Battery chemistries Shmuel De-Leon Shmuel@sdle.co.il 1
Primary Batteries Chemistry Characteristics Leading Manufacturers Main Applications Comments Alkaline Manganese Dioxide Voltage 1.6v Power - L Wh/Kg - 200 Wh/L - 500 Temp. Range 0-50 Duracell Energizer Consumer market portable application Long shelf life, low cost and reasonable drain rate make them attractive for commonplace applications. Carbon Zinc Voltage 1.5v Power -L Wh/Kg - 100 Wh/L - 200 Temp. Range 0-50 Energizer Consumer market portable application For the less expansive market Lithium Bromine Chloride Complex Voltage 3.9v Power H,M Wh/Kg 470 Wh/L - 1000 Temp. Range - -55-85 Electrochem Military and oil exploration markets Lithium thionyl chloride with chemical additive improved passivation Lithium Carbon Monofluoride Voltage 3.2v Wh/Kg - 500 Wh/L - 850 Temp. Range - -40-85 Eagle-Picher Spectrum Brands Electrochem Memory backup, Metering, Space 1000 wh/kg for the space market (low current discharge) Lithium Iodine Voltage 3.67v Power - L Wh/Kg - 300 Wh/L - 950 Temp. Range - -40-50 Electrochem Litronik Medical applications Very few cells in the market 2
Primary Batteries Chemistry Characteristics Leading Manufacturers Lithium Ion Voltage 4.1v Power -H Wh/Kg - 150 Wh/L - 300 Temp. Range - -40-85 Lithium Iron Disulfide Lithium Manganese Dioxide Lithium Sulfur Dioxide Voltage 1.77v Wh/Kg - 350 Wh/L - 640 Temp. Range - -40-60 Voltage 3.2v Power H,M Wh/Kg 400 - Wh/L - 800 Temp. Range - -20-60 Voltage 2.95v Power - HM,L Wh/Kg - 300 Wh/L - 450 Temp. Range - -60-70 Tadiran Energizer, Manufacture also by some Chinese manufacturers Duracell Energizer Sanyo Saft Eagle-Picher Main Applications Military & Aerospace systems Automatic External Defibrillators Portable Medical Devices Communications systems Telemetric Photo cameras, consumer portable application Memory Backup Photoflash Military applications Military applications Comments Manufacture only by Tadiran Patented lithium technology from Energizer used in industrial applications such as asset tracking due to its excellent rate capability. These batteries offer high energy density, extremely long life, a wide operating temperature and excellent durability. The batteries share lithium primary advantages. They also have good high rate capabilities and perform well at low temperatures. 3
Primary Batteries Chemistry Characteristics Leading Manufacturers Main Applications Comments Lithium Sulfuryl Chloride Voltage 3.67v Wh/Kg - 500 Wh/L - 1000 Temp. Range - -32-93 Electrochem Tadiran Military, Space, Oil exploration high energy density long shelf life Lithium Thionyl Chloride Voltage 3.67v Wh/Kg - 760 Wh/L - 1300 Temp. Range - -55-85 Saft Tadiran Vitzro Military, Metering, Oil exploration, Memory backup Share lithium primary advantages. LiSOCl2 cells have the highest energy density of all Lithium types. Service life is typically 15 to 20 years. Silver Zinc Voltage 1.55v Power - L Wh/Kg - 120 Wh/L - 500 Temp. Range - -10-65 Varta Toshiba Sony Renata Watch, Calculators Mainly button size, better performance than Alkaline manganese cells Zinc Nickel Oxyhydroxide Voltage 1.72v Power H, M Wh/Kg - 180 Wh/L - 580 Temp. Range - -20-54 Duracell Photo cameras, consumer portable application New technology competing lithium iron disulfide and alkaline manganese 4
Primary Cells Energy Density Comparison (commercial cells) Battery system Nominal voltage Wh/kg Wh/l Manu./ model Alkaline Silver Oxide 1.5 199 581 ENERGIZER 3-350 1.6 130 525 ENERGIZER EXP76 Zinc-Air Lithium Sulfur Dioxide Lithium Thionyl Chloride Lithium Manganese Dioxide Lithium Sulfuryl Chloride 1.4 467 1558 ENERGIZER AC675 3 280 503 EAGLE PICHER 33112 3.6 715 1272 TADIRAN TL5930 3 300 826 FDK ENERGY CR2477 3.95 611 1081 TADIRAN TL6930 Lithium Polymono Carbonate 3 350 848 PANASONIC BR2477A Lithium Iron Disulfide 1.8 331 592 ENERGIZER L91 5
Rechargeable Batteries Chemistry Characteristics Leading Manufacturers Main Applications Comments Alkaline Manganese Dioxide Voltage 1.57v Wh/Kg - 135 Wh/L 420 Typ Cycles - 50 Ray-O-VAC Accucell Toys, Home portable applications Limited number of cycles, low cost Lead Acid Voltage 2v Wh/Kg 40 Wh/L 110 Typ Cycles - 300 Fiamm Yuasa stationary or wheeled applications easy to maintain, have low self-discharge rates and are less expensive than other rechargeable batteries. Lithium Ion Voltage 4.2v Wh/Kg - 250 Wh/L 650 Typ Cycles - 500 Sony Sanyo Saft GS Yuasa Hitachi Maxell LG, Samsung Portable applications, Military, Industrial, Commercial High energy density Li-ion chemistry reduces the cell s weight by half and the volume by 20 to 50 percent. The self-discharge rate is less than half that of nickel-based chemistries. Lithium Ion Polymer Voltage 4.2v Wh/Kg - 220 Wh/L 500 Typ Cycles - 500 Sony Sanyo LG, Samsung Portable applications, Military, Industrial, Commercial Have greater energy density in terms of weight than Li-ion. There is more flexibility in cell sizes and shape and a wider margin of safety. Lithium Iron Phosphate Voltage 3.65v Power H,M Wh/Kg - 140 Wh/L 300 Typ Cycles - 1500 A123 Advance battery factory Saft Laclanche EV, E-Bike, Energy Storage Excellent cycle life, high rate capability, and best in class safety 6
Rechargeable Batteries Chemistry Characteristics Leading Manufacturers Main Applications Comments Lithium Manganese Dioxide (not Li-Ion spinal) Voltage 3.67v Wh/Kg - 60 Wh/L 150 Typ Cycles - 500 Lithium Sulfur Voltage 2.5v Power H,M Wh/Kg - 350 Wh/L 220 Typ Cycles - 50 Lithium Vanadium Pentoxide Voltage 3.4v Power - L Wh/Kg - 50 Wh/L 130 Typ Cycles - 500 Nickel Cadmium Voltage 1.2v Power H, M Wh/Kg - 50 Wh/L 160 Typ Cycles - 500 Nickel Hydrogen Voltage 1.55v Power M Wh/Kg - 75 Wh/L 50 Typ Cycles - 10000 Sanyo Hitachi Maxell Varta Sion Oxis Energy Memory backup UAV, EV Button cells Under development Memory backup Button cells Hoppecke Saft Sanyo Saft Eagle-Picher Automotive, Energy storage, Space, Satellite Energy storage, satellite, space Robust and relatively inexpensive, NiCD batteries are typically used for applications in which long life, high power and extended temperature range are important. Differ from NiMh by use of hydrogen in a pressurized cell of up to 1200 psi 7
Rechargeable Batteries Chemistry Characteristics Leading Manufacturers Main Applications Comments Nickel Metal Hydride Voltage 1.2v Wh/Kg - 100 Wh/L 400 Typ Cycles - 300 Nickel Zinc Voltage 1.7v Wh/Kg - 90 Wh/L 300 Typ Cycles - 250 Silver Zinc Voltage 1.86v Wh/Kg - 130 Wh/L 510 Typ Cycles - 250 Sanyo Automotive, Consumer portable applications capacities as much as 90 percent higher than equivalent size NiCD cells. They have less memory effect and are environmentally safe and lighter in weight. Powergenix Consumer products Under development Zpower Consumer products Under development 8
Rechargeable Cells Energy Density Comparison (commercial cells) Battery system Nominal voltage Wh/kg Wh/l Manu./ model LEAD ACID 2 34 99 YUASA NPH12-12 NICKEL CADMIUM 1.2 58 184 SANYO KR-1500AUL NICKEL METAL HYDRID 1.2 108 397 SANYO HR-3U LI- ION 4.2 257 647 PANASONIC NCR18650A LI- ION POLYMER 4.2 231 499 Varta LPP454261, PLF523450 9
Reserve Batteries Chemistry Characteristics Leading Manufacturers Main Applications Comments Lithium Iron Disulfide Voltage 1.7v Power H,M 10-50 wh/kg, Lithium Thionyl Chloride Voltage 3.67v Power L 250wh/kg, 360wh/l ASB Eagle Picher Rafael Military, Missals Batteries only Eagle Picher Military Batteries only Magnesium Silver Chloride Voltage 1.3v low densities Silver Zinc Voltage 3.67v low densities Zinc Air Voltage 1.4v 530 wh/kg, 1600 wh/l Ultralife Military, Safety Products Batteries only - Sea water activated Tadiran Eagle Picher Yardney Duracell Electric Fuel Energizer Renata Ray-O-Vac Toshiba Varta Military, Missals Military, Commercial ear phones Batteries only, Primary and Rechargeable versions Non Rechargeable 10
Thank You for Your Attention Shmuel De-Leon Shmuel De-Leon Energy Ltd www.sdle.co.il shmuel@sdle.co.il Information for presentation obtained by: 1. Public web sources. 2. Shmuel De-Leon Battery/Energy Sources DataBase (Includes 29000 cell PDF data sheets ) http://www.sdle.co.il/default.asp?stype=0&pageid=45580
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