WHI.06, Part 1: Roman Republic and Empire

WHI.06, Part 1: Roman Republic and Empire Objective: The student will demonstrate knowledge of ancient Rome from about 700 B.C. to 500 A.D. in terms of its impact on Western civilization by a) assessing the influence of geography on Roman development; b) describing Roman mythology and religion; c) explaining the social structure, significance of citizenship, and the development of democratic features in the government of the Roman Republic; d) sequencing events leading to Roman military domination of the Mediterranean basin and Western Europe and the spread of Roman culture in these areas; e) assessing the roles of Julius and Augustus Caesar in the collapse of the Republic and the rise of imperial monarchs; f) explaining the economic, social, and political impact of the Pax Romana; Notes WHI.06, Part 1: Roman Republic and Empire 87

Essential Understandings of Roman Republic and Empire 1) The city of Rome, with its central location on the Italian peninsula, was able to extend its influence over the entire Mediterranean Basin. 2) The Italian peninsula was protected by the sea and an arc of mountains, the Alps. 3) Roman mythology, like Greek mythology, was based upon a polytheistic religion that was integral to culture, politics, and art. 4) Many of Western civilization s symbols, metaphors, words, and idealized images come from ancient Roman mythology. 5) Although women, most aliens (non-romans living in the Republic), and slaves were excluded from the governing process, the Roman Republic made major strides in the development of representative democracy, which became a foundation of modern democracy. 6) After the victory over Carthage in the Punic Wars, Rome was able, over the next 100 years, to dominate the Mediterranean basin, leading to the diffusion of Roman culture. 7) The Roman Republic, in the face of changing social and economic conditions, succumbed to civil war and was replaced by an imperial regime, the Roman Empire. Augustus Caesar established the Roman Empire by instituting civil service, rule by law, a common coinage, and secure travel and trade throughout the Empire. 8) Following Augustus Caesar, the Roman Empire enjoyed 200 years of peace and prosperity known as the Pax Romana. Essential Questions about Roman Republic and Empire 1) How was geographic location important to economic, social, and political development of ancient Rome? 2) What was the source of Roman mythology? 3) What impact did Roman mythology have on later civilizations? 4) How did the government of the Roman Republic become more democratic in its decision making? 5) Why was Rome able to conquer Carthage and then go on to extend its influence across the entire Mediterranean basin and much of Western Europe? 6) Why did the Roman Republic fail to survive challenges by Julius Caesar? 7) How did military conquests alter economic and social life in Rome? 8) How did an imperial monarchy come to rule Rome? 9) What was the Pax Romana? 10) What was the impact of the Pax Romana on the Roman Empire? Why do I need to know this? 1) Some of the most fundamental values and institutions of Western civilization began in the Roman Republic. 2) The Roman Empire has served throughout history as a model of political organization and control. Notes WHI.06, Part 1: Roman Republic and Empire 88

Roman Republic Beginnings of Rome Romulus and Remus 1. according to legend, the city was founded by Romulus and Remus (twin sons of the god Mars and a Latin princess) Geography 1. Rome developed because of its strategic location and its fertile soil built on several rolling hills at a curve on the Tiber River, near the center of the Italian peninsula 2. ideally situated to the center of trade among three continents; Europe, Africa and Asia centered in the Mediterranean Sea 3. The Alps mountains in the north that helped protect Italy from invasion Original Settlers of Rome Outside Influences 1. Italy was settled by the Greeks, Etruscans and Latins a. Etruscans to the North, Greeks to the South and the Latins near the Tiber River in the center of the Italian Peninsula established many small towns 2. the Etruscans influenced Roman writing, alphabet and architecture 3. the Greeks influenced the Roman religion, and taught them how to grow grapes and olives Becoming a Republic 1. around 600 B.C. an Etruscan became king of Rome a. united all the Latin towns into one city, Rome b. Palatine Hill became the Forum, the heart of Roman political life 2. 509 B.C. the last Etruscan king, Tarquin the Proud was driven from power a. the Romans vowed to never be ruled by a king again b. established a republic a form of government in which power rests with citizens who have the right to vote to select their leaders only free-born males were allowed to be citizens Early Republic 1. patricians aristocratic landowners who held most of the power 2. plebeians common farmers, artisans and merchants who made up the majority of the population (had the right to vote) 3. the plebeians gained the right to have tribunes representatives that protected the rights of plebeians from unfair acts of patrician officials Notes WHI.06, Part 1: Roman Republic and Empire 89

The Roman World, 265 B.C. A.D. 117 Roman Republic Roman Empire Notes WHI.06, Part 1: Roman Republic and Empire 90

0 Early Republic continued Roman Republic 4. The Twelve Tables creation of written law code (important victory for the plebeians) a. laws of Rome were engraved on 12 bronze tablets and set them in the Forum 5. consuls two men that were elected for 1 year terms; commanded the army and directed the government; could overrule the actions of each other 6. dictators leader who was appointed only in times of crisis; his word was law and could overrule consuls (only help power for 6 months) 7. Senate group of 300 men who served for life (provided continuity) a. proposed laws and advised the consuls 8. Centuriate Assembly elected the consuls and made some laws a. made up of all citizen-soldiers 9. Tribal Assembly assembly of plebeians who elected the tribunes a. eventually won the right to make laws for the republic Roman Army 1. all citizens who owned land were required to serve in the army a. to be eligible for public office, you had to serve at least ten years 2. legion made up of 5000 heavily armed foot soldiers a. legions were divided into groups of 80 soldiers called a century b. centuries could act independently (made the army very flexible) Rome Conquers Italy 1. the Roman legions subdued one rival after another 2. by 265 B.C. Rome had conquered all of Italy except the Northern Po Valley area 3. different laws for conquered people a. areas right next to Rome on the Tiber River became full citizens b. areas a little further out became full citizens except for the right to vote c. the other areas were considered allies Rome did not interfere with their government as long as they did not make treaties with other peoples and sent troops to participate in the army Notes WHI.06, Part 1: Roman Republic and Empire 91

Comparing the Roman Republic to the republic of the United States Directions: Open up the textbook to page 143 and copy the chart into the blank chart below. Then answer the questions at the bottom of this page. Comparing Republican Governments Executive Rome Two consuls, elected by the assembly for one year chief executives of the government and commanders-in-chief of the army. United States A president, elected by the people for four years chief executives of the government and commander-in-chief of the army. Senate of 300 members, chosen from aristocracy for life controls foreign and financial policies, advises consuls. Senate of 100 members, elected by the people for six-year terms makes laws, advises president on foreign policy. Legislative Centuriate Assembly Tribal Assembly House of Representatives of 435 members, elected by the people for two years makes laws, originates revenue bills. Judicial Legal Code Praetors, eight judges chosen for one year by Centuriate Assembly two oversee civil and criminal courts (the others govern provinces). Twelve Tables a list of rules that were the basis of Roman legal system. Supreme Court, nine justices appointed for life by president highest court, hears civil and criminal cases. US Constitution basic law of the US Citizenship All adult male landowners. All native-born or naturalized persons. 1. What is the supreme law of the United States? The Constitution Rome? The Twelve Tables 2. How long did Rome s judges serve? One Year The US? For Life 3. How many more Senate members did the Roman Republic have than the US? 200 more 4. Which government seems more democratic? Why? The US because both men and women can vote for president, members of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives. Notes WHI.06, Part 1: Roman Republic and Empire 92

Punic Wars Punic Wars 1. series of three wars between Rome and Carthage 2. Rome s location gave it easy access to trade 3. many other city-states interfered with Rome s business a. most powerful was Carthage in North Africa First Punic War (264 241 B.C.) 1. Rome and Carthage fought for Sicily Rome won Second Punic War (218 202 B.C.) 1. Hannibal, a Carthaginian general decided he had to invade Italy a. began with 50,000 men, 9,000 cavalry, and 60 elephants b. lost half of his men and most of his elephants 2. traveled across Europe and marched into Italy a. nearly defeated Rome 3. the Roman general, Scipio, attacked Carthage while Hannibal was in Italy 4. Hannibal was forced to return to Carthage to defend it 5. Scipio defeated Hannibal at Zama (just outside of Carthage) Third Punic War (149-146 B.C.) 1. the Roman senator Cato still viewed Carthage as a threat and called for its destruction; Carthage must be destroyed 2. Rome attacked Carthage and burned it to the ground a. all 50,000 residents of Carthage were sold into slavery Results of the Punic Wars 1. Rome controlled the western half of the Mediterranean 2. Rome gained territory in Spain, Greece, and North Africa Notes WHI.06, Part 1: Roman Republic and Empire 93

Rome becomes an empire with one ruler Changes in Rome During the Pax Romana The empire expands Roman way of life spreads to provinces Roman trade reaches to India and China Road network increases trade Women have more freedom Gap between rich and poor increases 1. What happened to the gap between the rich and poor? It increased 2. Which changes do you consider to be negative? Why? Rome became an empire with only one ruler Gap between rich and poor increased Notes WHI.06, Part 1: Roman Republic and Empire 94

The Republic in Crisis The Republic in Crisis Gap between Rich and Poor 1. There was a huge gap between the rich and poor 2. Wealthy Roman occupied land from small farmers who were off fighting wars a. latifundia large estates acquired by wealthy Romans for farming b. Small farmers could not compete and went to the city of Rome looking for jobs, but few found them began resenting the wealthy Spartacus 1. 73 B.C. 71 B.C. Spartacus led a revolt of 70,000-130,000 slaves a. Rebellion crushed Reformers and Generals Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus 1. tribunes who said break up the latifundia and give to the poor 2. assassinated by the Senate (Tiberius in 133 B.C. and Gauis in 121 B.C.) 3. a period of civil wars broke out Generals 1. Generals began recruiting soldiers from the landless poor by promising them land and pay soldiers became loyal to their commanders, not the republic 2. two generals, Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius Sulla fought a bloody civil war 3. Sulla will eventually be named dictator Julius Caesar Background 1. General who rose to power (strong leader and a military genius) 2. Allied himself with the general Pompey and the politician Crassus a. Caesar was elected consul in 59 B.C. b. Formed the first triumvirate group of 3 people with equal power that ruled Rome for 10 years Notes WHI.06, Part 1: Roman Republic and Empire 95

Gaius Julius Caesar 315 Piazza del Colosseo Rome, Italy Objective To become dictator for life of the Roman Empire. Familial History 1. Father s family was from the patrician family of the Julii. The Julii traced its lineage to the mythological first king of Rome, Romulus, and the goddess Venus. 2. Was related to a military reformer and 7-time consul Gaius Marius. Military Experience 1. Served in one of the armies that crushed Spartacus revolution. 2. Hunted down pirates who had held him for ransom when he was younger and had them all crucified. 3. Defended Roman territory in Anatolia. 4. Conquered all of Gaul for the Roman Empire. 5. Conquered most of modern Germany. 6. Invaded Britain in 54 BC. 7. In a civil war with Pompey, crushed his enemies and unified Rome. Political Experience 1. 63 BC, appointed governor of Spain 2. Served as the pontifex maximus, the chief priest of Rome. 3. Served as praetor of Spain. Put in charge of the military and judicial systems of Spain. 4. Elected consul in 59 BC. 5. Appointed governor of Gaul in 58 BC. 6. Appointed dictator in 49 BC. Political 1. Cancelled taxes for farmers. Accomplishments 2. Gave land to fathers of three or more children. 3. Granted citizenship to territories outside of Italy loyal to him and allowed them to be represented in the Senate 4. Set up public works projects to provide jobs 5. Distributed free grain, but reduced the number of people eligible for it Notes WHI.06, Part 1: Roman Republic and Empire 96

Julius Caesar Caesar s Military Campaigns Military Genius 1. Conquered Gaul and invaded Britain 2. Lower classes say him as a military hero, but the Senate did not like his growing popularity 3. Crassus was killed in a battle in Asia and Pompey sided with the Senate Crossing the Rubicon 1. Caesar was ordered to return to disband his legions and return home 2. He refused and on Jan. 10, 49 B.C. marched his troops across the Rubicon River into Italy 3. Civil war broke out between Caesar and Pompey 4. Caesar defeated Pompey in Greece in 48 B.C. (Pompey was later assassinated in Sept. 48 B.C. in Egypt) Caesar s Reforms 1. Caesar took over as dictator for life in 45 B.C. and governed as an absolute ruler one who has total power 2. granted citizenship to territories outside of Italy loyal to him and allowed them to be represented in the Senate 3. Set up the Julian Calendar 365 days a year and 1 extra day every 4 years Helping the Poor 1. Set up public works projects to provide jobs 2. Set up colonies for land for the poor 3. Distributed free grain, but reduced the number of people eligible for it Caesar s Death The Ides of March 1. Senators, led by Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassius thought he was trying to be a king and stabbed him to death on March 15, 44 B.C. at the age of 56 2. Civil war broke out again Notes WHI.06, Part 1: Roman Republic and Empire 97

The Roman Republic Becomes and Empire Illustrated Timeline DIRECTIONS: Using the pages indicated next to the dates on the timeline, fill in the important events that trace Rome s transformation from a Republic to an Empire. Then pick one of the events and draw a picture to represent that event at the bottom of the page. Tarquin the Proud was driven from power Punic Wars 509 BC (p. 142) 264-146 BC (p. 144) Caesar appointed dictator for life March 15, Caesar stabbed to death Augustus becomes emperor 44 BC (p. 147 two things happened) 27 BC (p. 148) Notes WHI.06, Part 1: Roman Republic and Empire 98

End of the Republic The First Emperor The Second Trimvirate 1. Caesar s grandnephew, Octavian joined up with two of Caesar s top advisors; an experienced general, Marc Antony, and a powerful politician, Marcus Lepidus 2. Executed all the senators who were responsible for Caesar s death 3. Ruled Rome for 10 years as the second triumvirate 4. jealousy and greed brought an end to the second triumvirate The Republic becomes and Empire 1. Octavian forced Lepidus to retire 2. Octavian then declared war on Marc Antony (who was living with Cleopatra in Egypt) 3. Marc Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide 4. Octavian changed his name to Augustus the exalted one 5. Took the title imperator supreme military commander 6. Rome was now an empire and Augustus became the first emperor The Roman Empire Pax Romana Pax Romana (27BC 180AD) Economic Impact Pax Romana - two centuries of peace and prosperity under imperial rule 1. economy based on agriculture (90% of the people were engaged in farming) 2. established uniform system of money, which helped to expand trade a. silver coin called a denarius 3. ships from the east traveled under the protection of the Roman navy 4. roads linked the empire to places such as Persia and Russia; originally built by the military to move the army quickly; Silk Road was built to establish trade with China; safe travel was guaranteed; promoted prosperity and stability The Government 1. Augustus was Rome s ablest (best) emperor; stabilized the frontier, glorified Rome with buildings, and set up a civil service system paid workers to manage the affairs of the government 2. there was no system to choose the next emperor, so there was always a possibility of civil war when an emperor died until the Five Good Emperors Notes WHI.06, Part 1: Roman Republic and Empire 99

The Colosseum The Colosseum was on e of the greatest feats of Roman engineering and a model for the ages. The name comes from the Latin word colossus, meaning gigantic. Its construction was started by the Emperor Vespasian and was completed by his sons, emperors Titus and Domitian. For centuries after its opening in 80 AD, excited spectators, both rich and poor, cheered a variety of free, bloody spectacles presented for their entertainment. Gladiator fought gladiator to the death. Wild animals were hunted and slaughtered. Christians were devoured by lions. The poor sat in the higher seats, the rich and powerful sat closer to the action. Velarium a retractable canvas awning that shielded spectators from sun and rain Exits giant staircases that allowed the building to be emptied in minutes Entrances 80 in all Statues honoring gods and emperors. Elevators and ramps led from the cells and animal cages in the Colosseum basement to trapdoors concealed in the arena floor. Passageways walkways that led to seats Facts about the Colosseum Built 72-81 AD Capacity 50,000-55,000 Materials stone and concrete Size 157 feet high, 620 feet long Arena 287 feet long, 187 feet wide 1. What do the kind of spectacles the Romans watched tell us about them as a people and their leaders? The Roman crowds seemed to need more and more violent and unusual spectacles to satisfy them. They didn t seem to value human lives very highly, especially not those of slaves or foreigners. 2. The Colosseum has been the model for sports stadiums worldwide. How is the design of modern stadiums patterned after that of the Colosseum? What are the similarities.? Modern stadiums are also round or oval and many have roofs to protect crowds from the elements. All stadiums have several tiers that flow thousands of people to look down on a level playing field. Passageways, stairs, and entrances placed around the stadium reduce congestion and direct the flow of human traffic. Notes WHI.06, Part 1: Roman Republic and Empire 100

The Roman Empire Pax Romana The Government continued 3. began with Nerva in 96 A.D., who chose a respected leader with the support of the army and people as his heir 4. the Pax Romana ended with the death of the last of the Five Good Emperors, Marcus Aurelius Life in the Empire Family Life 1. honored strength and usefulness instead of beauty and elegance 2. the family was the heart of Roman society, controlled by the eldest man a. could disown children, sell family members into slavery 3. Roman women had more freedoms than those of Greece and most of the world a. could own property and testify in court, but could not vote 4. boys received a formal education and were favored over girls 5. girls were educated at home and were usually married between 12 and 15 to a much older man Gods and Goddesses Roman Greek Jupiter Zeus (ruler of the Roman gods) Juno Hera (wife of Jupiter) Mars Ares (god of war) Neptune Poseidon (god of the sea) Pluto Hades (god of the underworld) Venus Aphrodite (goddess of love and beauty) Slaves, Bread and Circuses 1. some slaves became gladiators 2. most of Rome barely had the necessities of life most were unemployed and had to be supported by the government with rations of grain 3. to distract and control the people, the government provided free games, races, mock battles and gladiator contests 4. the Colosseum a huge arena that could hold 50,000 people 5. the Circus Maximus held chariot races Notes WHI.06, Part 1: Roman Republic and Empire 101

Summary DIRECTIONS: Choose one of the following: a) write a summary (25-75 words) of what you believe was the most important aspect of the notes/lecture b) write what you believe to be the most interesting or memorable part of the notes/lecture (25-75 words) c) draw something that symbolizes the notes/lecture to you (has to be different than your title page) Notes WHI.06, Part 1: Roman Republic and Empire 102

Name: WHI.05 (1): Ancient Greece DIRECTIONS: Check the agenda slide for the bellringer at the beginning of class and the closer at the end of class. You do not have to copy down the question, but you do have to write in complete sentences. If you are absent on a day we do a bellringer and closer, please write in the word ABSENT for that day. Date: Bellringers Closing Activity Date: Date: Notes WHI.06, Part 1: Roman Republic and Empire 103

Name: WHI.05 (1): Ancient Greece DIRECTIONS: Check the agenda slide for the bellringer at the beginning of class and the closer at the end of class. You do not have to copy down the question, but you do have to write in complete sentences. If you are absent on a day we do a bellringer and closer, please write in the word ABSENT for that day. Date: Bellringers Closing Activity Date: Date: Notes WHI.06, Part 1: Roman Republic and Empire 104