Reading Rhetorically, 4th Edition

Marquette University e-publications@marquette Books by Marquette University Faculty 2014 Reading Rhetorically, 4th Edition John C. Bean Seattle University Virginia A. Chappell Marquette University, virginia.chappell@marquette.edu Alice M. Gillam University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Follow this and additional works at: http://epublications.marquette.edu/marq_fac-book Part of the English Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Bean, John C.; Chappell, Virginia A.; and Gillam, Alice M., "Reading Rhetorically, 4th Edition" (2014). Books by Marquette University Faculty. Book 120. http://epublications.marquette.edu/marq_fac-book/120

JOHN C. BEAN Seattle University VIRGINIA A. CHAPPELL Marquette University ALICE M. GILLAM University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee PEARSON Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo

Contents Preface x 1 Reading to Write: Strategies for College Writing 1 What Do We Mean by "Reading Rhetorically"? 3 The Demands and Pleasures of Academic Reading 3 Reading and Writing as Conversation 5 Joining the Conversation 6 FOR WRITING AND DISCUSSION 7 Reading and Writing as Acts of Composing 8 Reading Rhetorically as a Strategy for Academic Writing 9 The Purposes of the Author Whose Text You Are Reading 10 Your Own Purposes as an Active Reader/Writer 10 Questions Rhetorical Readers Ask 10 FOR WRITING AND DISCUSSION 11 An Extended Example: Researching the Promise of Biofuels 12 Chapter Summary 15 2 Analyzing Your Reading and Writing Context 17 Rhetorical Context: Purpose, Audience, and Genre 18 Analyzing an Author's Purpose 18 A Spectrum of Purposes (Table of Rhetorical Aims) 19 FOR WRITI NG AND DISCUSSION 21 Identifying an Author's Intended Audience 21 Analyzing a Text's Genre 22 FOR WRITING AND DISCUSSION 26 Analyzing Your Own Rhetorical Context as Reader/Writer 27 Determining Your Purpose, Audience, and Genre 27 Matching Your Reading Strategies to Your Purpose as Reader /Wrlter 28 How Expert Readers Use Rhetorical Knowledge to Read Efficiently 29 Using Genre Knowledge to Read Efficiently 30 Using a Text's Social/Historical Context to Make Predictions and Ask Questions 31 v

vi DET AILED CONTENTS Typical Reading-Based Writing Assignments Across the Curriculum 32 Writing to Understand Course Content More Fully 32 In-Class Freewriting 33 Reading or Learning Logs 33 Double-Entry Journals 33 Short Thought Pieces or Postings to a Discussion Board 34 Writing to Report Your Understanding of What a Text Says 35 Writing to Practice the Conventions of a Particular Type of Text 35 Writing to Make Claims About a Text 36 Writing to Extend the Conversation 37 Chapter Summary 37 3 Listening to a Text 39 Writing As You Read 40 Preparing to Read 41 Recalling Background Knowledge 41 Using Visual Elements to Plan and Predict 42 Spot Reading 43 An Extended Example: Spot Reading in Kirk Savage's Monument Wars 44 Listening As You Read Initially 46 Note Organizational Signals 47 Mark Unfamiliar Terms and References 47 Identify Points of Difficulty 48 Annotate 48 Connecting the Visual to the Verbal 49 Visuals That Enhance Verbal Content 50 Visuals That Support Verbal Content 50 Visuals That Extend Verbal Content 52 F OR WRITING AND DISCUSSION 5 3 Listening As You Reread 54 Mapping the Idea Structure 54 Describing What Verbal Texts Say and Do 56 Sample Does-Says Statements 56 FOR WRITI NG AND DISCUSSION 57 Describing What Visual Texts Do 58

DETAILED CONTENTS vii Writing About How Texts Work: Guidelines and Two Examples 59 How Summaries Are Used in Academic and Workplace Settings 59 Guidelines for Writing a Summary 60 Sample Summary with Attributive Tags 61 Jaime's Summary of "Chew on This" 62 Guidelines for Writing a Rhetorical Precis 62 Jaime's Rhetorical Precis 63 A Brief Writing Project 64 Chapter Summary 64 Kirk Savage, The Conscience of the Nation 65 4 Questioning a Text 69 What It Means to Question a Text 70 Examining a Writer's Credibility and Appeals to Ethos 71 FOR WRITING AND DISCUSSION 71 Examining a Writer's Appeals to Reason or Logos 72 Claims 73 Reasons 73 Evidence 74 Assumptions 74 FOR WRITING AND DISCUSSION 75 Examining a Writer's Strategies for Engaging Readers, or Pathos 75 FOR WRITING AND DISCUSSION 76 Examining a Writer's Language 76 FOR WRITING AND DISCUSSION 77 Examining a Text's Ideology 78 FOR WRITING AND DISCUSSION 80 Examining a Text's Use of Visual Elements 80 Visual Elements and Ethical Appeals 81 Visual Elements and Logical Appeals 82 Visual Elements and Audience Appeals 84 Visual Arguments 86 FOR WRITING AND DISCUSSION 87 Exploring Your Responses to a Text 88 Before / After Reflections 89 The Believing and Doubting Game 89 Interviewing the Author 91

viii DET AILED CONTENTS Writing a Rhetorical Analysis Paper: Guidelines and an Example 92 Guidelines for Writing a Rhetorical Analysis 92 Getting Started 92 Selecting a Focus for Your Analysis 93 Drafting Your Paper 93 An Annotated Rhetorical Analysis of /I A Lifesaving Checklist" 94 Chapter Summary 98 Atul Gawande, A Lifesaving Checklist 99 5 Using Rhetorical Reading for Researched Writing Projects 101 Rhetorical Reading and Information Literacy 102 Formulating and Analyzing Questions 103 Establishing Your Purpose 104 Using Question Analysis to Plan a Research Strategy 105 Tips for Finding Reliable Sources 107 Tip #1. Prefer Sources That Have Undergone Solid Editorial Review and Fact-Checking 107 Library Databases and Web Search Engines 108 Tip #2. Appreciate the Value of Specialized Periodicals for General Audiences 110 Tip #3. Weigh Questions About Relevance 111 Tip #4. Ask a Librarian 111 Tips for Evaluating Sources 112 Tip #5. Read the Abstracts and Conclusions Sections of Scholarly Articles 112 Tip #6. Examine a Text's Currency and Scope 112 Tip #7. Check Authors' and Experts' Basis of Authority 113 Tip #8. Consider the Reputation of Publishers and Sponsors 114 Chapter Summary 117 6 Making Knowledge: Incorporating Reading into Writing 119 Asserting Your Authority As a Reader and Writer 120 Managing Your Writing Process 121 Strategies for Getting Started 121 Strategies for Generating Ideas 122 Strategies for Writing a First Draft 122 Strategies for Evaluating Your Draft for Revision 123

DETAILED CONTENTS ix Strategies for Managing Your Writing Processes (Graphic) 124 Strategies for Peer Response and Revision 128 Strategies for Editing and Polishing Your Final Draft 128 Integrating Material from Readings into Your Writing 129 Using Summary 129 Using Paraphrase 131 Using Direct Quotation 134 FOR WRITING AND DISCUSSION 135 Avoiding Plagiarism 136 Using Attributive Tags to Frame Sources Rhetorically 139 Using Parenthetical Citations 142 Understanding Academic Citation Conventions 143 Chapter Summary 144 Incorporating Reading into Writing: An Example in MLA Format 145 Appendix: Building an MLA Citation 153 Formatting MLA In-Text Citations 153 Quick Guidelines for Placement and Content 154 Variations 155 Setting Up an MLA Works Cited List 156 The Basics 156 Process Advice for Compiling a Works Cited List 157 Model MLA Citation Formats 158 Credits 173 Index 175 Citation Models for Articles in Periodicals 159 Citation Models for Books and Other Nonperiodical Print Sources 162 Formats for Citing Web Sources 166 Citation Formats for Other Materials and Media 171