Parking supply, the major figure of mobility policies in European cities

Parking supply, the major figure of mobility policies in European cities

I. Mobility policy and parking policy 1. Off-street parking 2. On-street parking 3. Control of roadway indiscipline INDEX II. Effects of parking on cities 1. The restructuring of urban space 2. Financial impact

INTRODUCTION The mobility policies of European cities are geared towards promoting the use of more sustainable and efficient means of transport and optimising mobility conditions for all vehicles whilst aiming to improve environmental conditions in our cities. Parking supply management is a key tool with regard to modal rebalancing and improved sustainability those mobility policies strive for. Action plans are thus being promoted in Barcelona which revolve around acting upon, parking, both on and off street, as well as the management of traffic offences required for the smooth operation of these policies. On-street regulated parking and off-street parking construction programmes also have obvious repercussions that reach beyond mobility and appear to be a key tool in urban development.

INTRODUCTION Barcelona currently holds the Polis presidency. Polis is a network of European cities and regions whose goal is sustainable mobility for cities, achieved through the development of integrated mobility strategies which take into consideration social, environmental and financial aspects of transport. Polis is a European level organization aimed at promoting a more sustainable mobility: - awareness of parking policies - a mobility-related experience exchange network - operates within the framework of the European Commission and benefits form a great deal of visibility Barcelona has a vested interest in ensuring that parking management remains important to Polis and that the importance of the subjects is reflected in the policies implemented.

Off-street parking policy MOBILITY POLICY Off-street parking The parking policy falls within the framework of the mobility policy of the City Council and aims to increase the number of parking spaces for both residents and the general public. Car parks must basically allow a reduction in the reliance on private vehicles to travel due to a lack of consolidated parking facilities at home, infrastructures which coupled with Park & Ride facilities must lead to a decreased dependence on private vehicles. All things considered, it is necessary to manage the space available in the city in order to act upon the potential use of public spaces. In that respect, there are three key operations to consider : The construction of Park & Ride facilities A new residents-only, off-street parking supply programme Public use underground car parks

Park & Ride MOBILITY POLICY Off-street parking The development of parking infrastructures outside major cities will allow a significant increase in the number of people using public transportation and boost the ratio of public transport use versus private vehicle in all major metropolitan areas by promoting great capacity public transport supply: in the city, its access points, connections between the different city poles, etc The public administration initiative in terms of improvement in environmental conditions must be coupled with the presence of the private sector when building Park &Ridesupply. The construction of this kind of parking will allow the following : To reduce urban traffic To reduce traffic jams at access points To promote the use of public transport To improve environmental conditions To guarantee a greater profitability of investments in public transport

MOBILITY POLICY Off-street parking New off-street parking supply programme The reorganization of resident parking, by rearranging the surface and implementing an ambitious new offstreet parking supply programme aims to meet residents needs whilst ensuring both safety and proximity to the home. Barcelona has already seen six of these programmes being implemented, with a total number in excess of 22,000 spaces being built (encompassing both mixed and resident only parking spots). The residential deficit generates daytime mobility, especially on a daily basis, which is why the resident parking programme allows other and more sustainable means of transport to be chosen. To this effect, a new parking plan is developed every 4 years in order to review the current status in urban parking conditions and revise the requirements of previous plans whilst addressing new demands from both residents and the public and integrating the needs as perceived by the administration. 4 1 1 23 2 4 1 8 9 6 102 1 119 6 8 3 5 Summary of the locations assessed in the framework of the parking programme for the period Summary of the locations assessed in the framework of the parking programme for the period ranging from 2007-2011

Public Off-street parking supply MOBILITY POLICY Off-street parking The objectives of the parking policy also include an increase in the number of spaces available off-street. Given the high value gained by public spaces in a densely populated city like Barcelona, off-street spaces must be adapted for vehicle parking. This is why the number of off-street parking spaces has grown steadily since 1982. 20.000 18.000 16.000 14.000 12.000 10.000 8.000 6.000 4.000 2.000 0 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 PLACES D'APARCAMENTS MIXTES Evolution of public parking spaces between1982 and 2008 for B:SM

MOBILITY POLICY Off-street parking OFF-STREET PUBLIC PARKING SUPPLY

GREEN AREA (ÀREA VERDA) MOBILITY POLICY On-Street parking Environmental and traffic capacity limitations call for a discrimination against trips based on social profitability parameters. This has led to the implementation and management of the AREA programme which represents a major step in discouraging the use of cars for commuter and student travel (journeys coinciding with peaks in road congestion and those consuming excessive amounts of parking time). The possibility for residents to be provided with parking spaces at their point of departure allows the choice of other means of transport, which in turn promotes the use of public transportation. Likewise, at the destination, maintaining minimal levels of access to off-street parking, coordinating parking rates and the sustainable management of off-street car parks in order to address and prioritise the needs of city-center residents, as well as the parking requirements derived from the tertiary activity, all constitute the condition required in order to strive for multimodoal city-centre accessibility.

GREEN AREA (ÀREA VERDA) MOBILITY POLICY On-Street parking Resident parking spaces: 46,000 Blue Zone spaces: 10,000 Loading/Unloading spaces : 9,000 Motorbike spaces: 30,000

MOBILITY POLICY On-Street parking GREEN AREA (ÀREA VERDA) Unlike the experiences implemented in other European cities where entrances to city centres are regulated by controlling access points, Barcelona s green area is a mobility policy tool that employs parking regulation. In Barcelona, on-street parking regulation has an impact on: - The means of transport used by its residents - Trip routes, since there are controls for offences, both at parking spaces and in the surroundings - Trip destinations thanks to:. Complete rate system for all parking supply. Specialised supply according to demand. Motorbikes and scooters on the road. Dissuasion of outside users - The layout and distribution of goods through the regulation and control of loading/unloading g spaces - The presence of abandoned vehicles on public roadways that, after identification, are impounded and taken to municipal vehicle lots

MOBILITY POLICY On-Street parking Results of the policy on on-street Parking Regulation Parking operations in the city centre have decreased by 12%. Travel in private vehicles has been reduced. This is seen in a reduction of vehicles/km of 5%. The use of public transport has increased by 6%. It is the essential tool for controlling indiscipline The number of illegal vehicles has It is the essential tool for controlling indiscipline. The number of illegal vehicles has dropped by 49%.

MOBILITY POLICY Control of roadway indiscipline Indiscipline control is one of the tools for mobility regulation that falls under the responsibility of the administrations. A guarantee of constant road capacity lets public transport offer regularity to its users, reduce general traffic congestion and improve road safety. For this reason, a system is needed for dissuasion against improper parking, based on preventive information, dissuasion i and, where applicable, intervention ti on the poorly parked vehicle based on criteria i of safety, sustainability and efficiency.

MOBILITY POLICY Control of roadway indiscipline Indiscipline control The regulation on parking as a mobility ii management tool for the city lets transport-associated costs be reduced by: - The reduction of congestion by controlling the demand for movements in congested areas through supply. The entire parking space is regulated; time limits are established that are adapted to each type of offer and a rate is established for each of these offers. - The reduction of roadway indiscipline - A reduction in the time spent looking for parking (both for sedans and commercial vehicles, thanks to the specialisation of the offer according to the needs of the surrounding area) - Increased capacity on roads (thanks to lower levels of road indiscipline) - Reduction in travel times that then entails a reduction in transport costs (thanks to the increased capacity) Evolution of transit indiscipline in Barcelona Source: Universitat de Barcelona (UB)

MOBILITY POLICY Control of roadway indiscipline Indiscipline control Reduction in transport costs translates into an increase in profits for companies, and increased capacity lets more travelling be done in the same period of time. Thus, this represents an increase in productivity and also improvements in environmental conditions. Improvement in mobility conditions Increased capacity of infrastructures More efficient Driving Reduction in transport costs Reduction of CO2 emissions Increased profits and productivity More sustainable mobility

EFFECTS OF PARKING ON CITIES The Restructuring of urban space In many European cities, as well as in Barcelona, private vehicles parked on streets occupy a large part of the urban space. The need of this space to be employed for greater and more needs for the city as a whole has entailed the need to execute a policy of restructuring of urban space that will give the city back part of these spaces, occupied until now by private vehicles. A mobility policy that considers parking as a whole lets all parking be managed together, adapting the number of spaces needed to each area. In recent years, the off-street parking supply for commuters has increased and on-street parking spaces have been eliminated. This space gained from private vehicles is now used for other uses: Bicing Pedestrian zones Bus lanes Bike lanes...

EFFECTS OF PARKING ON CITIES The Restructuring of urban space Beyond the financial impact and management efficiency in the framework of the local administration, car parks have a multiplying effect on investment by means of urban regeneration, generation of centricity and giving new energy to shopping, etc. Construction of the car park at the Plaça de la Catedral Plaça de la Catedral

PLACES D'APARCAMENTS MIXTES EFFECTS OF PARKING ON CITIES The Restructuring of urban space B:SM off-street parking supply 20.000000 18.000 16.000 14.000 12.000 10.000 Tram and pedestrian street 8.000 6.000 4.000 2.000 0 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 PLACES D'APARCAMENTS MIXTES Nº Places 200000 180000 160000 140000 120000 100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 0 Evolution of on-street parking supply 2001 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Bus lane Àrea Blava Places totals regulades Àrea verda Places totals en calçada Bicycle lane + Bicing station

EFFECTS OF PARKING ON CITIES The Restructuring of urban space The four priorities of the Urban Mobility Plan of the City of Barcelona Mobility that is more... 1. 1. + SUSTAINABLE + SOSTENIBLE Objectives of the mobility system 1. Reduce Disminuir roadway la indisciplina indscipline d estacionament 2. Regular Regulate la the demanda de of vehicles private vehicles privats 3. Ordenar i regular la distribuci ó de 2. + EFFICIENT EFICIENT 3.Organise and regulate goods distribution mercaderies 4.Fomentar 4.Promote safer h àbits environmental i entorns mhabits és segurs 3. + EQUITABLE EQUITATIVA 4. + SAFE SEGURA 5. Enhance Potenciar sustainable mitjans de transport means of transport: sostenible: public, on foot transport and by col bicycle lectiu, peu i bici 6. Aconseguir Achieve a more una efficient utilitzaci use ó of més private eficient vehicles del and vehicle reduce privat the pollution i disminuir generated la by vehicles contaminaci ó generada pels vehicles

EFFECTS OF PARKING ON CITIES Direct impacts Regulated on-street parking requires lesser investments for its implementation. i Similarly, i the operation of this regulation entails an important source of job posts, both for operations and in related companies, principally connected to maintenance and development of control technology. In Barcelona, the regulation of 46,000 parking spaces employs some 400 people Related indirectly to the regulation of parking, there are also companies working in: Vertical and horizontal signalling Initial investment and maintenance Parking metres initial investment, maintenance and recoveries existence of 3000 parking metres (1 every 15 spaces) Control technology monitoring i of breakdowns, software development by PDA Production of time tickets Customer service assistance by telephone and email Studies on monitoring and improvement

EFFECTS OF PARKING ON CITIES Direct impacts Some financial data from the sector in Spain Estimated turnover of 1200 M 768,000 parking spaces (133,500 in Barcelona, across 530 car parks) 1700 companies in the parking sector including: car park management businesses construction companies electrical fittings new technologies security and monitoring (surveillance systems, CCTV, number plate recognition...) lifts painting and signposting 12,000 direct jobs (Ref: White Book on Parking, ASESGA)

EFFECTS OF PARKING ON CITIES Direct impacts Approximate investments required for the construction of a car park: between 3M and 6M 25% Construction of additional facilities Breakdown of building work costs 35% Structural development 30% Raising i walls 10% Foundation and excavation works Cost per space: between 10,000 and 25,000

EFFECTS OF PARKING ON CITIES Indirect impacts Parking-related business activities not only generate financial profits for the sector itself but also contributes to the financial growth of other business activities. Each space generates profits in terms of the economy of its immediate surroundings of 35 to 40/day. (Ref: The White Book on Parking, ASESGA) These figures show the potential for financial growth derived from parking spaces located in the vicinity of commercial clusters. -Thesectors which benefit the most are as follows: Shops Leisure The Horeca sector Businesses - Other activities witnessing growth: - The outsourcing of parking spaces, which allows businesses to devote their resources to car parks located at their establishment (e.g. sales operators, cinemas...) - Companies providing complementary services for car park users operating on their premises (car sharing, vehicle rental services, carwash services...)

EFFECTS OF PARKING ON CITIES Indirect impacts Examples of parking spaces in commercial areas Pl. dels Voluntaris Olímpics Pl. de la Catedral Santa Caterina Market, Pl. F. Cambó

EFFECTS OF PARKING ON CITIES Indirect impacts Environmental improvements Reduction in private vehicle travel Increase in the use of public transport Improved traffic conditions More efficient driving Reduced travel time Reduced emissions

CONCLUSIONS Construction of off-street parking spaces by the city council entails the need for a public service that addresses the needs of citizens ii and reorganises the city in order to maximise i the useof resources and ensure their even and balanced distribution. This need for off-street parking supply represents a development opportunity which is why it is necessary to view parking as a tool, withregardtoitsmobility policy as well as for the financial and social development of cities in a more sustainable environment. The car park sector aims to increase its influence in order to gain a leading and decision-taking role on all levels of The car park sector aims to increase its influence in order to gain a leading and decision-taking role on all levels of the administration (local, national and European)