Uncertainty, shocks and rural livelihoods

Title: Agricultural Value Chain-Based PhD Research Program Name of Project Leader in Africa: Zena Mpenda Name of University and address: Sokoine University of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, P.O Box 3007 Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania. Contact information (e-mail, phone number, Skype ID): Email: mpendaz@suanet.ac.tz, zekenya@yahoo.com, Mobile: +255 752 956277 Name of Project Leader in Denmark: Name of University and address: Contact information (e-mail, phone number, Skype ID): Name(s) of other institution(s) involved (if applicable): Focus area(s) covered by the proposal (more than one can be ticked): Environment & Climate (x) Growth & Employment (x) Sustainable land use and management Macroeconomic governance and growth Sustainable water use and management Innovation and diffusion processes Energy and water in rural and urban Agricultural value chains X linkages Climate change Uncertainty, shocks and rural livelihoods Sustainable innovations and planning Competitive strategies, upgrading and innovation Management and leadership Indicate which of the BSU platforms the proposal is submitted to (indicate with x): Environment & Climate Growth & Employment X

Background of the Proposal Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA) was founded on 1 st July, 1984 by an Act of Parliament referred to as University of Agriculture Act No.6 of 1984 and started its activities in the same year. The university was created from the former Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Veterinary Science of the University of Dar es Salaam. It is located about 3 km from the centre of Morogoro Municipality, which is about 200 km. West of Dar es Salaam. The main mandates of SUA are to undertake training, research, extension and consultancy in agriculture and allied subjects. These activities are carried out by four Faculties (Faculties of Agriculture, Forestry and Nature Conservation, Veterinary Medicine and Science), eight Directorates/Institutes (Institute of Continuing Education (ICE), the Development studies Institute (DSI) and Directorate of Research and Postgraduate Studies (DRPGS), Computer Centre, Sokoine National Library, SUA Centre for Sustainable Agriculture and SUA Pest Management) excluding those in the constituent college of MUCCOBs. Needs Assessment Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA) is well known for its strength in providing technical training and conducting research in agriculture and allied fields. SUA, being the only agricultural university in the country, has been struggling to respond to the needs of the agribusiness community, which calls for a wider range of skills, action research and agribusiness support services. Upon realizing the need for practical training and development of management and entrepreneurship skills as a means of creating more motivation to self-employment, the Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness (DAEA) under the Faculty of Agriculture transformed its training with a focus onto more commercialized sector. Since then, the department as a business school has focused on the agribusiness sector with an aim of becoming an organization responsive to changing markets and interacting with agribusiness community. It envisions facilitating development of the sector to a point where it will be composed of profitable enterprises, operated by competent skilled managers and continuously solving entrepreneurial challenges using sound research findings. Business orientation of the department has led to considerable expansion of business programs, training, research, consultancy and outreach. This together with the needs assessment that was conducted in 2004 led to new training programs that include entrepreneurship courses that are taught University-wide, and MBA (Agribusiness) degree which admits qualified graduate students from SUA and other accredited Universities in the country and executives from the public t and private sectors. Meantime, there is a need to introduce PhD program in Agribusiness to engage graduate MBA (Agribusiness) students who aspire to pursue further studies in business. The new degree will also accommodates many more students from other non-agricultural Universities who wish to join SUA but find themselves admitted to PhD in Agricultural Economics with limited agribusiness courses. Empirical evidence, before even carrying out a formal needs assessment, suggests for existence of a huge demand For Building Stronger Universities in Developing Countries (BSU): Growth and Employment (GEP) Page 2

for the PhD program. The growing influx of MBA students (who are also academic staff at Mzumbe University) further attests to this great anticipation. Objective The need to introduce a PhD (agribusiness) program lingered in the department for some time especially now that there is an increase in request for admission of PhD students from many other non-agricultural Universities in the country. Currently, DAEA has seven academic programs that are running with anticipation of further expansion based on the job market demand and resources availability. The current programs in the department are B. Sc., M. Sc. and Ph. D. degrees in Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, MBA-Agribusiness, MBA (Evening Program), regional Collaborative Master of Science in Agricultural and Applied Economics and Postgraduate Diploma in Agricultural Economics. Introduction of PhD in Agribusiness will be an opportunity for the University to offer PhD with business courses that are agriculture-based. The need has also been raised by Instructors from the department to accept students with less mathematical background to undertake PhD program and apply alternative analytical methods that are acceptable in business studies such as case studies and theses that rely purely on qualitative data. This can only be done through the PhD (agribusiness) program. The purpose of this proposal is to bid for BSU support to establish and introduce the PhD (agribusiness) program under the department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness at SUA. The sought support is earmarked to specifically address the following: (i) Carry out a detailed needs assessment (ii) Curriculum development for the PhD (agribusiness) program (i.e. identification and structuring of courses, delivery and assessment methods) (iii) Institutionalize at SUA Description of proposed activities (include timeline- Gantt diagram) The proposed project is aimed at establishing a PhD (agribusiness) program that will focus on entrepreneurial value chains in agriculture. The main activities are highlighted below with details in Gantt diagram attached as Annex B. (1) Needs assessment to validate and update the available information fo from the 2004 survey which led to the establishment of the MBA programs in the department (2) Identification of relevant courses to be taught in the PhD (agribusiness) program under a collaborative arrangement between SUA and a relevant partner Danish University. (3) Course structuring to meet PhD status in terms of credit hours for coursework, excursion, internship, value chains to be considered and collaborative courses/teaching arrangements. (4) Identify and develop suitable delivery methods such as collaborative courses, guest speakers, case studies, excursion and internship posts (5) Identify and develop assessment methods like on-line examination which requires development of database of questions, system designing (internet portal etc). (6) Take the designed PhD (agribusiness) program through the SUA approval process. For Building Stronger Universities in Developing Countries (BSU): Growth and Employment (GEP) Page 3

Expected outputs Expected outputs are:- (a) Needs assessment report (b) PhD (agribusiness) program curriculum (c) 3 Case studies for three core business courses (d) List of proposed collaborative courses (e) List of potential posts for internship (f) Designed system to run on-line course assessment (g) Database of questions for three courses to be run as pilot cases (h) Express approval of the PhD (agribusiness) program by SUA senate Impact and sustainability of approach Sustainability of the PhD program will be ensured by DAEA. DAEA is an independent functional unit at SUA that hosts training, research consultancy and outreach programs. It is organized into specialized units of Agricultural Economics, Agribusiness, Resources and Environmental Economics, Finance and Accounting, Marketing and Entrepreneurship, Resource Management Studies and Economics under the department Head and four coordinators of research, undergraduate, postgraduate (business) and postgraduate (economics). In this case, the department Head is the top manager of the above mentioned activities. DAEA has a total of 33 faculty members, 21 have PhDs; 10 are at different stages of their PhD programs (Table 1). Annex D provides a detailed profile of DAEA staff and their areas of specializations and where they were trained. Table 1 Number of staff in each unit and their qualification Academic Units PhD PhD Students M.Sc./ MBA Total Number of Staff Management studies 2 4 1 7 Economics 3 1-4 Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness 4 1-5 Resource & environmental Economics 4 - - 4 Finance and Accounting 3 1 1 5 Marketing and Entrepreneurship 5 3-8 Total 21 10 2 33 Complementarity with efforts supported by other donors Though confirmations cannot be provided at this stage, SUA s membership in various collaborative associations/universities is very likely to impact positively into BSU efforts to this initiative. The current in-force collaborative projects include: For Building Stronger Universities in Developing Countries (BSU): Growth and Employment (GEP) Page 4

BSNT CEEPA CMAAE FARA NARS RUFORUM Business School Network in Tanzania Centre for Environmental Economics and Policy in Africa Collaborative Masters in Agricultural and Applied Economics Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa National Agricultural Research System Regional Universities Forum for Capacity Building in Agriculture For Building Stronger Universities in Developing Countries (BSU): Growth and Employment (GEP) Page 5

(i) Annex A: Short CVs of proposals leaders (max. 2 pages each) 1. PERSONAL PARTICULARS: 1.1 Personal history Name: Zena Theopist Mpenda Sex: Female Date of Birth 2nd May 1966 Marital Status: Married with three children Nationality: Tanzanian Language: Fluent in Kiswahili and English Mobile: 0782-153-231 and 0752-956-277 Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness (DAEA) Resume: Zena Mpenda is a lecturer in the Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness at Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA). She has majored in economics of food safety standards in agro-food exports for developing countries. She has worked and done consultancy and assists SMEs in product development and processing specifically on dairy products, cooking oil, fish and vegetables. She has researched in the fields of agro-processing, international food standards, waste management, value chain development, SMEs internal competences building, marketing and market competition. She has published on issues of economics of food safety standards in agro-foods export. She currently teaches quality control and standards, entrepreneurship development, mathematics for economics and statistics for graduate and undergraduate students respectively. She is now the coordinator for MBA - Agribusiness program at SUA. She is also involved in the African Agribusiness Academy (AAA), a project that supports commercial activities of SMEs in East Africa by strengthening individual entrepreneurial capacities. 1.2 Academic Qualifications: 1.2.1 B.A (Economics), University of Dar s Salaam, 1992. 1.2.2 M.A. (Economics), University of Botswana, Gaborone, 2000 1.2.3 Diploma in Food Safety Standards and Traceability in global perspective, Bygholm Agricultural College, Denmark, 2009 1.2.4 PhD (Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness), Sokoine University of Agriculture, 2010. 1.3 Employment Record 1.3.1 Sokoine University of Agriculture: - Lecturer, July 2003 to date 1.3.2 Village Oil Press Project: - Field Manager, April 1993 to March 1995 1.3.3 T-PRESS: - Project Administrator, April 1995 to August 1998 1.3.4 Private Agric. Support Services: Branch Manager cum Business Specialist, Aug, 2001 to Oct 2002 2 Work Experience at SUA 2.1 Teaching Courses for Undergraduate degrees 2.1.1 Statistics for social Science, August 2003 to December 2004 2.1.2 Agribusiness Skills II, September 2003 2.1.3 Mathematics for Economics, September 2003 to December 2004 2.1.4 Mathematics for Economics, September to November 2005 2.1.5 Agribusiness and Entrepreneurship development, Nov 2010 to date For Building Stronger Universities in Developing Countries (BSU): Growth and Employment (GEP) Page 6

2.2 Teaching Courses for Postgraduate degrees 2.2.1 Product Development and Quality Legislation, March 2010 to date 2.2.2 Business Statistics and Mathematics, March 2010 to date 2.2.3 Mathematics and Statistics for Business Decision, Nov 2011 to date 2.3 Consultancy Provided consultancy services on areas of market competition research, business and financial analysis; market analysis, feasibility studies, needs assessment and evaluation of projects. Recent survey and consultancy assignments, just to mention a few, include:- 2.3.1 Assist in designing Food Safety Standard (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point) and traceability systems for tomato sauce processing for Metrochem Industries in Mwanza region, 1-19 February 2010. 2.3.2 Resource person in a tailor-made training on internal competencies for food SMEs in the dairy and sunflower oil seed processing in Tanzania, July 2012 to April 2013 (on-going). 2.4 Membership in Committee, Boards and professional organization 2.4.1 Agricultural Economists Society of Tanzania (AGREST) 3 PUBLICATIONS 3.1 Published papers 3.1.1 Mdoe, N.S.Y., E.M. Senkondo, and Z. Mpenda, (2005). Institutions and Food Safety Standards in Tanzanian: The Case of Nile Perch Exports, AGREST Series Volume 7: 273-297. 3.1.2 Reuben M.J. Kadigi, Ntengua S.Y. Mdoe, Ephraim Senkondo, Zena Mpenda (2007). Effects of Food Safety Standards on the Livelihoods of Actors in the Nile Perch Value Chain in Tanzania. DIIS Working Paper No. 2007/24 3.1.3 Zena Mpenda (2009). Identification of food safety standards costs on Nile perch Export Supply Chain, Mwanza Region. In: Agricultural Transformation from Subsistence to Commercial Farming in Tanzania 9 th SAFE/AGREST proceedings, 379-395 pp. 3.1.4 Reuben M.J. Kadigi, Ntengua S.Y. Mdoe, Ephraim Senkondo, Zena Mpenda (2010). Food Safety Standards and Fishery Livelihoods in East Africa. In: Gibbon P., Ponte S. and Lazaro E. (Ed). Global Agro-Food trade and Standards: Chalenges for Africa forthcoming. International Political Economy Series. 3.1.5 Mpenda Z., N.S.Y. Mdoe, M.J. Kadigi, E. Senkondo (2010). Costs and Benefits of Compliance With Food Safety Standards In The Tanzanian Nile Perch Export Supply Chain 4 Seminars/Conferences/short course trainings Attended Attended various workshops/seminars and short courses on areas related to business, financial and training of trainers. These include:- 4.1 Training on Food Safety Standards and Traceability in global perspective, Bygholm Agricultural College, Denmark, 9 27 November 2009 4.2 Participate in facilitating three consecutive Africa Agribusiness Academy workshops held in Nairobi, Kenya between 30 June and 7 July 2011. The workshops were held to streamline critical entrepreneurship challenges faced by SME in East Africa and come up with strategic solutions. 4.3 Assist Africa Agribusiness Academy project leaders in Uganda to prepare training kits based on the identified strategic solutions for SMEs entrepreneurship challenges in East Africa. 9 14 October 2011 For Building Stronger Universities in Developing Countries (BSU): Growth and Employment (GEP) Page 7

Annex B: LFA for the project on Agricultural Value Chain DESCRIPTION INDICATORS MEANS OF VERIFICATION Development objective: Minutes from Approval letter Introduce and run a PhD (agribusiness) program progressive meetings : from SUA under the department of Agricultural Economics Faculty, Postgraduate Council by year and Agribusiness at SUA committee and Senate 3 of the project from year 2 of the Immediate objectives: To carry out a detailed needs assessment Outputs: Output 1: Needs assessment report Activity 1.1: Formulate team to carry out BUS activities Activity 1.2: Develop checklist and carry out needs assessment survey project DAEA team to carry out the BUS activity confirmed by the 1 st quarter of year 1 of the project.. A team of 4 people formulated on the 1 st quarter of year 1 Checklist developed Needs assessment report by 2 nd quarter of year 1 of the project.. Needs assessment carried out in 2 nd quarter of year 1 ASSUMPTIONS The curriculum is finalized in time DAEA members actively participate in BUS activities Immediate objectives: To develop curriculum for the proposed PhD (agribusiness) program Activities Output 2: Developed business courses Activity 2.1: Liaise with partner Danish University to identify ideal courses Activity 2.2: Develop course contents for the identified courses Activity 2.3: Structure the course: Identify core and elective courses, assign weights (credit hrs) for each course,,,, Output 3: Collaborative courses identified Activity 3.1: Identify similar courses offered by other departments or collaborative partners currently at SUA Activity 3.2: Identify collaborative partners who are willing to support in teaching Output 4: Delivery methods in place Activity 4.1: Train BUS team at DAEA on how to write case studies for teaching Activity 4.2: Identify 3 core courses that can use case studies in teaching Activity 4.3: Develop a total of 9 case studies (3 for each of the 3 core courses identified in activity 4.2) Activity 4.4: Identify 20 potential posts for internship for PhD students within and outside the country Activity 4.5: Identify other best delivery methods For Building Stronger Universities in Developing Countries (BSU): Growth and Employment (GEP) Page 8

to be incorporated in the future Output 5: Assessment methods in place Activity 5.1: Acquire server Activity 5.2: Outsource expert to design system for on-line assessment Activity 5.3: Create a database of questions Activity 5.4: Run a trial on on-line assessment Immediate objectives: To institutionalize the developed PhD (agribusiness) program at SUA Output 6: Institutionalize the program Activity 6.1: Annex C: Budget (attached template must be applied) Still working on it Annex D. Table 2: DAEA staff profile Unit Member Qualification Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness 1. Dr. E. Lazaro Ph.D Agric. Econ. (Tanzania) MSc. Agric. Econ (USA) BSc. Agric. (Tanzania)) 2. Prof. N. Mdoe Ph.D. Agric. Econ. (UK) MSc. Agric. Econ. (Canada) BSc. Agric. (Tanzania) 3. Ms. R. Alphonce* Ph.D student (Norway) Msc. Agric. Econ. (Tanzania) Bsc. Agric. Econ. & agribus.( Tanzania) 4. Dr. A. Akyoo PhD Agric. Econ (Tanzania/Denmark) Msc. Agric. Econ. (Tanzania) B.Sc. Agriculture (Tanzania) 5. Dr. J. Hella Ph.D Agric. Econ. (Belgium) MSc. Agric. Econ. (Tanzania) Bsc. Agric. (Tanzania) For Building Stronger Universities in Developing Countries (BSU): Growth and Employment (GEP) Page 9

Resource and Environmental Economics Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness (DAEA) 1. Prof. E. Senkondo Ph.D. Agric. Econ. (Netherlands) MSc. Resource Mgt (Norway) MSc. Agric. Econ (Kenya). BSc. Agric. (Tanzania) 2. Dr. R. Kadigi Ph.D. Agric. Econ. (Tanzania) MSc. MNRSA (Norway) BSc. Agric. (Tanzania) 3. Dr. P. Damas Ph.D Agric. Econ. (German) Msc Agric. Econ. (Tanzania) Bsc Agric Gen. (Tanzania); 4. Dr. F. Turuka** *on Government appointment PhD Agric Econ (German) Msc Agric. Econ (UK) Bsc Agric. (Tanzania) Finance and Accounts 1. Prof. A. E. Temu Ph.D. Agric. Econ. (UK) MSc. Agric. Econ. (UK) BSc. Agric. (Tanzania) 2. Ms. B. Waized Ph.D business (UK) MBA Finance (Tanzania) BSc. Food Sc. & Tech. (Tanzania) 3. Dr. Kashuliza** *on Government appointment PhD Agric Econ (UK) Msc Agric. Econ (Canada) Bsc Agric. (Tanzania) 4. Mr. B. Gwakisa* PhD student (Tanzania) CPA Accounting (Tanzania) MBA-Finance (Tanzania) BBA-Accounting (Tanzania) 5. Mr. J. Longo MBA-Agribusiness (Tanzania) Bsc Agric. Educ. & Exten. (Tanzania) Marketing and Entrepreneurship 1. Prof. E. Mbiha Ph.D Agric. Econ.(UK) MSc. Agric. Econ. (UK) BSc. in Agric. (USA) Dip. in Agric (Tanzania) 2. Dr. Gabagambi Ph.D. Agric. Econ. (Germany) Msc. Agric. Econ. (Tanzania) B.Sc. in Agric. (Tanzania) 3. Dr. A. A. Temu Ph.D. Agric. Econ (USA) Msc Agric. Econ.(Canada) Bsc Agric. (Tanzania) For Building Stronger Universities in Developing Countries (BSU): Growth and Employment (GEP) Page 10

4. Dr. F. Mishili Ph.D Agric Econ. (USA) Msc Agric. Econ. (USA) MBA marketing (Tanzania) B. Sc. Agric. Gen. (Tanzania) Dip. Agromechanization (Tanzania) 5. Mr. D. Ndyetabula Ph.D business (Denmark) MBA-Agribus. (Tanzania) B. Sc - Agronomy (Tanzania) Assoc. Dip- Inter. Trade & Banking (Tanzania) 6. Mr. F. Nandonde* PhD student (Denmark) MBA student (UK) BBA Marketing (Tanzania) 7. Mr. J. Masimba* PhD student (Tanzania) MBA Agribus. (Tanzania) B.Sc Food Sc. & Tech (Tanzania) 8. Mr. G. Fasha* Ph.D Student (South Africa) MBA-Marketing Man. (Tanzania) BBA -Marketing (Tanzania) Management Studies 1. Dr. F. Kilima Ph.D Agric. (USA) M.sc. Agric. Econ. (Tanzania) B.Sc. Agric. (Tanzania) 2. Mr. A Manyama* PhD student (Denmark) MBA (Tanzania) Msc. Agronomy (Tanzania) BSc. Agric. (Tanzania) 3. Mr. G. Makindara Ph.D Agric. Econ. (Tanzania) MBA (Tanzania) B. Sc. Food Sc. & Tech. (Tanzania) 4. Mr. H. Mahamud PhD student (Tanzania) MBA Agribusiness (Tanzania) B.Sc Agric. Econ. & Agribus. (Tanzania) 5. Mr. S. Hokororo* Ph.D student (Tanzania) MBA. Human Res. Man. (Tanzania) B.Sc Agric. General (Tanzania) 6. Mr. C. Magomba PhD Student (Tanzania) MBA-Agribusiness (Tanzania) Bsc Agric. Econ. & Agribus. (Tanzania ) 7. Mr. M. Wambura MLB (Tanzania) LLB (Tanzania) For Building Stronger Universities in Developing Countries (BSU): Growth and Employment (GEP) Page 11

Economics 1. Z. Mpenda Ph.D Agric. Econ (Tanzania/Denmark) MA. Economics (Botswana) BA. Economics (Tanzania) 2. Mr. N. Marwa* Ph.D student (South Africa) MSc. Biostatistics (Belgium) Msc. Applied statistics (Belgium) BSc.Agric.Econ. & Agribus. (Tanzania) 3. Dr. K. Mutabazi Ph.D Agric. Econ (Tanzania) MSc. Agric. Econ. (Tanzania) B.Sc. Agriculture (Tanzania) 4. Dr. E. Msuya PhD Econ. (Japan) Msc Agric. Econ (Tanzania) Bsc Agric. Econ.& Agribus. (Tanzania) For Building Stronger Universities in Developing Countries (BSU): Growth and Employment (GEP) Page 12