Pannon University PhD-School of Linguistics The Theses of the Doctoral (Ph.D.) Dissertation JERKUS TIBOR ISTVÁNNÉ NEOLOGISMS IN THE HUNGARIAN ECONOMIC PROFESSIONAL LANGUAGE Consultant: Ablonczyné Dr. Mihályka Lívia PhD habil. Veszprém 2011 10
1. The Subject and the Objective of the Dissertation The linguistic researches of the latter decades expand continuously. The claim of responding to the modern questions always expands the borders of linguistics. The complicated connection system between the disciplines connected a number of areas of applied linguistics, so the thorough examination of an area is only possible with involving the research results of other areas. The essay examines the language of the Hungarian economical trade press concerning its neologism between 2000 and 2005. This paper looks at the vocabulary of two major Hungarian economic newspapers, the Heti Világgazdaság (HVG) and the daily Világgazdaság (VG) publications. The topic involves more branches of linguistics. The research claims the scientific-educational economic technical language in a centre between sociolinguistics frameworks, and also the press language, as well as the science of the examination of titles, the titrology. The hapaxes seen in press titles appearing in terminolocial environment are also analysed. From among the manners of word-formation present research deals with word formation and compound in detail, since these manners are the most frequent in creating economic neologisms in the Hungarian language. It deals with semantics, too, the role of which is indisputable in word formation and compound. The paper presents the concept of culture in connection with stylistics neologisms in our language. The recognition of its elements embedded in the titles, thanks to the literary creativity is not an easy task. The understanding of the titles is the basis of understanding the whole article because of their text forming role. We consider the deeper knowledge of its vocabulary very important, since the big part of our idea formed about the world originates from the press. The aim of this essay is the justification or refutation of hypotheses based on theoretical or practical researches, highlighting the undermentioned: 11
- the cognition of reasons explaining the formation of unfamiliar words or phrases of Hungarian economic technical language, its expressions, putting globalization in the centre - the discovery of these new economic technical language in our language - the examination of the formation manners - the presentation of the hapax residing in the titles, amining the role of culture and the lingual creativity in the Hungarian economic language The subject of the dissertation is the expansion of the Hungarian economic lexicons with specific regard to the neologisms. The paper intends to contribute to the researches in the field of applied linguistics, the linguistics of professional languages (BANCZEROWSKI 2000 : 281) by the elaboration of some issues of professional foreign word-formation at the lexico-semantic level. The choice of subject was motivated by the fact that many Hungarian linguists deal with the modification of the lexicons of our own mother tongue, but conserning economic professional language studies are few. We can find several references to it how interesting a lesson we could draw from the study of neologisms formed in the countries that underwent the change of the regime (MINYA 2003: 91). Moreover the novelty of the subject lies in the combination of neologism research and the approach of the special economic language. 2 Background of the research The inflow of foreign words, the changes of vocabulary at the Hungarian economic language since the political transformation is different in two ways than it was previously. On the one hand in terms of quantity and on the other hand in terms of quality. The manners of word-formation show a lot of similarity in the period of the two consecutive eras (after 1945 and after 1990). The political, technological, economic, social changes modified the Hungarian economic language largely. The relation of the culture, the economy and the vocabulary became tight. 3 Research Methods We examined the vocabulary of the articles of two considerable hungarian economic newspapers, the Heti Világgazdaság (HVG) and the daily Világgazdaság (VG) publications. To the exploration of the neologisms we examined the 3058 articles of 12
HVG appeared from June 2000 to June 2005 and the 2098 articles of VG from June 2000 to June 2003. We looked at the sheets' domestic and international economic headings. We made use of nearly thirty of HVG year collected title substances for the examination of the hapax which can be found in the titles. To the examination of the neologisms after 1945 we used the material collected from contemporary publications (Szabad nép) appeared 1948-1950, that let us draw a parallel between the manners of the two eras of wordformation, and we verify that our language did not lose from his adaptability. We wish to verify or refute the hypotheses of the research with a qualitative examination on the corpus designated for the analysis. The analysis happens in a manual method. 4. The Structure of the Dissertation We outline the objectives of the research in the first chapter of the paper, we set up the hypotheses and we present the combination of the examined corpus. We look up the contexts between the economy, the language and the systems of the culture in the second chapter of the paper. An interpretational dimension exists according to our assumption, in which participants may overcome the obstacles following from the lingual and cultural differences in the communication,. After defining the concept of globalization and its historical overview, we examine the effects made by economic és language globalization on society, culture in Hungary. We examine the dominancy of English language and the linguistic effects of Americanisation in the economic press. We put the press language into a lingual system in the third chapter, we outline the vertical and horizontal dividing up of technical language, then we expound the written press peculiarities. The texts appearing in the scientific educational economic written press often turn into the object of the terminological examinations int the hungarian language. The economic written press is the specific communicator of technical language, so the interweaving of technical language and vernacular in these texts can be demonstrated mostly. We justify the journalism style layer's principal character with Kintsch (1977) and 13
Thorndyke s (1977) models of a history grammatics and with van Dijk(1997) and Beaugrande s (2000) text linguistics theories. In the fourth chapter we clarify the concept of neologism and show its types. In the fifth chapter look back to the changes which came to life after the changes of 1945. We demonstrate how our vocabulary changed following a similar economic, political change. Studying the lexical substance of the publication between 1948-51 it can be experienced, that the quantity of words reflecting the concepts of the Russian reality was continuously growing in this period. The Russian words did not inundate our language though, because with the exception of the few loan words with accepting the receipt of mirror meaning and mirror translation, this specific lexica is edified by Hungarian lexicon elements. We verify that our language related to the changes very flexibly on the occasion of both changes. The sixth chapter reveals the new words int the hungarian language created during the latest regime, the press' neologisms. The capital scene of the dissemination of the neologisms is the hungarian press, so we consider their detailed analysis important. We classify the neologisms appearing in the economic journalism style layer according to their formation, and we justify them with press language examples. In our assumption in the professional articles and their titles the given neologism types are all found. In the seventh chapter we deal in detail with the neologisms and compounds created by word formation in our language. The eighth chapter sheds light on the lingual peculiarities of the titles in the object of the press language. We negotiate the stylistics hungarian neologisms, the incidence place of which is the title. We present it on the hook of this the titrology as the science dealing with the theory of the examination of the titles. We prove the text of the titles with the help of the criterion 14
system set up by Beaugrande (2000). Following this we group the titles in functional, syntactic and modality point of view. We examine the lingual specificities of the Hungarian press titles after the general description of the titles. The collection of the hapax is presented here. We go into detail about the playfulness residing in the languages in this chapter. To typify the cultural relations appearing in the titles we have to clear up the concept of the lingual creativity. To let us form titles pointing beyond ourselves and to interpret them, it is necessary to be able to take advantage of the playfulness residing in the language. We may discover that the titles may hide literary, historical, musical, artistic, religious, proverbial allusions. Their understanding and their interpretation is a complicated process. We negotiate the character of understanding and interpretation in a text linguistics, language philosophy and psycholinguistics approach. We give an answer on the ones formulated in the hypotheses in the ninth chapter, we summarize the results of the research and we outline the additional opportunities residing in the present research. 5. The proof of hypotheses The examination of dependency of society, economy and language from each other made the withdrawal of a number disciplines necessary. According to Hudson s (1980) point of view the examination of the language can be interpreted in the relation of society and economy. We established that the language is a human attribute and that man is a social being, who may not acquire the language isolated from society, so the cognition of the character of the culture and the communication was the prerequisite of the linguistic analyses of the research. We confirmed the terminological character of the press language with the modeling of the stratification of the language. We accepted that the press language is the device of the dissemination of the new expressions. We examined the lexicon through the categorisation of the neologisms in the hungarian language. 15
We verified that from the types of neologism the expressions arising from compounds are the largest one. The considerable part of new expressions is a word with foreign origin. We realised that foreign and loan words do not harm the Hungarian vernacular and press language. Building the foreign words into our language is the basis of the natural development of the language. Not a language would have attained its present development degree without the interaction of languages, but may be a disturbing one when using it too much. We established that after 1945 and after 1990, in the extension of vocabulary the two frequentest manners of word-formation, the compound and the word formation secured the largest role. We emphasized the colloquial acclimatisation of the edge language technical terms and its semantic extension among the other manners of vocabulary growth. We observed that all this proved to be insufficient for our language to keep pace with society's radical change. So beside word creation, other manner of vocabulary extension, getting words from foreign language came into count. New scientific results of the dissertation - In the press language analysis we shed light on coherence of hungarian economic press and background knowledge of globalism - We revealed the our time s most frequent word formation types in the mirror of the hungarian economic technical language. - We set the theme for the cultural allusions hidden into the title of the economic professional articles, and we examined the manners of hapax formations. - We assessed, that our language behaves flexibly against various changes in any age. 16
The additional opportunities of the research We consider the extension of the research important one in the following next aras: - An opportunity overlooks the exploration of new tendencies with the increase of the size of the corpus. Additional research gives us a chance of such comparative analysis where we have the opportunity to map the publications of two or three nations based on the granted viewpoints of our current research. - An analysis on lexico-syntactic level could open a new chapter on the area of the terminology and the syntax. - One third research direction may send our attention towards translation science. The Bibliography of Works Consulted in the Theses BANCZEROWSKI J. (2000): A nyelv és a nyelvi kommunikáció alapkérdései. ELTE. Budapest. Beaugrande, R., Dressler, W. 2000. Bevezetés a szövegnyelvészetbe. Corvina, Budapest. Dijk, T. A. van (1988, 1997) News as Discourse. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc. Hillsdale, New Jersey. Hudson, R. (1980) Sociolinguistics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. KESZLER B. LENGYEL K. (szerk.) (2000): Magyar grammatika. Nemzeti Tankönyvkiadó. Budapest. Kintsch, Walter (1977) On comprehending stories. In: Just, Martin and Carpenter, Patricia (eds.) Cognitive Processes in Comprehension. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, New Jersey. p. 33-62. Kurtán Zsuzsa (2005) A szaknyelvek rétegződésének vizsgálata. In: Dobos et al. (szerk.) p. 151-155. Mihalovics Árpád 2004. A politikai kommunikáció pragmatikai vetületei. In: Navracsics J. Tóth Sz. (szerk.) Nyelvészet és interdiszciplinaritás. Köszöntőkönyv Lengyel Zsolt 60. születésnapjára. Szeged: Generalia. 335-342. Minya Károly (2003) Mai magyar nyelvújítás. Tinta Kiadó, Budapest. 17
The Author s Own Publications Related to the Subject of the Dissertation JERKUS TIBOR ISTVÁNNÉ (2007): A nem verbális üzenetek jelentősége a gazdasági szaknyelvi kommunikációban. In: Porta Lingua. Szaknyelvoktatásunk határokon átívelő híd. Szaknyelvoktatók és Szaknyelvkutatók Országos Egyesületének sorozata. Debreceni Egyetem. Debrecen. 49-54. JERKUS TIBOR ISTVÁNNÉ (2008): A szóképzés mint neologizmusforrás a gazdasági szaknyelv publicisztikai írásaiban. In: Porta Lingua. Szakember, szaktudás, szaknyelv. Szaknyelvoktatók és Szaknyelvkutatók Országos Egyesületének sorozata. Debreceni Egyetem. Debrecen. 279-286. JERKUS TIBOR ISTVÁNNÉ (2009): Stilisztika és szaknyelv. In: Porta Lingua. Szaktudás idegen nyelven. Szaknyelvoktatók és Szaknyelvkutatók Országos Egyesületének sorozata. Debreceni Egyetem. Debrecen. 279-286. JERKUS TIBOR ISTVÁNNÉ KOVÁCS E.(2008): A nem verbális üzenetek jelentősége, az interkulturalitás és a gazdasági szaknyelv. In: Társadalmak, nyelvek, civilizációk. Pannon Egyetem Veszprémi Humán Tudományokért Alapítvány. 299-304. JERKUS TIBOR ISTVÁNNÉ (2009): A szóösszetétel mint neologizmusforrás. In: Nádor O. (szerk.): A magyar mint európai és világnyelv. A XVIII. Magyar Alkalmazott Nyelvészeti Kongresszus előadásai. Balassi Intézet. Budapest II. kötet (CD). JERKUS TIBOR ISTVÁNNÉ (2010): A magyar gazdasági szaknyelv és az euronyelv. In: Zimányi Á. (szerk.): A magyar mint európai és világnyelv. A XIX. Magyar Alkalmazott Nyelvészeti Kongresszus előadásai. Eger. II. kötet (CD). 930-36. JERKUS TIBOR ISTVÁNNÉ (2009): Nyelvünk és életünk. In: Sebestyén J. Surányi Zs. (szerk.): A nyelv, az irodalom és a kultúra varázsa. Köszöntő kötet Mihalovics Árpád 60. születésnapjára. Pannon Egyetem. Veszprém. 229-35. 18
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