Using an Arduino to Control High Voltage/Current Devices (Motors, Lights, Heating Elements, etc.) The Arduino UNO operating voltage is nominally 5.0 VDC and can be powered via two sources: the USB port and an external 2.1 mm DC connector (recommended input range 7-12 VDC, maximum 6-20 VDC). An on-board voltage regulator provides the 5 VDC operating voltage. The maximum source/drain current per input/output pin is 20 ma. USB Specifications https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/usb Specification Current Voltage Power USB 1.0 & 2.0 500 ma 5 V 2.5 W USB 3.x 900 ma 5 V 4.5 W Using the Arduino to Control a Switch for a Separate Power Supply A separate power supply is required to power high voltage./current DC devices or AC devices. The Arduino is used to control a "switch" and the switch is used to manage the voltage/current. Examples of "switches" are MOSFET transistors, NPN & PNP BJT transistors, relays, solenoids, actuators, motors controllers (DC motors, AC motors, stepper motors, servo motors). Related Terms: Motors DC Brushless Stepper (Unipolar & Bipolar) RC Servo Open Loop Closed Loop Encoders PID (Proportional, Integral, Derivative) Controller, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pid_controller L298 Dual Full-Bridge Motor Driver H-Bridge Motor Driver Links (DC Motors, Stepper Motors, Servo Motors) Practical Electronics for Inventors, 3ed Paul Scherz and Simon Monk High Power Devices - Section 13.5.3, pages 895-899 DC Motors - Chapter 14, pages 913-926 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/brushless_dc_electric_motor https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ac_motor https://www.princeton.edu/~mae412/text/ntrak2002/292-302.pdf https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/stepper_motor#stepper_motor_driver_circuits http://www.tigoe.net/pcomp/code/circuits/motors/stepper-motors/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/servomotor https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/servo_%28radio_control%29 http://pcbheaven.com/wikipages/how_rc_servos_works/ https://www.sparkfun.com/products/12779 https://www.sparkfun.com/products/11611 Arduino and 28BYJ-48 Stepper Motor and ULN2003 Driver Intro (Bret Stateham) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b86nqdrskvu http://www.instructables.com/id/arduino-library-for-28byj-48-stepper-motor-and-uln/ Examples of Arduino Shields Arduino Seeed Studio Grove Wiki http://www.seeedstudio.com/wiki/index.php?title=main_page#grove
Transistor Switches Grove MOSFET Module
Solenoids and Relays
Arduino as a High Voltage / Current Controller
DC Motors DC Motors (Continuous) Types: Continuous Rotation Servo (Remote Control) Stepper (Bipolar, Unipolar, Universal) Ratings: Volts, Amps, RMP, Stall Current, Torque Torque: 1 ft lb = 192 oz in 1 oz in = 72 gm cm 1 Nm = 10,200 gm cm 1 ft lb = 1.356 Nm = 13,825 gm cm 1 1.5 VDC to 24 & 48 VDC 3000-8000 RPM <50% rated voltage (no rotation) >130% rated voltage (over heating) Speed Control - Pulse Width Modulation Direction Control - Reverse Polarity 2 DC Motors (Servo) Servo Motors Remote Control via Pulse Width Modulation Partial Rotation (180-210 ) PMW 1.0 ms Pulse = Left Rotation 1.5 ms Pulse = Neutral 2.0 ms Pulse = Right Rotation 3 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/servomotor https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/servo_%28radio_control%29 http://pcbheaven.com/wikipages/how_rc_servos_works/ Arduino and 28BYJ-48 Stepper Motor and ULN2003 Driver Intro (Bret Stateham) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b86nqdrskvu http://www.instructables.com/id/arduino-library-for-28byj-48-stepper-motor-and-uln/ 4 1
DC Motors (Stepper) Variable Reluctance Steppers Variable Reluctance (free rotation) n Phases = n Coils = 2n Poles Permanent Magnet (cog/detent resistance) Bipolar Unipolar Universal n Coils = n Phases = 2n Poles One end of each coil connected to Common Common connected to Power Supply Each n phase lead grounded in turn i.e. grounding the phase lead applies current to the circuit 5 6 Permanent Magnet Steppers Leads Type 4 wire Bipolar (no center-tap) 5 wire Unipolar common center-tap 6 wire Unipolar individual center-tap 8 wire Universal (Bipolar / Unipolar) Universal Stepper Motor 4 Independent Coils (8 wires) Coils wired in parallel = Unipolar Coils wired in series = Bipolar 7 8 2
Bipolar Stepper Motor Bipolar Stepper Motor Two phase (4 wires) Not center-tapped Each coil individually energized Reverses polarity (hence the term bipolar ) More complex control circuits Requires H-Bridge for every coil More torque per unit size 9 10 Unipolar Stepper Motor Unipolar Stepper Motor Center-Tapped Internal Common (5 wire) Separate Commons (6 wire) Connect Center-Tap(s) to +VDC Power supply Ground Phase Leads via Control Pulses in turn Full Stepping Half Stepping Power Stepping Requires 2 power Provides 1.44 torque 11 12 3