2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Definition of Past Tense Thompson (1986: 162) says that simple past tense is used for an action whose time is not given but which occupied a period of time now interminated, or occurred at a moment in a period of time now interminated. Azar (1989: 24) describes that the simple past tense indicates that an activity or situation began and ended at a particular time in the past. Types of Past Tense There are two types of past simple verbs. 1). Regular past simple verbs are those that add either a -d or -ed to the present tense form to create the past tense form. The children skipped past the door. We walked along the beach. 2). Irregular past simple verbs are those that don't add -d or -ed to the present tense form to create the past tense form. The children wrote to their grandmother. My sister drank all of the milk. 5
Regular Past Tense Verbs Regular verbs are so nice and predictable. It's easy to remember how to create the past tense of these verbs because they follow a pattern. They add either a -d or an -ed to the present tense form to make the past tense form. Present Tense + -d or -ed Past Tense Walk + -ed Walked Pick + -ed Picked Move + -d Moved Push + -ed Pushed Irregular Past Tense Verbs Irregular verbs are just what they sound like. They are not regular. They don't end in -d or an -ed in their past tense. In fact, they don't end in anything in particular. That can make it hard to remember how to form their past tense. 6
Present Tense +? Past Tense Drive +? Drove Eat +? Ate Have +? Had Begin +? Began Break +? Broke Steal +? Stole Cost +? Cost 2.2 Form of Past Tense A. Simple Past Tense Form I/we/you/ they He/she/ it + Past Tense Use To express an activity in a definite time in the past. 7
~ He was born in 1964. ~ She came here yesterday. ~ I saw good panorama last week. To express past habitual activities. ~ Indah was worked hard when he was young. ~ We always played basket ball during our academic years. B. Past Continuous Tense Form He/she/ it I/we/ you/ they = was + present participle = were + present participle Use To express an activity in the past which interrupted by another activity. ~ They were watching TV when somebody knocked at the door. ~ While I was bathing in the river I heard a fearful cry. To express two activities in the past that happens in the same time. ~ Milza was reading a magazine while Zoelham was writing letters. ~ When you called me, I was listening to the radio. 8
C. Past Perfect Tense Form Subject + Had + Past Participle Use To express an activity in the past which completed before an another activity. ~ He had arrived at home before it rained. ~ Angie went home after she had bought some books. ~ I had copied my lesson before the exam began. D. Past Perfect Continuous Tense Form Subject + Had + Been + Present Participle Use It is used to denote an action beginning in the past time and was still in progress at certain time in the past also. ~ When Bobby came, Surya had been working for two hours. ~ Before he entered the exam, he had been studying hard for a month. ~ The children had been playing in the garden the whole morning, before their mother called them. 9
Kind of English Sentences in Past Tense Affirmative Sentence Subject + Verb II Subject + Be 2 + Verb I-ing Subject + had + Verb III Subject + had + Been + Verb I-ing + Object ~ I spoke English. ~ I was speaking English. ~ I had spoken English. ~ I had been speaking English. Negative Sentence subject + did + not + Verb I subject + Be 2 + not + Verb I-ing subject + had + not +Verb III subject + had + not + Been + Verb I-ing + Object ~ I did not speak Japanese. ~ I was not speaking Japanese. ~ I had not spoken Japanese. ~ I had not been speaking Japanese. 10
Interrogative Sentence Did + Subject + Verb I? Be 2 + Subject + Verb I-ing? Had + Subject + Verb III? Had + Subject + been + Verb I-ing + Object? ~ Did I speak English? ~ Was I speaking English? ~ Had I spoken English? ~ Had I been speaking English? Negative Interrogative Sentence Did + not + Subject + Verb I? Be 2 + not + Subject + Verb I-ing? Had + not + Subject + Verb III? Had + not + Subject + been + Verb I-ing + Object? ~ Didn t I speak English? ~ Wasn t I speaking English? ~ Hadn t I spoken English? ~ Hadn t I been speaking English? Remember, The sentence often contains an adverb or adverb phrase of time, such as yesterday, the other day, last night, last week, three days ago, a few minutes ago, in (year), from (year) to (year), etc. 11
)الفعل) 2.3 Definition of Fiil Fiil is a word that shows the meaning of the work or events that occur in a period or time (past, present and future). Almost like a sense of the verb in the Indonesian language, but there are slight differences. Example: go to work Being / will work Has worked ف ع ل ي ف ع ل ا ف ع ل Fiil sentence division: 1. by the time a. Fiil Madhi b. Fiil Mudhari c. Fiil Amar 2. According to type the letters: a. Fiil Saheeh 1) Fiil Salim 2) Fiil Mahmuz 3) Fiil Mudhoaf b. Fiil Mutal 1) Fiil Mithal 2) Fiil Ajwaf 3) Fiil Naqish 4) Fiil Mafruq 12
5) Fiil Maqrun 3. According to the Attractions Sufferers: a. Prevalent Fiil b. Fiil Mutaadi 4. According to the form of Active /Passive: a. Fiil Malum b. Fiil Majhul 5. The composition according to letters: a. Fiil Mujarrad b. Fiil Mazid 2.4 Definition of Fiil Madhi Fiil Madhi is a verb that indicates the occurrence of a job or event in the past (past tense). Marking of Fiil Madhi The signs include a look at the original letter verb and generally contain the sound "a", for example ك ت ب (wrote), ق ر أ (read). 2.5 Form of Fiil Madhi Fiil Madhi has 14 forms in accordance with the number of dhamir (actor). Dhamir serves as fa'il (actor). Taking the example of the word ك ت ب (kataba), then there are 14 forms as follows: No Dhami F.Madhi Meaning Explaining 1 ه و ك ت ب He wrote The original form without any changes + in the last letter ا man) They (two ك ت ب ا ه م ا 2 wrote 13
in the last letter و + man) They (much ك ت ب و ه م 3 wrote in the last letter ت + wrote She ك ت ب ت ه ي 4 in the last letter ت ا + woman) They (two ك ت ب ت ا ه م ا 5 wrote in the last letter ن + wrote They (much) ك ت ب ن ه ن 6 in the last letter ت + wrote You (man) ك ت ب ت ا ن ت 7 man) You (two ك ت ب ت م ا ا ن ت م ا 8 wrote in the last letter ت ما + man) You (much ك ت ب ت م ا ن ت م 9 wrote in the last letter ت م + 10 ا ن ت ك ت ب ت in the last letter ت + wrote You (woman) woman) You (two ك ت ب ت م ا ا ن ت م ا 11 wrote in the last letter ت ما + 12 ان ت ن ك ت ب ت ن (much You in the last letter ت ن + woman) wrote 13 ا ن ا ك ت ب ت wrote I in the last letter ت + in the last letter نا+ We wrote ك ت ب ن ا ن ح ن 14 Pattern of Fiil Madhi 1. Fiil Tsulatsi Madhi, the past tense verb that consists of three letters. The patterns are: ف ع ل reject) (hit, help, ض ر ب, ن ص ر, ك ف ر know) (understand, see, ف ه م, ش ه د, ع ل م ف ع ل ف ع ل distance) (forbid, glorify, ح ر م, ك ر م, ب ع د 2. Fiil Rubai Madhi, the past tense verb consisting of four letters. There are three patterns: ن زل, ع لم, س لم ف عل 1 أ ر س ل, أ س ل م, أ ن ز ل أ ف ع ل 2 س اف ر, خ اس م, ق ات ل ف اع ل 3 14
3. Fiil Khumasi Madhi, the past tense verb consisting of five letters. There are four patterns: ا ن ق ل ب, ا ن ط ل ق, ا ن ق ط ع ا ن ف ع ل 1 ا ق ت ر ب, ا ج ت م ع, ا ج ت ن ب ا ف ت ع ل 2 ت ع ل م, ت أ خر, ت ق دم ت فعل 3 ت س اق ف, ت س اه ل, ت ج اه ل ت ف اع ل 4 4. Fiil Sudasi Madhi, the past tense verb consisting of six letters. The pattern is only one: Pattern Example ا س ت ح و ذ, ا س ت غ ف ر, ا س ت خ ر ج ا س ت ف ع ل Examples of changes fiil Madhi, rubai, khumasi, and sudasi: Sudasi Khumasi Ruba i Dhomir ف عل أ ف ل ا ن ف ع ل ا ف ت ع ل ت فعل ا س ت ف ع ل ه و ن زل أ ر س ل ا ن ق ط ع ا ج ت م ع ت ق دم ا س ت غ ف ر ه ي ن زل ت أ ر س ل ت ا ن ق ط ع ت ا ج ت م ع ت ت ق دم ت ا س ت غ ف ر ت ا ن ت ن زل ت أ ر س ل ت ا ن ق ط ع ت ا ج ت م ع ت ت ق دم ت ا س ت غ ف ر ت ا ن ت ن زل ت أ ر س ل ت ا ن ق ط ع ت ا ج ت م ع ت ت ق دم ت ا س ت غ ف ر ت ا نا ن زل ت أ ر س ل ت ا ن ق ط ع ت ا ج ت م ع ت ت ق دم ت ا س ت غ ف ر ت 15
Note: 1. All of fiil Madhi inaccessible by ق د which means really, examples: Arabic ق د ا س ت غ ف ر ت English Indeed, I have asked for forgiveness 2. If in the future there م ا in Fiil Madhi, it means no, for example: Arabic م ا ا س ت غ ف ر ت English I did not ask for forgiveness 16