The Right Glass in the Right Place From The Right Company
Assalaam Alaykum Sayadaati wa Sadati Ahlan Bikum Isme Alistair Kellock min El Emaarat
History of Float Glass Plate Glass Rolled (Cast) Glass Crown Glass Mouth-Blown Improved Cylinder Method Pilkington 1871 Sheet glass 1900 s Float glass Pilkington 1959
The Float Glass process, invented in 1959 by Sir Alistair Pilkington, revolutionized the manufacturing process of glass and therefore the role of glass in building.
Ariel view of a Float Glass Company
Flat Glass Manufacturing Float Glass Line
Float Lines Operate 24 hours a day 7 days a week 365 days a year For +/- 15 years If left uncut the 3.6m ribbon of glass would extend to 20km in 24 hours = approximately 72,000m2 / day
Why do we need Solar Control Coatings? What do they do for us?
Cooling, not heating, is the single biggest energy cost facing a commercial building indeed, most building types.
This is especially relevant to us, living & working in such a warm climatic region
The Solar Energy Spectrum
The Solar Energy Spectrum Heat Energy Ultra Violet Visible Light Near Infrared Fading Energy 300nm 380nm 780nm 2500nm Ultra Violet (3%): 300 380 nanometers Damaging (12%): 300 600 nanometers Visible (43%): 380 780 nanometers Near Infrared (54%): 780 2500 nanometers Heat Energy (50%): 400 ~ 1750 nanometers
Visible Light Spectrum 1 2 3 4 Coating Visible Light Transmission 0-100% Outdoor Reflectivity 0-100% Indoor Reflectivity 0-100%
100% Solar Energy = R.A.T. 1 2 3 4 Coating Reflected Absorbed Transmitted Absorbed energy is dispersed by action of the wind. Wind
Increased energy costs in the early 1970 s prompted the development of solar control coatings.
Coated Glass Technologies 1. PYROLYTIC On line method applies metallic coatings during the float glass making process. 2. TRADITIONAL SPUTTER COATINGS Coatings applied in a vacuum allowing multiple thin metallic coatings to be applied to glass in a very uniform manner. 3. POST TEMPERABLE SPUTTER COATINGS High performance coatings that can be bent, laminated, heat strengthened or tempered after coating.
PYROLYTIC BENEFITS Chemical Durability Mechanical Durability DISADVANTAGES Limited performance Limited Variety Usually used with heat absorbing glass to improve performance
Magnetic Vacuum Sputter Deposition Coater
Magnetically Enhanced Planar Technology
Sputtering
Si 3 N4 These coatings consist of several layers of metals whose combined thickness is only 1/1000 th the thickness of a human hair! ( 120 nm) SnO 2 Ag SnO 2 1nm = 1 billionth of a meter 1nm = 1x10-9 M) Ag TiO 2 Glass
TRADITIONAL SPUTTER COATINGS BENEFITS Improved performance Greater range of performance options Greater range of aesthetic options Improved colour uniformity DISADVANTAGES Limited availability Limited fabrication capability after coating
Post Temperable Sputter Coatings Post-temperable coatings are the latest development in the field of high performance glass. These can be : Heat treated i.e. Heat Strengthened or Tempered (Heat Soak Tested) Laminated Curved Annealed & Curved Tempered Double Glazed Drilled Edge Worked Advantages Local / regional supply Quick delivery on replacements Performance equal to traditional sputter coats
Body Tinted Glasses Body Tinted glasses are produced by adding metal oxides into the Float Glass mix, at the initial smelting stage. This does not effect the physical properties of the glass. Examples of additives which can be used to achieve Tinted glass. Blue cobalt Red oxidised copper Green copper dioxide Purple/Grey manganese & cobalt Yellow manganese & ferrous oxide Bronze copper & manganese dioxides
Heat Treated Glass Fully Tempered [Heat Soak Tested] Heat Strengthened
Fully Tempered (TOUGHENED) What is Tempered Glass? Safety Glass Tempered glass was originally developed as a safety glass. This is still the Primary reason for specifying Tempered (Toughened) Glass
How is Safety Glass Classified? The classification of Safety glass is commonly expressed in International Standards (EN, ASTM, etc) as one which will either: not break under a specified impact or break safely. The safe breaking characteristics are usually further described as not allowing large shards of glass that could cause piercing & life-threatening injuries.
The Bat Test
Why is Tempered Glass Stronger? Annealed (Non-Tempered) Float Glass is : very strong in compression very weak in tension. By Tempering the glass, we induce high compressive strength on the outer surfaces of the glass and place the core in Tension. In this way, the glass can sustain much higher mechanical load & impact approx. 4-5 times greater than Annealed Glass
Why is Tempered Glass Safer? If an impact is sufficiently great to penetrate through the outer Compressive Zones and reach the Core Tensile Zone, the glass will shatter, as the molecular bond, holding the glass together is broken. International Standards dictate the Dice (Particle) Count / square centimetre, allowable for different thicknesses. There is little chance of serious injury from contact with the resultant broken glass.
Tempered glass Applications Areas of glazing where accidental human impact is possibile. Glazing that carries Structural loads. Glazing that is expected to withstand High Wind loading. Glass installations where there is risk of Thermal Shock.
Heat Strengthened Glass What is Heat Strengthened Glass? Heat Strengthened glass has approximately twice the resistance to Impact as that of Annealed glass. It s principle use is for glazed areas with a high risk of Thermal Fracture e.g. Spandrel Glazing Vision Panels subject to differential / partial (horizontal) shading IMPORTANT HS Glass is not a safety glass.
How is Tempered & Heat Strengthened Glass produced? Both Tempered and Heat Strengthened Glass are heated to a Temperature of approx. 700 C. To produce Tempered Glass we then Rapidly Cool the glass by firing Compressed Air onto both surfaces. The Heat Strengthening process uses the same plant and equipment but the cooling is at significantly lower pressure.
What is Heat Soak Tested Glass? Heat Soak Tested Glass is a Tempered glass, which has undergone additional heat treatment, intended to eliminate, by destruction, any glass panels that have a characteristic that may latently manifest itself, as a spontaneous breakage, after installation. There is, in my opinion, too much loose talk about Nickel Sulphide Inclusions. There are, in fact, many substances that can occur as Inclusions in Glass all potentially a problem BUT the risk is grossly overstated by many. Float Glass produced by reputable manufacturers has an insignificant risk of spontaneous fracture, resulting from the presence of Inclusions. As a Glass Processor, I shall not refuse orders to Heat Soak Test your glass but, in many cases, this is a waste of money.
The Butterfly
Nickel Sulphide
Evolution - Dubai 1950 s 1970 s 2010
In the 1980 s & 90 s In this climate, we still had little choice but to use Highly Reflective glasses to kick-out the Solar Energy. Imagine how much you pay to stay in these buildings, with 8%-20% Light Transmission and look at yourself in a mirror at 4.00pm everyday what happened to the view?? Thankfully - Technology has moved-on.
High Light Transmission + Low Int & Ext Reflectivity = Greater Feeling of Contact with our Environment = Psychological Impact greater Productivity and improved Comfort
Considering how the quality of glass selected can impact Considering the entire building s how the quality performance. of glass selected can impact the entire building s performance. Capital Cost vs Running Cost Select the Right Glass from the outset : Save on Capital Cost and Running Cost of Air-Con Glass Type (6-12-6) with air infill Price ($/m2) Cost difference for a 10,000 m2 Facade Performance (Total Heat Gain) Shading Coefficient (SC) U-Value (summer) (U) - W/m2.K Relative Heat Gain (RHG) - W/m2 (ASHRAE - summer) Energy Consumption - 10 hrs per day per m2 (KWHr) Energy cost per m2 for 10-hour day: (Based on US$ 0.065 per Electrical Unit (1 Electrical Unit = 1 KWHr.) Monthly energy cost per m2 (30-day month) (US$) Monthly energy cost for a glazing of 10,000 m2 (30-day-month) (US$) Annual energy cost for a glazing of 10,000 m2 (US$) Energy savings for a 20-year building life High Performance IGU 82 0.34 1.9 229 2.3 0.15 4.5 45,000.00 540,000.00 Low Performance Unit 41 0.60 2.3 396 4.0 0.26 7.8 78,000.00 936,000.00 Variance $ 410,000 7,920,000
ACOUSTIC INSULATION Currently, the most widely accepted standard for ranking acoustic performance is STC - Sound Transmission Class. Sound Transmission Class Sound Transmission Class is a two-digit number describing the laboratory performance of a single building element in stopping the transmission of sound through it.
Common glass types and STC Glass Type 6mm Glass/12mm AS/6mm Glass 6mm Glass/12mm AS/13.52mm Laminated Glass 13.52mm Laminated Glass/12mm AS/13.52mm Laminated Glass 13.52mm (Acoustic Interlayer) Laminated Glass/12mm AS/13.52mm (Acoustic Interlayer) Laminated Glass STC 33 37 41 46
Point Fixed Systems
Safety and Security Tempered Glass Glazing Laminated Glass / Anti Burglary Glass Fire Resistant Glazing Bullet Resistant Glazing. Blast Resistant Glazing
Safety Risk Locations 1500 mm 800 mm 300 mm 300 mm
Decorative Glass
The role of Glass in Sustainable Architecture in warm / hot climates
Basically, we have a choice
we can continue to tolerate this level of Pollution, or we can start to do something about it.
. for future generations???
Going Green Are we really thinking Green or just different Shades of Grey??
Factors influencing your choice of Glass : It looks nice It s a Pretty Colour It keeps the wind and rain out It provides some privacy It allows me to see out
but today the decision-making process has to be more sophisticated We have a duty to think about the environment : A duty to ourselves A duty to our fellow mankind A duty to our children & their children
in warmer climates. the Driving Factor in Energy Conservation is the Shading Coefficient (or Solar Heat Gain Factor) For Energy Conservation, the U Value is of Marginal benefit Keep the Heat OUT!!
Relative Heat Gain (RHG) The RHG summarises the Total amount of Solar Energy entering a building. It is the balance between the Shading Coefficient (SC) & the U Value taking account of Heat entering thru Radiation, and Conduction & Convection, for a specific set of conditions. [This value considers indoor/outdoor temp. differences, and the effect of solar radiation.] Relative Heat Gain (RHG) W/m² = U Value x 7.8 C + SC x 630 If U value is 2.1 W/m²K and SC is 0.35 RHG = 2.1 x 7.8 + 0.35 x 630 RHG = 16.38 + 220.5 RHG = 236.88 W/m² U value is only 1/14 th of the total Relative Heat Gain Focus on the Shading Coefficient (SC)
SHUKRAN JAZILAN Alistair Kellock General Manager Email : alistair.kellock@gulfglass.com Gulf Glass Industries Co Ltd P.O. Box 6022 Sharjah United Arab Emirates Tel : +9716 5385500 Fax : +9716 5385155 Web : www.gulfglass.com