Conflict in the Middle East 1
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Middle East 3
Middle East Located in Southwest Asia 66% of the world s oil reserves World s top Oil Producer: Saudi Arabia 4
culturally diverse-ethnicity & religion are the source of many problems center of trade Primary Language: Arabic Main Religion: Islam 5
OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Purpose: To control the world s oil supply combined with the price of oil 5 Founder Members: Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, Iran, Venezuela Later joined by Qatar (1961), Indonesia (1962), Libya (1962), the United Arab Emirates (1967), Algeria (1969), Nigeria (1971), Ecuador (1973), Gabon (1975) and Angola (2007). Ecuador suspended its membership. Gabon terminated in 1995. Indonesia suspended its membership effective Jan. 2009. 6
Currently, OPEC has a 12 Member Countries. 7
Where does the US get its oil? Close to 40% of US oil needs are met at home Most imports come from Mexico, Venezuela, Canada, Saudi Arabia, & Nigeria 8
Background-Israel Ground Zero for Judaism, Christianity & Islam To Judaism: Israel is the Promised Land Occupied by Moses and Hebrews around 1000 B.C. Invaded and occupied by Philistines Greeks and Romans call it Land of Philistines, which becomes Palestine. To Christians: Jesus Christ s birth, ministry, and death. Ownership of Israel changes hands frequently To Muslims: captured in 640 built Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem in 691 Spot where Muhammad stopped on his way to heaven. Holiest site in Islam outside Saudi Arabia. Ottoman Turks control Israel from 1500 s-1900 s. 9
Dome of the Rock http://abcnews.go.com/2020/video/dome-rock-worldscontested-sites-18042219 10
Balfour Declaration European Jews face persecution in late 1800 s. Founded movement called Zionism to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine. Begin establishing communities in Palestine prior to World War One. British Foreign Secretary Balfour supported the idea of a national home for the Jews. Balfour Declaration: name given to a 1917 letter from a British Foreign secretary-national homeland for Jews in Palestine 11
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Creation of Israel once called Palestine Consists of Israel, West Bank Gaza Strip Jews were exiled from land in second century -Begin settlement movement in Palestine to create a state UN Partition Resolution: (Nov. 29, 1947) Palestine was partitioned (divided) into a 2 states: a Jewish State and Arab Palestinian State designated Jerusalem as an international city owned by neither side 13
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The Jewish leaders accepted the partition along with the US & USSR. Arab countries & Palestinians rejected it because they did not consider the wishes of the majority of its people. 55% of the area was given to Jews although they only made up 33% of the population 45% was given to Palestinians but made up 67% of the population 15
Arab-Israeli War of 1948 May 14, 1948: Zionist leader David Ben-Gurion declares that Israel is an independent state. On May 15, 6 Arab nations (Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, & Syria) invade Israel. Fighting continues until Jan 1949. Israel prevails and gains territory in Galilee to the north and the Negev Desert to the south. Jerusalem is divided between Israel and Jordan. Fate of 700,0000 Palestinian refugees is left undecided. 16
Arab-Israeli War of 1956 USSR signs arms agreement with Egypt in 1955. Israelis feel threatened by arms build up and launch a pre-emptive strike against Egypt. Attack and seize the Sinai and Gaza Strip Relinquished in 1957 (give it back to Egypt) Suez Canal Crisis: 1956, Egyptian President Gamal Nasser seized control of certain French & British business interests in Egypt. UN establishes peace keeping force in Sinai that is still in place today. 17
Arafat and the PLO Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) formed in 1964 Founder: Yasser Arafat Now led by Mahmoud Abbas & called Palestinian Authority (PA) Refuses to recognize Israel as a country-wants an independent Palestine state return refugees to their homes represents the Palestinian people Carried out numerous attacked against Israel 18
Six Day War June 5-10, 1967 Egypt, Jordan, and Syria begin military mobilization. Israel launches surprise pre-emptive strike. Destroys most of Egyptian Air Force on the ground. Knocked out 350 aircraft in first three hours. Armored forces supported by air and infantry quickly take Sinai Peninsula (Egypt), Golan Heights (Syria), West Bank (Jordan) and Jerusalem Destroyed over 200 Arab tanks in two days. UN arranges cease-fire, but terms did not specify exactly what land Israel was required to give up. 19
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Yom Kippur-October- or Ramadan War Oct. 6, 1973 Egypt and Syria launch surprise attack on holiest day of Jewish year. IDF: Israel Defense Force (IDF) was not fully mobilized and is initially pushed back. Arab integrated air defenses and anti-tank missiles take heavy toll on the IDF on the ground, air and naval defense of Israel Oct 10-14 IDF pushed Syrians out of Golan and entered Syria. Oct 15-24 IDF pushes Egyptians back across the Suez. Soviets threaten to intervene when Egyptians are surrounded. Kissinger/US convince Israel to accept truce. Israeli invincibility brought into question; Arabs emboldened. 21
Lebanon Israel launches air strikes against PLO positions in Lebanon in retaliation for terrorist attacks. Subsequently invades Lebanon and surrounds Beirut in 1982. US-led UN coalition establishes presence ashore to keep the peace. Departs after bombing of barracks. PLO agrees to leave Beirut. Israel completes withdrawal of its troops from Lebanon in May 2000. Nearly 1k IDF soldiers killed during 22 year occupation. 22
Peace Accords Camp David Accords 1979 Egypt recognizes Israel s right to exist. Israel PM Menachem Begin returns Sinai Peninsula to to Egypt. Leads to Egyptian President Anwar Sadat s assassination in 1981. Oslo Accords in Norway 1993 Israel PM Yitzhak Rabin and PLO Yasir Arafat accept each other s right to exist. Allows limited Palestinian self-rule in Gaza and Jericho. Establishes framework for settlement of Gaza and West Bank issues. Leads to Israeli PM Rabin s assassination in 95 23
Peace Accords Wye River Accords 1998 Arafat agrees to crack down on terrorists. Israeli will pull troops back from occupied territories. 14.2 percent of the West Bank land will be transferred to Palestinian control. Safe passage corridors will be established for Palestinians between Gaza and the West Bank. 750 Palestinians will be released from Israeli prisons. 24
Security Wall Temporary security measure? Route to further annexation of Palestinian land? Justifiable? Just? 25
What does the wall look like? 26
Hamas Victory in Palestinian Elections Forms in 1987 after Palestinian Intifada (uprising) Fundamentalist Sunni Palestinian militant group Political wing won a landslide victory in Palestinian parliamentary elections Charter calls for Israel s destruction Operates in Gaza, West Bank, Syria Mott: We love death as much as Jews love life 27
On-going violence since 2000 According to BBC: 3,300 Palestinians killed by Israelis 1,000 Israelis killed by Palestinians Most Pal. deaths by Israeli military Most Israeli deaths by acts of terrorism Can peace be made while violence persists? What will stop the violence? 28
Peace Slips Away Conflicts Intensifies Steps to revive peace plan fail; Israeli-Palestinian hostility grows suicide bomber attacks on civilians Israel responds with greater armed force, halt dealings with Arafat Working Toward a Solution Palestinians elect a prime minister to negotiate with Israel in 2003 PLO and Israeli leaders agree to explore new US backed peace plan 29
Negotiations and peace talks have occurred between Jews and Palestinians many times but have resulted in violence The struggle for a peaceful solution still continues 30
Why Americans Should Care US donated $115 billion in foreign aid to Israel since WWII compared to $4 billion for Palestinians $3.15 Billion per year in support to Israel Nearly 90% of the US aid to Israel is military and Israel spends about 75% of that buying US goods 31
How Should the U.S. Effectively Use its Power? Policeman? Enforcer of laws Nation-builder? Democratization Humanitarian? Imperialist? Peace Keeper? Disinterested 3 rd Party Stay out! 32
Israel Today Promised Land or Holy Land for Jews, Christians, Muslims Official language: Hebrew Population: 5 million; 80% Jews, 20 % Arabs World leader in medical laser technology; sophisticated weaponry; aerospace; electronics 33
Israel is the only democracy in the Middle East Israel votes with the US in the UN about 94% of the time-no other nation holds that record 34
Negev Desert Driest region in Israel occupying 60% of the land Israelis built an irrigation system to transform the desert sand into tracts of green land Israelis Produce almost all of their own food 35
Dead Sea Huge salt-water lake with no fish or animals Lowest place on earth Contains high quantities of minerals built processing plants to extract potashmineral used in explosives & fertilizersexported worldwide 36
Dead Sea Scrolls oldest biblical manuscript found in a cave by the Sea in 1947. 37
Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq Fertile Crescent rich land in the Middle East where farming & the first civilizations developed 38
Jordan in the middle of political struggles in the region Gained independence in 1946 Effects of 1967 Arab-Israel War: (war between Israel & Egypt-Syria-Jordan) Lost the West Bank to Israel Economy suffered: lost agricultural production, banking industry, & tourism ½ of population are Palestinian refugees 39
Facts Population: 5.85 million Government: Constitutional Monarchy Head of State: King Abdullah II Capital: Amman Religions: Sunni Muslims 92%, Christians 6% 40
Lebanon 1943 gained Independence from France Civil War broke out in 1958 & 1975-1990 s Destroyed PLO bases. Beirut was bombed for 2 weeks. Disagreement among religious groups 41
Hizballah Party of God emerged in 1982 Radical Shiite (Shia) Lebanese Islamic terrorist group-shia are largest group in Lebanon Hate westerners- Supported by Iran with weapons/money 42
State of Chaos US sent in peacekeeping forces 1983-explosive truck blew up the American embassy in Beirut killing 60 people Hizballah carried out a suicide bombing attack that killed 241 Americans in Beirut. 1984-all American troops withdrawn from Lebanon Lebanon was left in a state of anarchy: lawlessness, political disorder & violence 43
Fighting stopped in the 1990 s Began to rebuild its infrastructure & economy 44
Lebanon Facts Capital: Beirut Paris of the Middle East Center of International tourism, banking, trade Population: 4 million-predominately Arab Government: Republic Head of State: President General Michel Sulayman 45
Syria President: Bashar al-assad Independence: 1946 from France Population: 20 million Capital: Damascus Used Chemical weapons in Economy: oil and agriculture Economy highly controlled by the gov t 46
Iraq Capital: Baghdad Population 24,683,000 Head of State: President Jalal Talabani Most important economic activity is oil Used to build schools, provide research for crop output and build dams 47
Two branches of Islam Shiite (Hizballah): Majority in Iraq & Iran (Successor of Muhammad should be chosen within the hierarchy-line of Muhammad) Sunni (Hamas & Al Qa ida): Minority in Iraq (Successor of Muhammad should be chosen by election process) but 85% of Muslims worldwide 48
Persian Gulf War 1990-1991 Operation Desert Storm or Gulf War Iraq invaded Kuwait to acquire its oil reserves and take back land they believed belonged to Iraq Iraq was led by Saddam Hussein War waged by the UN led by Britain & the US against Iraq 49
many soldiers killed & Baghdad was badly damaged Severe economic sanctions were imposed on Iraq Embargo: restriction of trade with other countries Saddam was executed in 2006 by hanging 50
Arabian Peninsula 51
Saudi Arabia Birthplace of: Muhammad and Islam Holiest Cities: Mecca and Medina -Two million Muslims from all over the world come here for the hajj or pilgrimage to Mecca -Ka'bah-cube-shaped holy shrine that Muslims circle 7 times while reciting prayers (stands 50 feet high) 52
World s Largest Oil Producer # 1 Saudi Arabia #2 Russia #3 USA #4 Iran #5 China Iraq s economy is heavily dependent on crude oil-use revenue to build their infrastructure (roads, schools, communication systems 53
Birthplace of Osama Bin Laden Birthplace of Al Qa ida Goal: spread militant Sunni Islam worldwide Home to 15 of the 19 September 11 Hijackers Has experienced terrorism 54
Attacks by Al Qa ida 1989 - bin Laden creates Al Qa ida in Saudi Arabia 1993 in Mogadishu, Somalia 18 US soldiers killed = Black Hawk Down 1993 World Trade Center is bombed in car garage 55
Al Qa ida attacks 1998 US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania are bombed 200+ are killed 2000 USS Cole is attacked off the coast of Yemen - 17 killed September 11, 2001 Four hijacked planes hit the World Trade Center and Pentagon, field in Pennsylvania Killings in Indonesia, Spain, London and India from 56
Sept. 11, 2001 Hijacked Planes Deaths (+hijackers) American 11: 87+5 United 175: 60+5 American 77: 59+5 United 93: 40 +4 World Trade Center: 2,606 57
Grievances that fuel Al Qaeda Support for Israel against Palestinians US troops & bases in Saudi Arabia US occupation for Iraq and Afghanistan Support for Russia, China, India & Indonesia against majority Muslim rule 58
Turkey, Iran & Cyprus 59
People in Turkey & Iran are Muslims but are NOT Arabs. They do not speak Arabic. They speak Turkish, Kurdish, or Persian. 60
Turkey Once called the Ottoman Empire but after WWI it was broke up-founded in 1923 The peninsula south of the Black Sea became Turkey. Turks felt too much land was given away. 61
Mustafa Kemal First president of Turkey begins movement to establish Turkey as a republic and succeeds. He was elected president. Wanted to modernize Turkey. Secular: gov t run without religious influence Gave women greater freedom & voting rights Encouraged all citizens to attend school He was called Ataturk meaning father of the Turks 62
Turkey today President Abdullah GUL Struggle for Kurdish independence Debt & inflation Most industrialized country in the ME 63
Cyprus 1983 Turkey declared the north-eastern part of Cyprus independent Northern Cyprus is not recognized as a separate nation by most countries including the US (Turkey is the only one who does) President: Demetris Christofias 64
Iran Once called Persia Reza Khan seized power in 1921 declaring himself shah, or ruler of Iran His son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi took over during WWII. Wanted to modernize/westernize Iran (clothing, schools, women right to vote, economy, literacy) Ayatollahs: conservative religious rulers, wanted Iran governed under strict Islamic law 65
Ruhollah Khomeini takes over Iran s gov t condemned all Western influences in Iran & set up a Theocracy declared Iran an Islamic Republic & religion dominates all aspects of life Alcohol outlawed required women to wear chadors: long black cloaks in public 1989 he dies 66
Economy damaged by War with Iraq (1980-1988) Head of government: President Mahmud Ahmadi-Nejad Secular and religious factions continue to struggle for control and influence Religion and gov t are integrated 67
Many Iranians still living in poverty Why did the Iranians revolt in 1979? Pro-Islamic & secular (non-religious) political parties were seeking control of the gov t Pahlavi & supporters fled Poverty & struggle for oil in the region strong reaction against Westernization particularly the US 68