4 MCS101 MEDIA INSTITUTIONS Public Service Broadcasting Burak Doğu burak.dogu@ieu.edu.tr Department of Media and Communication, IUE
Public service broadcasting Responsibility delegated to broadcasting authorities by the state Wavelength scarcity and problems of financing Sykes; Wavebands available in a country must be seen as a valuable form of public property.
TRT was founded in 1964 as the only national broadcaster of Turkish Republic. Test transmissions started on TRT 1 on January 31, 1968.
The structure of TRT channels Yücel Yener; "The technology being used was old and the channels were lack of identity." According to a research of Başbakanlık Aile Kurumu (1993); "Besides the purpose of the programs, television is an important medium which has the power to change the society. It has the power of mainstreaming. The viewers are living the life of others during the viewing experience."
TRT 1 First channel of TRT The highest rating amongst the TRT channels Coverage of 98,4% of the population in Turkey Target? Consanguineous nationalities. Anniversaries Educating while entertaining
TRT 1 (cont'd) Gülseven Güven; "1998 Türkiye'sinde Türkiye nin işgücünün %78'i ilkokul mezunudur. Bir rating savaşında bunu dikkate alıyorsak ve yayınlar giderek bu çevre ve topluluk ihtiyaçlarına, beğenilerine göre hazırlanıyorsa, o zaman nasıl büyük kentlerimizi gecekondu kültürüne terk ettiysek, bu sefer bütün genel kültürümüzü de onlara teslim etmek zorunda kalıyoruz."
TRT 2 It began broadcasting in 1986. Development plans Culture and arts channel Sinema ve Edebiyat, Sinema 100 Yaşında, İki Film Birden, and Gündemde Sanat Var 2002: "News and Information" TRT news centre TRT 2 works with 1763 transmitters to cover 97,5% of Turkey.
TRT 3 It began broadcasting in 1989. TRT GAP and TBMM TV. Politicians to own their public channel Sports programs Its broadcast reaches a population of 96,8%.
TRT 4 Its broadcasts began in 1990. Universal education Turkish classical and folk music programs
TRT GAP Its broadcast began in 1989 on TV2. Coverage for the southeastern part of Turkey Migration Women audience.
TRT INT It was named as TV5. It was founded in 1990. Turkish citizens living in Europe. It reached 14.500.000 people in Germany, 624.000 in Austria, 3.959.819 in the Netherlands... 24 hours a day Merhaba, Kimlik Arayışı
TRT Türk (AVRASYA) It broadcasts to the Caucasus and Middle East. It was named as TRT AVRASYA when began broadcasting in 1993. The issue of timing was another problem. Limited coverage provided by Türksat 1C
The picture today - domestic I TRT 1 (launched January 1968) - General entertainment channel with a broad schedule featuring local and foreign series, Turkish and Hollywood cinema, live shows with Turkish folk music, Turkish classical music and pop music, live sport, news and current affairs plus special events such as the Eurovision Song Contest. TRT Haber (launched September 1986 as TRT 2) - The daytime schedule of TRT Haber consists of news and current affairs, plus sports news and weather. Primetime programming focuses on culture, arts, documentaries and world cinema.
The picture today - domestic II TRT 3 (launched October 1989) - Broadcasts live and archive sports including Formula 1, World and European Figure Skating Championships, World and European Athletics Championships, Turkish Women's Volleyball league, U18 Basketball plus feature programmes. When parliament is in session, TRT 3 relays live coverage of the Turkish Grand National Assembly (TBMM-TV). TRT Gap (launched October 1989) - TRT Gap airs programming aimed at the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. The channel timeshares with TRT 3. TRT Çocuk (launched November 2008) - TRT Çocuk airs children's programming, animated programmes and educational programmes. The station timeshares for most of the day with TRT 4, which signs on in the primetime hours. TRT Okul (launched January (2011) - In context of the strategic agreement with Anadolu University it aims to reach pupils.
The picture today - domestic III TRT 5 Anadolu - Broadcasting with regional TV channels of Turkey. TRT 6 (launched January 2009) - TRT 6 broadcasts Kurdish language programming in line with Turkish law. TRT el Türkiye (launched April 2010) - Broadcasts 24 hours a day in Arabic language with programs aimed at Arabs in Turkey, as well as the wider Arab world and the Middle East. TRT Müzik (launched November 2009) - TRT Müzik is a 24 hour music channel for Turkish folk and Turkish classical music. It also airs pop, rock, jazz & ethnic music. TRT Belgesel (launched November 2009) - TRT Belgesel is a 24 hour documentary channel. TRT HD (launched May 2010) - High definition television channel of TRT.
The picture today - international TRT Türk (16:9, but this is not encoded in DVB signal) - Broadcasts international news, current affairs, documentaries and cultural programming aimed at both Turks and Turkish speaking audience living abroad. It's the first TRT channel to make extensive use of a private production company for news programming. TRT Avaz (launched March 2009) - International channel broadcast aimed at the Turkic Republics and Turks living in the Balkans. The channel has a focus on entertainment and documentaries as opposed to TRT Türk's new focus on news. Programmes are broadcasted in a mixture of languages including Turkish, Azeri, Kazak, Uzbek and Turkmen.
TRT NET and Teletext (Telegün) TRT website was founded in 1999 with the name of TRT NET. Sample: http://www.trt.net.tr/telegun/ Telegün was renewed to standardize the page formats in accordance to TRT logo. Telegün is consist of 500 pages which are updated anytime during the day.
TRT news Protokol haberciliği Anadolu Ajansı Centre, Parliament, Nation, Foreign, and Sports departments TRT centre is located in Ankara, however it has news management offices (haber müdürlükleri) in İstanbul, İzmir, Antalya, Çukurova, Diyarbakır, Erzurum, Trabzon, Cyprus. It has some agencies (haber büroları) in several other cities like Edirne, Kocaeli, Aydın, Muğla, Manisa, Uşak, and Elazığ. Besides, 1000 freelance reporters (kaşeli) are working in other cities. News in English, French, and German Member of EBU (European Broadcasting Union) and ABU (Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union). In 2001, TRT bought an approximate number of 300 programs from international companies and distributed 250 videos in return.
TRT newscast 20-25 news are presented in each newscast. 90% of all news have political references. 50% of news are on opening ceremonies and on visits of the political actors. No cliches No violence and abuse
Magic Box Founded in 1989. Eutelsat. Star 1 began its broadcasts with sports competitions, talk shows, and newscasts. Employees from TRT Advertising problems Turkish football league
The rise of commercial broadcasting Star 1 / ANAP vs Mega 10 / SHP 1992: Show TV TGRT was the first formal commercial television. Kanal 6 aimed to reach Central Asia. Doğan's Kanal D, ATV and others followed the tradition.
Regulations In 1993, monopoly of government over broadcasting was removed with the change in the constitution (Law no. 133) - RTÜK Law no. 2954 (TRT Yasası) was not changed. European Convention on Transfrontier Television (Avrupa Sınırötesi Televizyon Sözleşmesi) was signed in 1992. Regarding the new regulation, the freedom of watching foreign broadcasts in Turkey was secured (according to the issue of freedom of speech/press). Law no. 3984 (Radyo ve Televizyonların Kuruluş ve Yayınları Hakkında Kanun) was legislated in 1994. TRT is also in the frame of the Law no. 3984, in case of an exclusion to Law no. 2954. In 2002, Law no. 3984 was changed to 4756 bringing a new regulation on broadcasting.
TRT budget According to Law no. 3093 (Türkiye Radyo-Televizyon Kurumu Gelirleri Yasası) - 3383 Sayılı Yasa ile değiştirilmiş 2. madde... Incomes of the TRT budget are as follows; Radyo, televizyon, video ve birleşik cihazlardan alınacak bandrol ücretleri, Elektrik enerji hasılatından bu kanuna göre ayrılacak paylar, Genel bütçeden yapılacak katkılar, Radyo ve televizyon vasıtasıyla yapılan her çeşit ilan ve reklam ile faaliyet gelirleri, Film, bant, plak, nota, dergi, kitap ve benzerlerinin yapım, yayın ve satışından elde edilecek gelirler, Düzenlenecek konser, temsil ve benzeri programa giriş ücreti ve bu yerlerde yapılacak ilan ve reklamdan elde edilecek gelirler, Yapılacak her türlü bağış, yardım ve diğer gelirler olarak sayılmış olup, bandrol ücretleri ile elektrik hasılat payı ve yasayla düzenlenmiş, ancak diğer gelirlerin saptanma yetkisi kuruma verilmiştir.
TRT budget (cont'd) Label fee (10%) is taken once at the time of the sale. It represents a total of 15-20% amount in the budget income. TEDAŞ and TEAŞ collect a fee of 3,5% for TRT from their sales. It corresponds to an amount of 50-70% in the budget income. Other revenues are program sales, audio-visual retails, sports competition video sales.
Founded in 1922, The British Broadcasting Corporation is the principal public service broadcaster in the United Kingdom.
The founding 1920s, Post Office Annual licence fee Unity of control in broadcasting Good quality of reception Twin transmitters Wide range of programs The 1950 Beveridge Committee
An independent network Independent Television Authority ITV (1955) was founded as an extension of public broadcasting. Aim to reach the largest audience possible Pilkington Committee, 1960 Duopoly between the BBC and ITV
Annan Committee on the future of broadcasting (1974) The committee recommended: BBC funding by licence fee Fourth independent television channel Long-term restructure and diversification of broadcasting Establishment of Broadcasting Complaints Commission Privatisation of local radio Independence from direct political control Increase in independent production Outcomes: Increased licence fee Channel 4 (1980)
Public or private? Channel 4 as political commitment to the regulation of broadcasting The Peacock Report, 1986 Licence fee as the 'least worst' option Bandwidth in relation with competition Intervention will still be needed?
Overview of British media Broadcasting Standards Commission Independent Television Commission (ITC) Radio Authority BBC is ultimately responsible to parliament. BBC's Producer Guidelines Legislation
Audience share of British Tv channels (2001) 35,00% 30,00% 25,00% 20,00% 15,00% 10,00% 5,00% 0,00% BBC1 BBC2 ITV Chanel4 Chanel5
Share of British Tv channels over a decade
Discussion Would you prefer to pay-per-programme? Can the licence fee survive? Do you think that deregulation could be an option for PSB? Is it possible to increase revenues while remaining as a vertical monopoly?
Concept definition Narrowcasting Narrowcasting is a term used for communications such as radio or television signals that are limited to subscription customers or otherwise prohibited from being broadcast. Efforts to find gaps in the market New types of programs Target audience
Structural conditions of PSB What are the requirements for having a good PSB? Political independence Government may have formal and informal controls for influencing broadcasters. The rules can be so constituted that a publicly owned broadcaster is effectively independent. The pursuit of inclusive and diverse programming strategies In order to broadcast according to the public interest, the broadcasters must be in a position to make program decisions independent of considerations of audience size and production costs. The starting point for PSB is the needs of programming, rather than the needs of profitability.
Types of PSB fundings License fee Mixed - License fee and advertising revenues License fee, advertising revenues and public funding Public funding and advertising revenues State subsidies and advertising revenues
European Broadcasting Union Tv program categories News Information Sport Human interest Infotainment Arts, Humanities, Culture Religion Education Music Light entertainment Fiction Other/not attributable
The missions of PSB (The Council of Europe) A common reference point for all members of the public and a factor for social cohesion and integration of all individuals, groups and communities; A forum for public discussions on a broad spectrum of views; Impartial and independent news coverage; Pluralistic, innovative and varied programming which meets high ethical and quality standards; Programming which is both of wide public interest and attentive to the needs of minorities; Reflection of the different philosophical ideas and religious beliefs in multicultural societies; Greater appreciation and dissemination of the diversity of national and European cultural heritage original productions by independent producers; Extended viewer choice by offering programs which are not provided by the commercial sector.