Project Work PCB Designing And AC/DC Power Supply Circuits Micro-inverter Microcontroller I/O Programming
Pitd Printed circuit itboard d(pcb) Printed Circuit Boards are made specifically for each circuit. It gives a compact and wire free circuitry. A simple PCB is shown in the figure.
Procedure for making PCB A computer aided design software is used for making the schematic and layout of circuit.
Schematic Design The schematic of circuit is made by using the capture CIS which is a part of OrCAD software. It is done by using the library tools. This library is provided with the design of all type of electronic components. After placing the components wiring is done.
Layout Design Once the schematic is completed, the layout is made in the layout part of OrCAD software. Layout components are provided in its library but can also be created by our own using library manager toolbox. Footprints are made by proper scaling of the components.
After completion of layout, the print is taken on a glossy paper using a laser printer.
Transfer of Design by Ironing The layout design is transferred on the copper clad board by placing it facing the printed side of paper followed by ironing.
Peeling of Paper After ironing, peeling is done by dipping the clad board in water. When the paper gets soften, peel it off.
Drilling and Etching Drill the PCB using a hand drill. The size of the hole must be of the order of 1mm.This can be done by using 1mm bit. Ferric Chloride FeCl 3 (anhydrous) can be used as an etchant. Put the PCB in the solution to etch the copper.
Summary The following steps are used to a make PCB: We use software, like Or CAD to draw the schematic of circuit. Then we make the layout of that circuit. After that print the PCB design using a laser printer. And then take impression of the circuit design on a copper clad board. Remove the excess copper using etching process.
Precautions The mirror image of PCB layout will always be imprinted on copper side. Always print from a laser printer. There are standards for using traces e.g. for single tracks, for ground and power etc. Tracking from large to small and small to large is called necking. Printing can be done on both sides, for double layered PCB providing the board must have copper on both sides.
Triple Power Supply Its a multipurpose power supply which fulfills the requirements of Its a multipurpose power supply which fulfills the requirements of laboratory experiments. Output of ± 12V, ± 5V and +1.25 to +20V can be taken using this power supply.
Micro Inverter An inverter is a device that converts dc power into ac power at desired output voltage and frequency. There are generally two types of inverters: ()Li (a) Line commutated ttdinverters : voltage level, frequency and waveform on ac side cannot be changed. (b) Force commutated inverters: provide adjustable output ac voltage and frequency
Battery charging circuit for Micro Inverter
Battery level l indicator and dinverter circuit it
AVR Microcontroller Programming With Phoenix-MDK
Phoenix Microcontroller Development Kit Phoenixmicrocontroller i development kit (PMDK) Consists of an ATmega16 MCU. All the I/O pins of the MCU are available on sockets. The kit can be programmed through PC parallel port by connecting it to the six pin white connecter provided in the kit.
Cable Connection Configuration
Pin out diagram of ATmega16 and the Pin out diagram of ATmega16 and the minimum circuit required to get started
Program To Glow The LED s Sequentially (A simulation of sequence for running a stepper motor) #include <avr/io.h> void delay (uint16_t itime) { Volatile uint16_t i,j; for (i=0;i<itime;i++) for (j=0;j<1275;j++); } int main (void) { DDRB = 0x0f; DDRA = 0x00;
For (;;) { if (DDRA= =0) { PORTB = 0x03; delay(1000); PORTB = 0x06; delay(1000); PORTB = 0x0c; delay(1000); PORTB = 0x09; delay(1000); }
if (DDRA==1) { PORTB = 0x09; delay(1000); PORTB = 0x0c; delay(1000); PORTB = 0x06; delay(1000); PORTB = 0x03; delay(1000); } } }
Program to display the data on LCD #include pmdk_lcd.c Int main() { Lcd_init(); lcd put string( Electronics ); lcd_put_string( Electronics ); }
The file pmdk_lcd.c provides the following functions: Lcd_init ( ) : Initailizes the LCD display, must be called once in the beginning Lcd_clear ( ) : Clears the display Lcd_put_char char (char ch) : Outputs a single character to the LCD display lcd_put_string (char* s) : Displays a string to the LCD lcd_put_byte (uint8_t i) : Displays an 8 bit unsigned integer lcd_put_int (uint 16_t i) : Displays a 16 bit unsigned integer