Directed Graphs BOS. Directed Graphs 1 ORD JFK SFO DFW LAX MIA

Directed Graphs BOS ORD JFK SFO LAX DFW MIA Directed Graphs 1

Outline and Reading Reachability Directed DFS Strong connectivity Transitive closure The Floyd-Warshall Algorithm Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAG s) Topological Sorting Directed Graphs 2

Digraphs A digraph is a graph whose edges are all directed Short for directed graph Applications one-way streets flights task scheduling A C E D B Directed Graphs 3

E Digraph Properties D A graph G=(V,E) such that Each edge goes in one direction: Edge (a,b) goes from a to b, but not b to a. If G is simple, m < n*(n-1). If we keep in-edges and out-edges in separate adjacency lists, we can perform listing of inedges and out-edges in time proportional to their size. C A B Directed Graphs 4

Digraph Application Scheduling: edge (a,b) means task a must be completed before b can be started ics21 ics22 ics23 ics51 ics53 ics52 ics161 ics131 ics141 ics121 ics171 ics151 The good life Directed Graphs 5

Directed DFS We can specialize the traversal algorithms (DFS and BFS) to digraphs by traversing edges only along their direction In the directed DFS algorithm, we have four types of edges discovery edges back edges forward edges cross edges A directed DFS starting a a vertex s determines the vertices reachable from s C E A D B Directed Graphs 6

Reachability DFS tree rooted at v: vertices reachable from v via directed paths E D E D C A C B F A E C D F A Directed Graphs 7 B

Strong Connectivity Each vertex can reach all other vertices a c g d e f b Directed Graphs 8

Strong Connectivity Algorithm Pick a vertex v in G. Perform a DFS from v in G. If there s a w not visited, print no. G: a c g Let G be G with edges reversed. d e Perform a DFS from v in G. If there s a w not visited, print no. f b Else, print yes. G : a c g Running time: O(n+m). d e f b Directed Graphs 9

Strongly Connected Components Maximal subgraphs such that each vertex can reach all other vertices in the subgraph Can also be done in O(n+m) time using DFS, but is more complicated (similar to biconnectivity). a c g { a, c, g } f d e b { f, d, e, b } Directed Graphs 10

Transitive Closure Given a digraph G, the transitive closure of G is the digraph G* such that G* has the same vertices as G if G has a directed path from u to v (u v), G* has a directed edge from u to v The transitive closure provides reachability information about a digraph B A B A D C D C E G E G* Directed Graphs 11

Computing the Transitive Closure We can perform DFS starting at each vertex O(n(n+m)) Actually O(n 3 ) for dense graphs Complex If there's a way to get from A to B and from B to C, then there's a way to get from A to C. Alternatively... Use dynamic programming: The Floyd-Warshall Algorithm O(n 3 ) Simple Directed Graphs 12

Floyd-Warshall Transitive Closure Idea #1: Number the vertices 1, 2,, n. Idea #2: Consider paths that use only vertices numbered 1, 2,, k, as intermediate vertices: i Uses only vertices numbered 1,,k (add this edge if it s not already in) Uses only vertices numbered 1,,k-1 k j Uses only vertices numbered 1,,k-1 Directed Graphs 13

Floyd-Warshall s Algorithm Floyd-Warshall s algorithm numbers the vertices of G as v 1,, v n and computes a series of digraphs G 0,, G n G 0 =G G k has a directed edge (v i, v j ) if G has a directed path from v i to v j with intermediate vertices in the set {v 1,, v k } We have that G n = G* In phase k, digraph G k is computed from G k - 1 Running time: O(n 3 ), assuming areadjacent is O(1) (e.g., adjacency matrix) Algorithm FloydWarshall(G) Input digraph G Output transitive closure G* of G i 1 for all v G.vertices() denote v as v i i i + 1 G 0 G for k 1 to n do G k G k - 1 for i 1 to n (i k) do for j 1 to n (j i, k) do if G k - 1.areAdjacent(v i, v k ) G k - 1.areAdjacent(v k, v j ) if G k.areadjacent(v i, v j ) G k.insertdirectededge(v i, v j, k) return G n Directed Graphs 14

Floyd-Warshall Example BOS v 7 ORD v 4 v 2 SFO JFK v 6 LAX v 1 v 3 DFW MIA v 5 Directed Graphs 15

Floyd-Warshall, Iteration 1 BOS v 7 ORD v 4 v 2 SFO JFK v 6 LAX v 1 v 3 DFW MIA v 5 Directed Graphs 16

Floyd-Warshall, Conclusion BOS v 7 ORD v 4 v 2 SFO JFK v 6 LAX v 1 v 3 DFW MIA v 5 Directed Graphs 27

DAGs and Topological Ordering A directed acyclic graph (DAG) is a digraph that has no directed cycles A topological ordering of a digraph is a numbering v 1,, v n of the vertices such that for every edge (v i, v j ), we have i < j Example: in a task scheduling digraph, a topological ordering of a task sequence satisfies the precedence constraints Theorem A digraph admits a topological ordering if and only if it is a DAG v 2 v 1 B A B A Directed Graphs 28 D C E DAG G v 4 v 5 D E C v3 Topological ordering of G

Topological Sorting Number vertices, so that (u,v) in E implies u < v wake up 2 3 eat study computer sci. 7 play 9 1 make cookies for professors nap 8 write c.s. program 10 sleep A typical student day 4 5 more c.s. 6 work out dream about graphs Directed Graphs 29 11

Algorithm for Topological Sorting Note: This algorithm is different (more compact) than the one in Goodrich-Tamassia (yet of the same big-oh) Method TopologicalSort(G) H G // Temporary copy of G n G.numVertices() while H is not empty do Let v be a vertex with no outgoing edges Label v n n n - 1 Remove v from H Running time: O(n + m). Why? Directed Graphs 30

Topological Sorting Algorithm using DFS Simulate the algorithm by using depth-first search Algorithm topologicaldfs(g) Input dag G Output topological ordering of G n G.numVertices() for all u G.vertices() setlabel(u, UNEXPLORED) for all e G.edges() setlabel(e, UNEXPLORED) for all v G.vertices() if getlabel(v) = UNEXPLORED topologicaldfs(g, v) O(n+m) time. Algorithm topologicaldfs(g, v) Input graph G and a start vertex v of G Output labeling of the vertices of G in the connected component of v setlabel(v, VISITED) for all e G.outgoingEdges(v) if getlabel(e) = UNEXPLORED w opposite(v,e) if getlabel(w) = UNEXPLORED setlabel(e, DISCOVERY) topologicaldfs(g, w) else {e is a forward or cross edge} Label v with topological number n n n - 1 Directed Graphs 31

Topological Sorting Example Directed Graphs 32

Topological Sorting Example 9 Directed Graphs 33

Topological Sorting Example 8 9 Directed Graphs 34

Topological Sorting Example 8 7 9 Directed Graphs 35

Topological Sorting Example 6 8 7 9 Directed Graphs 36

Topological Sorting Example 6 5 8 7 9 Directed Graphs 37

Topological Sorting Example 6 4 5 8 7 9 Directed Graphs 38

Topological Sorting Example 3 6 4 5 8 7 9 Directed Graphs 39

Topological Sorting Example 2 3 6 4 5 8 7 9 Directed Graphs 40

Topological Sorting Example 2 1 3 6 4 5 8 7 9 Directed Graphs 41