Small Hydropower in Germany Jochen Bard Institute for Solar Energy Supply Technologies (ISET) Kassel University, www.iset.de
Overview of the presentation Renewables in Germany SHP market (history, recent developments) relevant legislation financing of projects river continuity and protection of fish
Institut für Solare Energieversorgungstechnik e.v. Systems Technology for the Use of Renewable Energies and Efficient Energy Conversion Applied Research and Development Renewable Energies Energy Conversion and Storages Hybrid Systems Energy Economy Information and Training Foundation: Staff: Budget: Financing: 1988, associated with the University of Kassel approx. 75 Employees approx. 8 Million EURO approx. 1.5 Million EURO basic grant. project funds from German Government, EU and industry
Development of Electricity from Renewable Energies 25.000 hydropower electricity production GWh 20.000 15.000 10.000 5.000 windenergy biomass photovoltaic year 2003 production contribution intalled capacity GWh % MW hydropower 20350 3.5 5000 wind energy 18500 3.1 15000 biomass 5140 1.2 1500 photovoltaic 332 0.06 400 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
status of total hydropower utilisation in Germany in 2000 eb = electricity boards owned by eb installed capacity: 4900 MW 82 % production: 20 bill. kwh 90 % number of plants: ca. 6250 10 % sites below 5 MW (proportion of total) owned by eb installed capacity : 1200 MW 24 % 50 % production : 5,3 bill. kwh 25 % 57 % number of plants : ca. 6000 95 % 7 %
distribution of private hydropower plants in 1996 (without ebs) 1000 3171 100 900 800 number production power 90 80 number, production [GWh] 700 600 500 400 300 70 60 50 40 30 capacity [MW] 200 20 100 10 0 bis 50 50-100 100-200 200-500 500-1000 1000-5000 classified power [kw] source VDEW 0
historical development 19. cent. 60.000 to 70.000 water wheels as power source for small enterprises, mills, etc. 1849 Francis turbine 1890 Pelton turbine 1913 Kaplan turbine 1925 37.000 water wheels and 21.000 turbines in operation more than 50% of the total capacity of the installed turbines of 1.400 MW is used for electricity production. mean power of turbines 65 (kw), mean power of water wheels 6 kw. 1980 only 2.000 mills left (after Mühlensterben ) 1985 about 13000 existing water rights, 2/3 of sites below 25 kw after this trend reversal for private sites (not electricity boards)
Low head in Hessen (2127 sites) 25 20 rel. frequency Häufigkeit [%] [%] 15 10 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 15 20 >20 Head [m] Fallhöhenstufe [m]
Example site: Katlenburg 105 kw vertical Francis el. power: 105 kw gross head: 3,7 m design flow: 4,5 m³/s production: 650 MWh
development of installed capacity (< 5MW) between 1986 and 2000 (without ebs) 7000 6000 average capacity increase 21 MW/a average production increase 14%/a y p p 700 600 number, production[gwh] 5000 4000 3000 2000 number estimation production capacity estimation 500 400 300 200 installed capacity [MW] 1000 100 Stromeinspeisegesetz 0 source VDEW 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 year 0
estimated business volume and employment assumption: 20 MW/a of new capacity at cost of 5000 /kw total turnover about 100 Mil. /a, thereof 30 Mil. /a manufacturers ca. 240 employees 50 Mil. /a civil engineering ca. 530 employees 15 Mil. /a planning &others ca. 120 employees total ca. 890 employees operation and maintenance for all plants (< 5MW) estimated total volume ca. 120 Mil. /a, ca. 1200 employees total annual business volume in Germany equivalent employment approximately 220 Mil. /a 2000 employees
price for sales to the grid (StreG, EEG) 10 9 power < 500 kw 500 kw to 5 MW 8 7 6 ct /kwh 5 4 3 2 1 0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 year StreG EEG EEG 04
specific investment cost for hydropower plants 12000 Leistungsspezif. Kosten [ /kw] 10000 8000 6000 4000 new 2000 refurbished 0 modernised 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Ausbauleistung [kw] source: VDI
typical eletricity cost for new installations 0,30 production cost [ /kwh] spezifische Kosten [ /kwh] 0,25 0,20 0,15 0,10 1 MW 5 MW 250 kw 50 kw 0,05 0,00 1500 2500 3500 4500 5500 6500 7500 full load Vollast hours [h]
subsidies and grants for SHP in Germany European level: ALTENER II (1998-2002), THERMIE, EESD 5th framework National level 'Measures to improve the use of renewable energies' (1999-2003) 750 /kw for new, 300 /kw for refurbished sites, total 100 M in 1999 combined with a loan from KfW (reconstruction loan corp.) Federal Ministry of Economics (BMWi, today BMWA) '50 M Programme' to increase the demand for renewables 1994-1997 about 33 M in total, 2.1 M for 98 SHP projects German ERP -energy conservation programme loan with reduced interest: 112 M between 1990-1997 similar: DtA programme 42 M Federal States (Laender) subsidies between 25 and 70% for sites up to 300, 500 or 1000 kw 36 M between 1991 and 1997 100 M between 1990 and 2000
European legal framework Environmental Impact Assessment Council Directive 97/11/EC of 3 March 1997 amending Directive 85/337/EEC assessment of the effects projects on the environment before consent is given, projects are made subject to a requirement for development consent and an assessment with regard to their effects Habitat Directive on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 ensuring biodiversity through the conservation of natural habitats Natura 2000 (map of protected areas) Water Framework Directive Directive 2000/60/EC framework for the Community action in the field of water policy secure the ecological, quantitative and qualitative functions of water all impacts on water will have to be analysed and actions will have to be taken
German legislation Law on Environmental Impact Assessment missing national implementation, European legislation applies Water conservation law development of a river (new weir or channel etc.) -> planning permission reuse of an old site, use of water at existing weir/dam -> license Emission control law air pollution, noise, vibration National Nature Conservation Act construction of a SHP Renewable energy act 2004 higher tariff from 2007 on only for sites with good ecological condition Individual legislations of the Federal States (Laender) example Baden Württemberg simplified permission procedure for SHP < 1MW from 1993 to 1998: 99 projects approved, 20 projects rejected
Minimum Reserved Flow typical historic regulation: 30 % of mean minimum flow 'MNQ' (e.g. minimum flow of 7 days within 5 years) today: determination of required reserved flow based on biotope-discharge method at a representative flat section (reference fish species) : minimum speed 0.3 m/s, minimum depth 0.2 to 0.4 m (0.3 to 0.6 in deeper sections) compare with mean minimum flow (if too high use eco-hydrological method) eco-hydrological method orientation at MNQ specific values for summer and winter dynamic value (up to 3 steps, spawning seasons etc.) variation between 0.33 and 1.36 of MNQ JFMAMJJASOND
River continuity and protection of fish: fish passages power plant in diversion channel
River continuity and protection of fish: fish passages power plant in weir
River continuity and protection of fish: trash rack standard design 20 mm clearance (compromise) max. speed 0.3 to 0.5 m/s designs without extraction of trash preferred other fish guiding technologies are rare exception: water wheels and Archimedic screws
VASOCOMPACT: a new integrated approach
VASOCOMPACT: a new integrated approach