohkkx dj jgk gs] rfkk budk vk/kkj laxzgky; ds }kj ij csps x;s fvdvksa dh la[;k gsa pansjh Hkze.k djus okyksa dh la[;k blls vf/kd gsa pansjh dk laxzgky; igys flagiqjk egy esa dk;zjr Fkk ftls ewaxkoyh jksm+ ij flfkr u;s Hkou esa LFkkukUrfjr dj fn;k x;k gsa twu 2007 ls flrecj 2008 rd th.kzs)kj ds le; laxzgky; dks vke turk ds fy;s ugha [kksyk x;k FkkA 2005 ls 2009 ds nksjku i;zvdksa dh vkslr ekfld la[;k 2000 vuqekfur dh x;h gs ftuesa fons'kh i;zvdksa dh la[;k 2 gs ¼lkj.kh 1-5½A 26.?kjsyw i;zvdksa dh la[;k tuojh ls ekpz ds nksjku vf/kd ns[kh x;h gs vksj bles deh uoecj vksj fnlecj ds eghuksa esa fn[kk;h nsrh gs ¼fp= 1-2½A blh ds lkfk fons'kh i;zvdksa dh lcls vf/kd la[;k ebz eghus esa vksj lcls de la[;k twu ls vxlr ds eghuksa esa fn[kk;h nsrh gs ¼fp= 1-3½A 3 pansjh bdsk flvh MsoyiesaV Iyku 2007&08 buvsd u;h fnyyh 1-11

e/; izns'k ds fofhkuu LFkkuh; 'kgjh fudk;ksa dh 'kgj fodkl ;kstuk fp= 1-2% pansjh esa?kjsyw i;zvdksa dk vkslr ekfld vkxeu ¼2005&09½ pansjh ds /kjksgj vksj i;zvu dk,d v/;;u fp= 1-3% pansjh esa fons'kh i;zvdksa dk vkslr ekfld vkxeu ¼2005&09½ lkj.kh 1-5% pansjh esa i;zvdksa dk 2005&2009 ds nksjku vkslr ekfld vkxeu ekg?kjsyw i;zvd fons'kh i;zvd dqy i;zvd dqy i;zvdksa esa?kjsyw i;zvdksa dk dqy i;zvdksa esa fons'kh i;zvdksa dk tuojh 4301 22 4323 99-49 0-51 Qjojh 2105 40 2145 98-14 1-86 ekpz 2218 20 2238 99-11 0-89 vizsy 1587 37 1624 97-72 2-28 ebz 1187 89 1276 93-03 6-97 twu 2049 12 2061 99-42 0-58 tqykbz 2022 9 2031 99-56 0-44 vxlr 2011 1 2012 99-95 0-05 flrecj 1912 46 1958 97-65 2-35 vdvwcj 1524 39 1563 97-50 2-50 uoecj 894 16 910 98-24 1-76 fnlecj 1053 13 1066 98-78 1-22 dqy 22863 344 23207 & & lzksr% laxzgky;] Hkkjrh; iqjkrro lozs{k.k fohkkx] pansjh] 2009A 1.6.1 i;zvu ds fy;s ewyhkwr lajpuk 9-6-1-1 jgus dh o;olfkk 27. pansjh esa?kjsyw vksj fons'kh i;zvdksa ds jgus dh O;oLFkk lhfer gsa pansjh esa 5 /kez'kkyk] 2 ljdkjh vfrffk x`g vksj 6 gksvyksa esa jgus dh lqfo/kk miyc/k gsa gksvy rkuk ckuk e/; izns'k jkt; i;zvu fodkl fuxe ds }kjk lapkfyr fd;k tkrk gs tks?kjsyw vksj fosns'kh i;zvdksa dks ¼rLohj 9-17 vksj rlohj 9-18½ jgus dh vkjkenk;d lqfo/kk miyc/k djkrk gsa gksvyksa@ /kez'kkykvksa vksj muds njksa dh folr`r tkudkjh lkj.kh 1-6 esa nh x;h gsa lkj.kh 1-6% pansjh esa i;zvdksa ds jgus dh lqfo/kk Bgjus dk LFkku fclrjksa dh la[;k dejs dk fdjk;k ¼:0@jkf=½ /kez'kkyk@ ;k=h fuokl ¼5½ 78 :0 150 ls de rkuk ckuk 10 600&1000 vejkbz fjlksvz 4 500&800 f'ko yksd finksj jksm+ 10 50&200 lnk cgkj 6 50&200 v'kksdk xkmzsu 6 150&250 Mkd caxyk 4 & fdyk dksvh ¼lfdZV gkml½ 4 & gksvy Jhdqat 28 550&950 lzksr% {ks= Hkze.k ds nksjku ppkz 2009A 1-12

e/; izns'k ds fofhkuu LFkkuh; 'kgjh fudk;ksa dh 'kgj fodkl ;kstuk pansjh ds /kjksgj vksj i;zvu dk,d v/;;u rlohj 1-17% i;zvdksa ds jgus ds fy;s ljdkj ds }kjk nh tk jgh lqfo/kk;sa rlohj 1-18% pansjh esa futh {ks= ds }kjk nh tk jgh vkoklh; lqfo/kk;sa 9-6-1-2 lm+dsa 28. fofhkuu oklrqdyk okys Hkouksa ds ikl tkus ds jklrs ;k rks ugha gsa ;k cgqr n;uh; flfkfr es gsaa Hkkjrh; iqjkrro lozs{k.k fohkkx ds izhkkjh ls ppkz ls Kkr gqvk fd fd dqn izeq[k Hkouksa tsls crrhlh ckom+h] 'kgtknh dk jkstk] pdyk ckom+h vksj jke uxj egy ds fy;s csgrj leidz miyc/k ugha gs ¼rLohj 9-19½A dqn vu; Hkouksa rd tkus ds fy;s irfkj dh lm+ds gsaa Nrfj;ksa dh vksj tkus okys jklrs vksj ijes'oj rkykc dh vksj tkus okys jklrs Hkh irfkj ds cus gsa ftudh pksm+kbz 3 ehvj gs ¼rLohj 9-20½A fnyyh njoktk ls Nrfj;ksa ds fy;s lm+d dh pksmkbz 2 ehvj dh gh gs vksj budk mi;ksx nks ifg;k okguksa ds fy;s Hkh fd;k tkrk gsa rlohj 1-19% Hkkjrh; iqjkrro lozs{k.k lalfkku }kjk lajf{kr 'kgtknh dk jkstk ds lkeus dpph lm+da rlohj 1-20% ijes'oj rkykc vksj Nrfj;ksa dh vksj tkrk irfkjksa ls cuk jklrk 9-6-1-3 ifjogu,oa xkbm 29. pansjh ls lcls ikl dk jsyos leidz LVs'ku yfyriqj gs tks fd 37 fdeh dh nwjh ij gsa >k lh,d vu; 'kgj gs tks jsy vksj lm+d ekxz ls tqm+k gqvk gs vksj pansjh ls 90 fdeh nwj gsa pansjh esa i;zvd izk;% >k lh gksdj gh vkrs gsaa pansjh es okguksa dh lqfo/kk gksus ds ckn Hkh vf/kdka'k i;zvd [kjkc lm+dksa ds dkj.k isny?kweuk gh ilun djrs gsaa pansjh esa,d vf/kd`r xkbm+ gs tks fd pansjh dk gh jgus okyk gsa 1-13

e/; izns'k ds fofhkuu LFkkuh; 'kgjh fudk;ksa dh 'kgj fodkl ;kstuk pansjh ds /kjksgj vksj i;zvu dk,d v/;;u 1.7 i;zvu ls tqm+h ewyhkwr lqfo/kkvksa esa vurj 1.7.1 i;zvdksa ds fy;s t:jh ewyhkwr lqfo/kk;sa 30. i;zvdksa ds fy;s i;zvu LFkyksa ij ihus dk 'kq) ikuh] LoPNrk lqfo/kk;sa ¼'kSpky;,oa ey fudklh½] ty fudklh vksj Bksl dpjk izcu/ku tslh lqfo/kkvksa dks miyc/k djkus dh vko';drk gsa bu lsokvksa dk p;fur /kjksgj LFkyksa ij ewyhkwr lqfo/kkvksa ds fodkl ds :i esa lekosf'kr fd;k x;k gsa ewyhkwr lsokvksa dh folr`r tkudkjh v/;k; 5 esa nh x;h gsa ;w-mh-ih-,q-vkbz ds ekin.mksa ds vuqlkj fofhkuu LFkkuksa ij orzeku esa miyc/k vksj Hkfo"; esa ekwx dh tkus okyh ewyhkwr lqfo/kkvksa dk Hkh ewy;kadu fd;k x;k gsa pansjh esa o"kz 2015] 2025 vksj 2035 esa iz{ksfir i;zvdksa ds fy;s bu ewyhkwr lqfo/kkvkas esa vurj dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gs ¼lkj.kh 1-7½A vuqekfur i;zvdksa dk iz{ksi.k layxud 9-1 esa fn;k x;k gsa lkj.kh 1-7% i;zvu LFkkuksa ij i;zvdksa ds fy;s vk/kkjhkwr lqfo/kk;sa% vurj dk fo'ys"k.k 2009 2015 2025 2035 i;zvdksa dh la[;k 29355 179058 470276 740166 ekud ¼la[;k@i;ZVd½ Js.kh iwfrz ek x vurj ek x vurj ek x vurj ek x vurj ihus ds ikuh ds dsunz ¼la[;k½ 25 10 3 &7 20 10 52 42 81 71 lkoztfud 'kkspky; 50 4 2 &2 10 6 26 22 41 37 Bksl dpjk izcu/ku ¼dwM+snkuksa dh la[;k½ 25 5 3 &2 20 15 52 47 81 76 lzksr% yklk vuqeku] 2010 1.7.2 gksvy vksj Bgjus ds LFkku 31. pansjh esa iz{sfir i;zvdksa dh la[;k ds fy;s orzeku esa miyc/k Bgjus dh lqfo/kkvksa vksj Hkfo"; dh ek x dk vuqeku yxk;k x;k gsa pansjh esa i;zvdksa ds orzeku izokg ds vuqlkj fofhkuu vkolh; LFkyksa esa miyc/k fclrjksa dh la[;k budh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus esa l{ke gsaa fdurq] vkus okys i;zvdksa dh la[;k ds vuqekuksa ds vuqlkj o"kz 2035 rd pansjh esa 7201 fclrjksa dh vko';drk gksxha bu vfrfjdr fclrjksa dks yxkus ds fy;s 2015 esa 3 gsdvs;j rfkk 2035 esa 14 gsdvs;j Hkwfe dh vko';drk gksxh ¼lkj.kh 1-8½A lkj.kh 1-8% pansjh esa i;zvdksa dk vkxeu vksj Bgjus dh lqfo/kk;sa ¼fcLrjksa dh vko';drk½% vurj fo'ys"k.k Js.kh @ o"kz 2009 2015 2025 2035 i;zvdksa dk okf"kzd vkxeu?kjsyw 15856 96778 254226 400126 fons'kh 180 986 2500 3934 i;zvdksa dk vkslr ekfld vkxeu?kjsyw 1321 8065 21186 33344 fons'kh 15 82 208 328 rst ekwx vof/k ds nksjku fclrjksa dh vko';drk*?kjsyw 3023 18450 48466 76281 fons'kh 38 208 528 831 jkf= fojke ds vk/kkj ij eghus esa fclrjksa dh vko';drk**?kjsyw 9069 55350 145399 228843 fons'kh 152 833 2111 3322 nsfud vk/kkj ij fclrjksa dh vko';drk?kjsyw 293 1785 4690 7382 fons'kh 5 30 75 119 dqy fclrjksa dh vko';drk 298 1815 4766 7501 orzeku esa miyc/k fclrjksa dh la[;k 300 300 300 300 vfrfjdr fclrjksa dh vko';drk &2 1515 4466 7201 vfrfjdr fclrjksa ds fy;s LFkku dh vko';drk ¼gs½ 0 3 9 14 * tuojh ds eghus esa lokzf/kd?kjsyw vksj fons'kh i;zvdksa ds vkxeu dks ns[kk x;k gsa ** vkslr jkf= fojke?kjsyw i;zvdksa ds fy;s 3 jkr vksj fons'kh i;zvdksa ds fy;s 4 jkr dk ekuk x;k gsa ;g vuqeku rst ek x okyh vof/k ds fy;s gsa 1-14

e/; izns'k ds fofhkuu LFkkuh; 'kgjh fudk;ksa dh 'kgj fodkl ;kstuk pansjh ds /kjksgj vksj i;zvu dk,d v/;;u lzksr% yklk vuqeku 2010 ¼loZs{k.k ds nksjku {ks= Hkze.k ds nksjku,df=r vkwdm+ksa vksj vafre okf"kzd izfrosnu% dysd'ku vkwq MksesfLVd VwfjTe LVSfVfLVDl QkWj n LVsV vkwq e/; izns'k] fmikvzesav vkwq VwfjTe] Hkkjr ljdkj 2006 ij vk/kkfjr½a 32. Bgjus ds LFkkuksa dh fofhkuu Jsf.k;ksa ds vk/kkkj ij Hkh fclrjksa dh vko';drk dk vuqeku yxk;k x;k gsa ;s vuqeku i;zvdksa ds fofhkuu izdkj ds :dus ds LFkkuksa ds forj.k dh izo`frr ds vk/kkj ij yxk;s x;s gsaa vuqekuksa ds vuqlkj jkf= fojke dks /;ku esa j[krs gq;s 2015 esa xsj rkjkafdr gksvy dh Js.kh esa 1383 vfrfjdr fclrjksa dh vko';drk gksxh vksj 2035 esa ;g vko';drk 6575 fclrjksa dh gks tk;sxh ¼lkj.kh 1-9½A lkj.kh 1-9% pansjh esa Bgjus ds LFkku dh Js.kh vksj fclrjksa dh vko';drk o"kz Js.kh 2009 2015 2025 2035 vfrfjdr fclrjksa dh vko';drk Bgjus ds LFkkuksa ds izdkj izfr'kr forj.k* &2 1515 4466 7201 rkjkafdr gksvy 7-9 0 120 353 569 xsj rkjkafdr gksvy 91-3 &2 1383 4077 6575,sfrgkfld Hkou 0 0 0 0 0 vfrffk x`g @fojke x`g @i;zvd caxyk 0-1 0 2 4 7 ;wfk gkwlvy@ okbz-,e-lh-,- br;kfn 0-7 0 11 31 50 * vafre okf"kzd izfrosnu% dysd'ku vkwq MksesfLVd VwfjTe LVSfVfLVDl QkWj n LVsV vkwq e/; izns'k] fmikvzesav vkwq VwfjTe] Hkkjr ljdkj 2006A lkzsr% yklk vuqeku] 2010 1.8,sfrgkfld /kjksgj vksj i;zvu laca/kh eqn~ns 33. pansjh esa,sfrgkfld /kjksgj vksj mlds laj{k.k ls tqm+s izeq[k eqn~nksa esa c<+rs O;olk;hdj.k] vi;kzir vk/kkjhkwr lajpkuk;sa fo'ks"k dj vf/kdka'k /kjksgjksa vksj LFkkuksa rd igq p ekxkzsa dh deh] Bsys okyksa vksj xkfm+;ksa }kjk xfy;ksa dk vfrøe.k] vi;kzir ikfdzax lqfo/kk;sa vksj tkx:drk dk vhkko 'kkfey gsaa 34. 'kgj vksj mlds vkl&ikl,slh dbz izkphu /kjksgj] LFkku vksj laifrrk;k rfkk ijeijkxr vksj thour /kjksgj gsa tks pansjh ds vkffkzd] 'kgjh Nfo vksj lkekftd fodkl ds fy;s egroiw.kz gsaa 'kgj esa /kjksgjksa rfkk vu; lalk/ku ds vk/kkj ij,d,slh izfø;k dks LFkkfir djus dh vko';drk gs ftlls /kjksgjksa dk j[k j[kko vksj muls vkffkzd iqufuzek.k gks ldsa 1.8.1,sfrgkfld /kjksgjksa dh laj{k.k o cpko dh vko';drk 35. pansjh dh cgqr lh /kjksgjksa vksj leifrr;ksa esa foxr o"kkzsa esa {k; gksuk vkjehk gks x;k gs D;ksafd budk leqfpr j[k j[kko ugha gks ik jgk gs vksj u gh bugsa 'kgj dh vfkzo;olfkk ds fodkl esa tksm+us ds fy;s dksbz i;zkir fodkl dk <+k pk rs;kj fd;k x;k gsa bu,sfrgkfld Hkouksa dks fdlh futh ;k jkt; ljdkj dh lalfkk ds }kjk laj{k.k fn;s tkus dh cgqr vko';drk gsa pansjh esa vlajf{kr,sfrgkfld Hkouksa dks cpkus vksj mugsa lqjf{kr j[kus ds laca/k esa fdlh dkuwu ds u gksus ls bu Hkouksa dks [krjk gsa /kjksgj LFkyksa vksj <+k pksa ij LFkkuh; yksxksa ds }kjk vfrøe.k fd;s tkus ls varr% {ks= o ns'k dh ewy;oku /kjksgjksa dk var gks tk;sxka 36.,sfrgkfld egro ds rkykc Hkh {kfrxzlr volfkk esa gsaa ikuh ds ;s cm+s lzksr lkeqnkf;d thou ds fy;s egroiw.kz LFkku iznku djrs gsa fdurq j[k j[kko ds vhkko ds dkj.k ;s lkald`frd dsunz vc lekir gks jgs gsaa dqn rkykc enqvkjksa ds }kjk enyh idm+us vksj mudh vkthfodk pykus ds LFkku ek= jg x;s gsa ty vk/kkfjr i;zvu dh n`f"v ls bu rkykcksa ds fodkl dh lhkkouk ij dk;z fd;k tkuk vhkh ckdh gsa 1-15

e/; izns'k ds fofhkuu LFkkuh; 'kgjh fudk;ksa dh 'kgj fodkl ;kstuk pansjh ds /kjksgj vksj i;zvu dk,d v/;;u 37. cgqr ls,sfrgkfld Hkouksa dk iqu% mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gs fdurq mudk vf/kdre mi;ksx ugha fd;k tk jgk gsa dqn Hkouksa dks /kjksgj gksvy ds :i esa fodflr fd;k tk ldrk gs ftlls i;zvdksa ds jgus dh lel;k dk lek/kku fd;k tk ldrk gs vksj lkfk gh i;zvu {ks= ds vkffkzd fodkl ds volj Hkh feysaxsa 1.8.2 /kjksgj LFkyksa ls leqfpr leidz dk vhkko 38. pansjh ds cgqr ls /kjksgj LFkyksa rd ;k rks leidz ekxz ugha gsa ;k cgqr gh [kjkc gkyr esa gsaa /kjksgjksa ds j[k j[kko vksj i;zvdksa ds }kjk ns[ks tkus ds fy;s bu /kjksgjksa rd igq p ekxz ds gksus dh cgqr vko';drk gsa i;zvdksa vksj yksxksa ls fopkj&foe'kz ls ;g tkudkjh feyh dh cgqr ls yksxksa ds lkfk likzsa ds dkvus dh?kvuk;sa gqbz gsaa 39. pansjh dk vu; 'kgjksa ls jsy ;k cl ls leidz dh flfkfr cgqr izkphu rjhds dh gsa vk/kqfud rjhds ds leidz vksj leidz ds lk/kuksa dks c<+k;s tkus dh vko';drk gs ftlls i;zvu vk/kkfjr xfrfof/k;ksa dks c<+kok fn;k tk ldsa pansjh esa bl izdkj dh /kjksgj vk/kkfjr i;zvu ds fy;s vk/kkjhkwr lqfo/kkvksa dh deh gsa 1.8.3 csafdax laca/kh ewyhkwr lqfo/kk;sa 40. pansjh 'kgj esa dksbz,-vh-,e- vksj fons'kh eqnzk fofue; dh lqfo/kk ugha gsa ; fi pansjh esa dbz csafdax llfkk;sa gsa ftuesa lkoztfud vksj futh {ks= ds csadksa ds 'kk[kk dk;kzy; 'kkfey gsaa 1.8.4 i;zvu ds fodkl dh dkjxj dk;zuhfr dk vhkko 41. i;zvdksa ds vkxeu dk fo'ys"k.k ;g fn[kkrk gs fd 'kgj esa vkus okys fons'kh i;zvdks dh la[;k?kjsyw i;zvdksa dh rqyuk esa 2 ls Hkh de gsa,slk blfy;s Hkh D;ksafd 'kgj esa Bgjus ds csgrj bartke ugha gsa] mfpr [kk inkfkksza tks i;zvdksa dks lqikp; gksa dh deh gs] vko';d ewyhkwr lqfo/kkvksa tsls lm+d vksj ifjogu dh leqfpr O;oLFkk ugha gs vksj /kjksgj LFkyksa dk Bhd rjhds ls j[k j[kko Hkh ugha fd;k tk jgk gsa pansjh vk/kkfjr i;zvu dks c<+kus ds fy;s tkx:drk dk;zøe dks pykus dh vko';drk gsa 'kgj esa izf'kf{kr xkbm+ksa dh cgqr deh gs orzeku es LFkkuh; Lrj ij vf/kd`r :i ls dsoy,d xkbm+ dk;z dj jgk gsa A 42. fofhkuu,sfrgkfld LFkkuks vksj Hkouksa ds lanhkz esa fpug vksj fn'kk ivy dh pansjh esa deh gsa bu lqfo/kkvksa dh deh ls Hkfo"; esa pansjh ds i;zvu ds fodkl esa udkjkred izhkko im+us dh lahkkouk gsa 1.9 SWOT ¼'kfDr] detksjh] volj] pquksfr;kw½ fo'ys"k.k 43. pansjh ds vkffkzd fodkl esa,sfrgkfld /kjksgj,d izeq[k rkdr ds :i esa gsa ;s /kjksgj pansjh dks,d igpku nsrh gsaa fdurq o"kkzsa ls frjld`r gks jgs ;s /kjksgj viuh nklrkw c;ku djrh gsaa ;g vko';d gs fd lhkh izdkj ds /kjkgjksa ¼izkd`frd] lkald`frd vksj oklrq dyk½ dks igpku nh tk;] mugsa lajf{kr fd;k tk; vksj,d u;k thou fn;k tk;a buls 'kgj ds vkffkzd fodkl dks cy feysxka lkj.kh 1-10 pansjh dh,sfrgkfld /kjksgjksa dk SWOT fo'ys"k.k izlrqr djrk gsa 1-16

e/; izns'k ds fofhkuu LFkkuh; 'kgjh fudk;ksa dh 'kgj fodkl ;kstuk pansjh ds /kjksgj vksj i;zvu dk,d v/;;u oklrq dyk] izkd`frd] vksj thour,sfrgkfld /kjksgj oklrq dyk dh n`f"v ls dherh 'kgjh /kjksgja js'ke m ksx lkj.kh 1-10% pansjh ds /kjksgj 'kfdr;k detksjh Volj pquksfr;kw lkeku; fodkl fu;eu o fu;a=.k,sfrgkfld /kjksgjksa ij ykxw ugha ftlds ifj.kke Lo:i buds fn'kkfunzs'kksa dk fdlh Hkou ;k {ks= ls dksbz laca/k ughaa ty vkiwfrz vksj ey ty fudklh dh mfpr O;oLFkk ughaa m ksxksa dks vi;kzir fo qr vkiwfrza dpps eky dk phu ls vk;kra 'kgj dh,sfrgkfld /kjksgj LFkyksa esa lq/kkj ls 'kgj dh Nfo] vkffkzd fodkl vksj thou dh xq.korrk esa lq/kkja dpps ekyksa dh lkm+h m ksx dks vkiwfrz ls buds mriknksa esa lq/kkja LFkkuh; cqudjksa dks foi.ku dh uhfr ds ckjs esa crkdj muds ykhk dks vf/kd fd;k tk ldrk gsa 1.10 /kjksgj laj{k.k vksj i;zvu ds fy;s dk;z uhfr vksj dk;z ;kstuk [kjkc j[k j[kko ds dkj.k 'gj ds vewy; /kjksgjksa dk fouk'k] fo'ks zk dj cw<+h pansjh esaa dpps ekyksa dh deh ls cqudjksa ds nwljs xfrfof/k;ksa esa yxus dh lahkkouk ftlls,d egroiw.kz lkald`frd /kjksgj ds lekir gksus dh lahkkouka 44. dk;zuhfr;ksa dk fuekz.k ewyhkwr lqfo/kkvksa ds fo'ys"k.k ls fudkys x;s fu'd"kkzsa vksj 'kgj fodkl ;kstuk ds fuekz.k esa 'kkfey yksxksa] p;fur tuizfrfuf/k;ksa rfkk vu; fgrhkkfx;ksa ds lq>kkoksa ds vk/kkj ij fd;k x;k gs ¼lkj.kh 1-11½A lkj.kh 1-11% /kjksgj laj{k.k vksj i;zvu ds fy;s dk;z uhfr vksj dk;z ;kstuk eqn~ns dk;zuhfr dk;z ;kstuk Hkkjrh; iqjkrro lozs{k.k fohkkx] jkt; iqjkrro fohkkx] i;zvu fohkkx vksj ou fohkkx ds chp vkilh leuo; ds vk/kkj ij,sfrgkfld Lekjdksa dk j[k j[kkoa lhkh,sfrgkfld Lekjdksa ds j[k j[kko vksj i;zvu ds fodkl esa futh {ks= dks 'kkfey djuka,sfrgkfld /kjksgjksa dh laj{kk o cpko dh vko';drka /kjksgj LFkyksa ls leqfpr leidz dk vhkkoa csafdax laca/kh ewyhkwr lqfo/kk;saa i;zvu ds fodkl dh dkjxj dk;zuhfr dk vhkkoa lhkh,sfrgkfld /kjksgjksa ds vkl ikl ewyhkwr lqof/kkvksa dk izko/kkua fdys dh nhokj dk iqujks)kja,sfrgkfld /kjksgj okys Hkouksa dk iqu:)kj vksj laj{k.ka e`rizk; gosfy;ksa rfkk /kjksgjksa vksj ifjleifrr;ksa dk iqu% mi;ksxa /kjksgj {ks=ksa dh fu;fer ns[k js[k vksj <kapkxr LFkkf;Ro dh lwpukvksa dks v ru djuka /kjksgj {ks=ksa ds mi;ksx dks mudh ek x ds vuqlkj djus ds laca/k esa fu;fer ewy;kadua bu LFkkuksa ij ewyhkwr lqfo/kkvksa tsls ikuh] LoPNrk] Bksl dpjk vksj ukyh tslh lqfo/kkvksa esa fu;fer lq/kkja fdys ds vanj ds fglls esa tula[;k?kuro ij fu;a=.ka /kjksgj vksj i;zvu ekxz dk fodkla 'kgj ds ty lzksrksa ds i;kzoj.k dk lq/kkja i;zvu laca/kh vk/kkjhkwr lajpukvksa tsls gksvy vksj jslvksjsav dk fodkla fofhkuu izdkj ds i;zvd xfrfof/k;ksa dks c<+kok nsus ds fy;s /ofu vksj izdk'k 'kks] /kjksgj Hkze.k] ty lzksrksa dk fodkl] ltkovh iks/kksa dk jksim+] i;zvu cl lsok br;kfn dks fu;fer c<+kuka 1-17