Circumix Dense Slurry Technology Competent solution for handling combustion residues for coal fired power plants

Circumix Dense Slurry Technology Competent solution for handling combustion residues for coal fired power plants Power generation by the use of coal is necessarily a polluting technology? What can be done to minimize environmental impact? Is there any technology which reduces working costs and harmful environmental impact simultaneously? engineering for a better world GEA Heat Exchangers

Introduction Operation of thermal power stations is always accompanied with some kind of environmental pollution. Carbon dioxide and nitric oxides are, for instance, harmful to the ozone layer, carbon monoxide is a hazardous gas, sulphuric oxides cause acid rains and solid particles often carry heavy metals that pollute the vegetation and the natural water resources. Various technologies were developed and introduced in order to minimize or to eliminate these unfavourable effects. Carbon dioxide emission can be reduced by increasing plant efficiency, DENOX and DESOX technologies are applied in order to remove harmful components from the flue gases, more efficient fly ash or dust precipitators are introduced and, finally, more effective ash processing is adopted for environmentally friendly disposal of firing residues. The Circumix process provides solution for the environmentally compatible handling i.e. for collection, processing and disposal of firing residues. Its environmentally friendly features are favourable in licensing and operation of coal firing power stations. Combustion Residues Coal burnt in power plant boilers always carries some ash which must be continuously removed. A 500 MW power plant unit may consume, for instance, three million tons of coal a year and can produce about one million tons of bottom ash and fly ash together called combustion residues. During its 25 year lifetime this plant produces some 20 million tons of residues which are usually landfilled. Quantity and composition of residues are basically determined by the coal and ash quality and by the firing technology applied. High grade bituminous coals contain only a few per cent of ash in contrary to low grade brown coals with up to 30 per cent inert content. In pulverized coal firing boilers bottom ash and fly ash are produced in contrary to the circulating fluidized bed boilers where bed ash is removed from the furnace. Bottom ash or bed ash may exceed 20 per cent of residues. Combustion residues are accumulated at various points of the firing system. Bottom ash is removed by the water filled ash scraper under the furnace as wet granulate. Dry bed ash is removed from the furnace of the circulating fluidized bed boiler and is cooled before further processing. Fly ash is collected at the economizer, at the air preheater, in the precipitator or dust collector and, finally, at the stack. Fly ash particle size is, usually, less than 200 micron and the temperature of the dry substance may reach 150 C. About 80 per cent of firing residues is collected as fly ash, mostly in the precipitator. Simplified picture of a Pulverized Coal Fired (PCF) Boiler with flue gas desulfurization. The combustion residues and other wastes are collected and removed from different points

Residues from Desulfurization Various techniques are used for removing sulphuric oxides from flue gases. One solution is the recirculating fluidized bed firing where pulverized limestone is introduced already in the furnace in order to capture sulphuric oxides. Excess limestone and calcium sulphite are removed with the bed ash. The most widely applied technology is, however, the wet scrubbing where hazardous gaseous pollutants are removed by injected limestone and water slurry. The product is gypsum with 10 to 15 per cent water content. Although this is marketable, in many cases it is simply landfilled. Another by-product is the heavily polluted waste water that is blown down from the scrubber. The quantity of calcium sulphite, gypsum and waste water primarily depends on the sulphur content of coal which is 1 to 3 per cent in most cases. The amount of by products from desulfurization, though substantial, usually does not exceed 20 per cent of fly ash. Features and Composition of Residues Bottom ash is recovered from the furnace as a mostly amorphous and glassy material that is crushed to particles less than 10 mm in size. The particles do not contain soluble compounds and are, usually, transported as lean ash water slurry. Fly ash consists of particles of spherical shape with less than 200 micron diameter. Due to its porous structure, this material has low density and large contact surface. Fly ash is mainly composed of various oxides, such as CaO, MgO, SiO 2, SO 3 (SO 4 ), Al 2 O 3 and Fe 2 O 3 as well as complex compounds such as calcium-aluminate and glassy particles. CaO and MgO are partly bound as sulphates, for instance, but another part is free. The latter plays important role in processing. The free CaO and MgO dissolved in water together with silicates and other components can develop complex composites such as ettringite or silicate-hydrates and alumina-silica-hydrates. Fly ash from brown coals is similar in composition to cement and is frequently utilized as its substitute. When processed, dry fly ash is mixed with water in order to enable transportation and to get a solid product. According to the ternary diagram the fly ash from brown coal is similar to cement. Hard coal ash is less reactive since its lime content is very low

Water to Solid Ratio Just as in preparing and pouring concrete, water to solid ratio (W/S) plays an important role in fly ash processing, too. Three basic solutions are applied: moistened or semi-dry ash system: In this case (W/S) is about 0.3 and water is fully used for slaking free CaO and activating other components. The wet product is transported by belt conveyor or by truck. Wet bottom ash and wet gypsum can be added. At the landfill, compacting and additional moistening are advisable in order to ensure high density, high strength and low permeability. thin (or lean) slurry system: (W/S) is much higher here it is in the range of 5 to 20. Due to the abundant water content solid particles can be pumped to great distances but since the important hydroxides are leached out, the disposed material remains loose and ash stone is hardly produced. Excess water is recovered and reused in this system. GEA EGI s Circumix process operates with dense slurry. dense slurry system: (W/S) is in the range of 0.6 to 1.3. The thick fluid which is the product of intensive mixing is transported by pipelines and pumps. The suspension disposed at the landfill becomes solid ash stone within a few days.

Mixing Process In order to slake free calcium oxide and to activate other compounds, fly ash and water demand intensive mixing. In a few minutes homogenous suspension is produced with its density in the range of 1.25 to 1.70 g/cm 3. The thick fluid is of grey colour and its temperature is usually around 40 C. Bottom ash granulate, gypsum and other solids can be added later keeping in mind that water brought in by these additives should not deteriorate the controlled fluid characteristics. The mixers are designed for intermittent or continuous operation. GEA EGI's patented Circumix mixer based system applies the latter solution. The intensive agitation in the Circumix mixer is achieved by circulation slurry pumps. Transportation of Dense Slurry Dense slurry is a thick suspension of fly ash and water which has higher density and viscosity than lean slurry. This means that much higher pump heads are required for transportation in pipelines than with clean water or lean slurry. The larger bottom ash or bed ash particles may be suspended in the thick fly ash slurry. In order to prevent settling of solid particles and blocking of pipelines, flow velocity shall not decrease below a limit value. When the dense slurry plant is shut down its vessels and pipelines must be drained and flushed with clean water. Variable speed centrifugal pumps or piston diaphragm pumps are used for transportation. For power plant to landfill distances over 4 km piston diaphragm pumps or hydro-hoist can be used. (optional) Connection diagram of the Circumix mixing loop and distance transport line.

Dense Slurry Mixer System and Related Equipment The Circumix type continuous flow-through mixer has two mixing stages, the pre-mixer head, and below that the mixer tank for final mixing. The equipment is specially designed for high and low capacity ash handling applications in power plants. A dosing device, such as a rotary dosing vane feeds the dry ash from a storage silo into the pre-mixer by gravity. The makeup water enters the cylindrical shaped premixer tangentially. The makeup water is dosed proportionally to the ash flow. One slurry pump circulates the homogenous dense slurry from below the mixer tank to the pre-mixer slurry nozzles arranged around the dry ash drop tube. The free slurry jet streams of the nozzles entrain the ash, air and makeup water, like a multi-jet injector. The pre-mixed slurry enters the mixer tank on top of the mixer tank for final mixing and homogenizing. Other slurry pump(s) serve for transporting the dense ash slurry from below the mixing tank, through slurry circulation pipeline loop(s), back to the upper level of the mixing tank, where the slurry stream(s) is (are) entered tangentially into the mixer tank. The final homogeneous ash slurry leaves the mixer from the tank circulation loop(s) through a slurry discharge valve. The slurry level is generally controlled by the material feed. The size of the mixer is designed so as to ensure a proper residence time of the slurry mixture, considering the chemically reactive CaO(free) and CaSO 4 components of the ash. The long distance transport slurry pump for the byproduct storage area can be either of centrifugal type slurry pump(s) if the transport distance is not too long or of positive displacement piston diaphragm slurry pump type if the transport distance is quite long requiring high discharge pressure. The Circumix vessel is the key component of the dense slurry process. Combustion residues and water are inte nsively mixed here to produce homogenous suspension

Control System The dense slurry system is an integral part of the power station technology. When all information is collected in a central control room for processing, the required data are transmitted via a data bus system. If the distributed control philosophy is adopted, the dense slurry plant is equipped with its own control room where operator consoles and data loggers are placed. Transportation of Dense Slurry There are up to 100 pumps, valves, motors, etc. in a typical plant supervised by a programmable computer. Fluid density, flow and level are the main controlled parameters. The dense slurry plant is an auxiliary facility in the power station that is capable to operate without continuous supervision. The larger bottom ash or bed ash particles may be suspended in the thick fly ash slurry. Typical image, displayed on the monitor of the computer that supervises and controls the operation of the Circumix process.

Licensing Licensing of disposal is subject to local and international regulations and requirements. Typical parameters that are checked are the following: water permeability This value is less than l0-8 m/s in ash stone. This means that the product itself is suitable for insulation, additional lining is not required. Tests are carried out on samples of different sizes. Smaller samples are prepared in laboratories and the measurements are completed in a few weeks. More reliable data are gained from larger samples up to 50 m 3 volumes which require longer time to prepare and to test. Similarly to concrete, the various parameters of ash stone slowly change in time and the final values are reached only after a year or two. density Density of ash stone is more than 1.3 kg/dm 3 which is higher than the product from other processes, consequently the landfill has less volume. compression strength The strength of ash stone is about 100-500 N/cm 2 that is less than the strength of concrete but more than sufficient in a landfill. quality of leachate Ion content of leachate penetrating ash stone may be less than the same in drinking water which means potentially hazardous ions are firmly bound in ash stone. Ash stone produced by GEA EGI's Circumix system have always met the requirements and the authorities approved the operation of the dense slurry system. Advantages of the Dense Slurry Disposal System dry technology low water consumption low investment cost low operating and maintenance costs high landfill density and less volume solid ash stone, no dusting slurry deliverable by pumps and pipelines pipelines can be laid underground low noise emission very little leachate low ash stone permeability waste water can be utilized to mix the slurry solid wastes are embedded low cost delivery to great distance is possible slurry can be utilized for construction environmentally friendly power plant technology 1985: The first tests with slag - fly ash - water mixtures 1990: The first mixer in the Pécs Power plant, a batch process and mechanical agitation still 1992: The first continuous operation mixer in Tatabánya, Hungary. Ash stone recycling: foundations for a 10,000 m 3 oil tank 1996: The first application for long distance discharge and with bed-ash admixed. 1998: The first project (Mátra) with FGD slurry and plant waste water utilization 2000: The first project in Romania 2003: Jacksonville (USA) project for petrol coke boilers, with two-stage DSS 2008- Large scale projects in Romania (total capacity served: >6000MW) Circumix has been continuously developed since 1985

Reference Plant Pannon Country Address of the Client Plants capacity (MW) Year of Hand-over Working hours / year Bottom Ash handled in TPH Fly Ash handled in TPH FGD Products handled (Yes / No) Nominal Dense Slurry flow rate (m 3 /h) Total Dense Slurry disposed on landfill area (m 3 ) References Hőerőmű Zrt. Hungary 7612 Pécs, Pbox Tatabányai Erőmű Kft. AES Borsodi Energetikai Kft. Mátrai Erőmű Zrt. SC Collterm SA Jacksonville North Side Generating Station SC Collterm SA Rovinari Power Plant Craiova II. Power Plant Isalnita Power Plant Hungary Hungary Hungary Romania USA Romania Romania Romania Romania No. 19. 2802 Tatabánya, Pbox. No. 201. 3700 Kazincbarcika, Ipari út 7. 3271 Visonta, Erőmű u. 11. 30092 Timisoara, Lonovici 4. 21 West Church Street Jacksonville, Florida 32202 30092 Timisoara, Lonovici 4. 020371 Bucuresti, Bulevardul Lacul Tei 1-3. 020371 Bucuresti, Bulevardul Lacul Tei 1-3. 020371 Bucuresti, Bulevardul Lacul Tei 1-3. 200 1991-2000 6.000 2 x 19,4 2 x 77,6 No 120 6 480 000 30 1993-2000 4.000-20 No 30 840 000 200 1996-2000 6.000 2 x 12 2 x 78 No 200 2 400 000 836 1998-8.000 4 x 20 4 x 160 Yes 480 23 040 000 50 2000-3.500 3 20 No 30 1 050 000 600 2003-8.000 2 x 62,5 2 x 62,5 Yes 120 6 720 000 50 2002-3.500 3 17 No 30 840 000 1 720 2010-8.000 4 x 30 4 x 127 Yes 230 1 140 000 300 2010-8.000 4 x 9,2 4 x 51 Yes 95 760 000 630 2010-8.000 4 x 7 4 x 55,2 Yes 100 466 600 Total: 4 616 Total: 43 736 600

Pécs Power Plant (Hungary) 200 MW Project Name: Project Owner: Location: Capacity: Fuel type: Fuel ash properties Silica as SiO 2 Alumina as Al 2 O 3 Iron oxide as Fe 2 O 3 Calcium oxide as CaO Magnesium oxide as MgO Sulphur as SO 3 Dense slurry properties: Applied technology: Scope: Commissioned in: Complete Dense Ash Slurry Handling System Delivery (main contracting) Pécs Power Plant Co. Ltd. Pécs, Hungary 3*100 tons/h of dry solids mixing units (slag/fly-ash) 2 km slurry transport distance Fly-ash storage system extension Brown coal Bottom ash Coarse ash Fine ash 39.51 6.67 14.61 wt% 16.73 16.38 16.08 wt% 5.54 5.33 16.78 wt% 20.49 14.15 16.27 wt% 3.69 3.33 2.74 wt% 10.02 8.88 2.74 wt% Transport flow rate: 120 m 3 /h Solids / Water mixing ratio: 1:1 Slurry mass density: 1.3 t/m 3 Intermittent (Emulgat) mixing technology Engineering, Procurement, and Construction (EPC) turnkey project 1990/91

Tatabánya Power Plant (Hungary) 30 MW Project Name: Project Description: Project Owner: Location: Capacity: Fuel type: Fuel ash properties Silica as SiO 2 Alumina as Al 2 O 3 Iron oxide as Fe 2 O 3 Calcium oxide as CaO Magnesium oxide as MgO Sulphur as SO 3 Titan oxide TiO2 Others Dense slurry properties: Applied technology: Scope: Commissioned in: Complete Dense Ash Slurry Handling System Delivery (main contracting) Filling up of an abandoned open pit mine for 2*20 000 m 3 capacity heavy fuel oil storage and loading/unloading station implementation Tatabánya Power Plant Co. Ltd. Tatabánya, Hungary 2*20 tons/h of dry solids mixing units (fly-ash) 0.5 km slurry transport distance Brown coal Fine ash 21-36 wt% 21-27 wt% 9-15 wt% 13-14.5 wt% 2-4 wt% 12-17 wt% 0.7-1 wt% 1-8 wt% Transport flow rate: 30 m 3 /h Solids / Water mixing ratio: 1:1 Slurry mass density: 1.38 t/m 3 CIRCUMIX continuous mixing technology Part of an Engineering, Procurement, and Construction (EPC) turnkey project 1993

Borsod Power Plant (Hungary) 200 MW Project Name: Project Owner: Location: Equipment: Fuel type: Fuel ash properties Silica as SiO 2 Alumina as Al 2 O 3 Iron oxide as Fe 2 O 3 Calcium oxide as CaO Magnesium oxide as MgO Sulphur as SO 3 Titan oxide TiO2 Others Dense slurry properties: Applied technology: Scope: Commissioned in: Complete Dense Ash Slurry Handling System Delivery (EPC contracting) Borsod Power Plant Co. Ltd. Kazincbarcika, Hungary 2*90 tons/h of dry solids mixing units (slag/fly-ash) 2*100 m 3 /h piston type slurry pump 3 sets of dense slurry transport lines 0.5 km slurry transport distance Brown coal Ash mixture 54.4 wt% 20.2 wt% 5.8 wt% 6.1 wt% 2.0 wt% 7.7 wt% 0.6 wt% 3 wt% Transport flow rate: 100 m 3 /h Solids / Water mixing ratio: 1:1 Slurry mass density: 1.38 t/m 3 CIRCUMIX continuous mixing technology Part of an Engineering, Procurement, and Construction (EPC) turnkey project 1993

Mátra Power Plant (Hungary) 836 MW installed capacity Project Name: Project Owner: Location: Capacity: Design ash mass flow/mixer Bottom ash Coarse fly ash Fly ash FGD dense gypsum Total ash Fuel type: Fuel ash properties Silica as SiO 2 Alumina as Al 2 O 3 Iron oxide as Fe 2 O 3 Calcium oxide as CaO Magnesium oxide as MgO Sulphur as SO 3 Alkalis as Na 2 O Alkalis as K 2 O Dense slurry properties: Applied technology: Scope: Commissioned in: Complete Dense Ash Slurry Handling System Delivery (EPC contracting) Mátra Power Plant Co. Ltd. Visonta, Hungary 4*160 tons/h of dry solids (bottom ash/fly-ash/fgd gypsum) mixing units (2 in operation / 2 in reserve) 2*750 m 3 /h slag slurry thickener 3*240 m 3 /h, 3.6 km long transport lines 3 sets of centrifugal type slurry pumps in series per transport line slurry distribution system at the discharge area landfill operational technology 30 t/h 2 t/h 94 t/h 34 t/h 160 t/h Brown coal (lignite) from local open cast mines Fly- ash Bottom ash 45.0-49.0 90.0-92.0 wt% 17.5-18.5 1.0-2.0 wt% 7.8-8.8 2.0-2.9 wt% 7.5-7.9 0.2-0.8 wt% 4.5-5.2 0.1-0.2 wt% 5.5-6.5 0.1-0.2 wt% 0.2-0.3 wt% 0.5-0.7 0.1-0.2 wt% Transport flow rate: 240 m 3 /h Solids / Water mixing ratio: 1:1 Slurry mass density: 1.35 t/m 3 CIRCUMIX continuous hydraulic mixing technology Engineering, Procurement, and Construction (EPC) turnkey project 1990/93

Timisoara Sud Power Plant (Romania) Project Name: Project Owner: Location: Equipment: Design ash mass flow/mixer Bottom ash (t/h) Coarse fly ash (t/h) Fly ash (t/h) Total ash (t/h) Complete Dense Ash Slurry Handling System Delivery (Equipment delivery and technology supply) Timisoara Sud Power Plant Co. Ltd. Timisoara, Romania 1*20 tons/h of dry solids mixing units (bottom ash/fly-ash) 1*30 m 3 /h 7 km long transport line 1 piston diaphragm type slurry transport pump slurry distribution system at the discharge area landfill operational technology 4.7 2.0 13.3 20.0 Fuel type: Design ash mass flow rates Bottom ash Coarse fly ash Fly ash Fuel ash properties Silica as SiO 2 Alumina as Al 2 O 3 Iron oxide as Fe 2 O 3 Calcium oxide as CaO Magnesium oxide as MgO Sulphur as SO 3 Dense slurry properties: Applied technology: Scope: Commissioned in: Petroleum coke / Bituminous coal 4.7 t/h 2.0 t/h 13.3 t/h Ash mixture 49.96 wt% 21.36 wt% 8.86 wt% 9.29 wt% 3.34 wt% 3.11 wt% Transport flow rate: 30 m 3 /h Solids / Water mixing ratio: 1:1 Slurry mass density: 1.3 t/m 3 CIRCUMIX continuous mixing technology Engineering, Procurement, and Construction (EPC) turnkey project 2002

Jacksonville North-side Generating Station (USA) 2*300 MW CFB Units Project Name: Project Owner: Location: Equipment: Dense Ash Slurry Mixing Plant Delivery for the Ash Handling System delivered by United Conveyor Corporation for project owner (equipment delivery and technology supply) Jacksonville North-side Generating Station Jacksonville (USA / Florida) 2*62.5 t/h fly ash mixer units as fly ash slurry mixer (first stage) 2*62.5 t/h bed ash mixer units as final ash mixer (second stage) 2*60 m 3 /h, 1.7 km long transport lines 2 piston diaphragm type slurry transport pumps slurry distribution system at the discharge area landfill operational technology Design ash mass flow/mixer Bed ash Fly ash Total ash Fuel type: Fuel ash properties Silica as SiO 2 Alumina as Al 2 O 3 Iron oxide as Fe 2 O 3 Calcium oxide as CaO Magnesium oxide as MgO Sulphur as SO 3 Free CaO Dense slurry properties: Applied technology: Scope: Commissioned in: 62.5 t/h 62.5 t/h 125.0 t/h Brown coal Ash mixture 9.71 wt% 1.25 wt% 0.69 wt% 52.52 wt% 3.57 wt% 22.01 wt% 18.0 wt% Transport flow rate: 120 m 3 /h/ 2 lines Solids / Water mixing ratio: 1.5:1 Slurry mass density: 1.6 t/m 3 CIRCUMIX continuous mixing technology Engineering, Procurement, and Construction (EPC) turnkey project 2003

Craiova-II. Power Plant (Romania) 300 MW Project Name: Project Owner: Location: Capacity: Specific electric self-consumption for CIRCUMIX Fuel type: Fuel ash properties Silica as SiO 2 Alumina as Al 2 O 3 Iron oxide as Fe 2 O 3 Calcium oxide as CaO Magnesium oxide as MgO Dense slurry properties: Applied technology: Commissioned in: Complete Dense Ash Slurry Handling System Delivery (equipment delivery and technology system) Craiova-II. Power Plant Co. Ltd. Craiova, Romania 48.6 t/h ash flow 3*120 m 3 /h of dense slurry (2 in operation / 1 reserve) 9.4 km long slurry transport line 1.68 kw/t ash Brown coal Fly- ash Bottom ash 46.1 46.1 wt% 21.4 21.4 wt% 10.9 10.9 wt% 10.7 10.7 wt% 5.2 5.2 wt% Transport flow rate: 3*120 m 3 /h Solids / Water mixing ratio: 1:1 Slurry mass density: 1.34 t/m 3 CIRCUMIX continuous hydraulic mixing technology 2009

Isalnita Power Plant (Romania) 630 MW Project Name: Project Owner: Location: Capacity: Specific electric self-consumption for CIRCUMIX Design ash mass flow/mixer Bottom ash Fly ash FGD dense gypsum Total ash Fuel type: Fuel ash properties Silica as SiO 2 Alumina as Al 2 O 3 Iron oxide as Fe 2 O 3 Calcium oxide as CaO Magnesium oxide as MgO Dense slurry properties: Applied technology: Commissioned in: Complete Dense Ash Slurry Handling System Delivery (equipment delivery and technology system) Isalnita Power Plant Co. Ltd. Isalnita, Romania 2*315 MW installed capacity 76.7 t/h ash flow 4*120 m 3 /h of dense slurry (2 in operation / 2 reserve) 4.6 km long slurry transport line 1.23 kw/t ash 6.7 t/h 50 t/h 20 t/h 76.7 t/h Brown coal Fly- ash Bottom ash 48.3 46.3 wt% 23.9 23.0 wt% 7.3 7.0 wt% 10.8 10.3 wt% 2.6 2.5 wt% Transport flow rate: 4*120 m 3 /h Solids / Water mixing ratio: 1:1 Slurry mass density: 1.35 t/m 3 CIRCUMIX continuous hydraulic mixing technology 2009

Rovinari Power Plant (Romania) 1320 MW Project Name: Project Owner: Location: Capacity: Specific electric self-consumption for CIRCUMIX Design ash mass flow/mixer Bottom ash Fly ash FGD dense gypsum Total ash Fuel type: Fuel ash properties Silica as SiO 2 Alumina as Al 2 O 3 Iron oxide as Fe 2 O 3 Calcium oxide as CaO Magnesium oxide as MgO Dense slurry properties: Applied technology: Commissioned in: Complete Dense Ash Slurry Handling System Delivery (equipment delivery and technology system) Rovinari Power Plant Co. Ltd. Rovinari, Romania 4*330 MW installed capacity 190 t/h ash flow 4*270 m 3 /h of dense slurry (2 in operation / 2 reserve) 5.6 km long slurry transport line 1.17 kw/t ash 30 t/h 127 t/h 33 t/h 190 t/h Brown coal Fly- ash Bottom ash 47.2 45.3 wt% 22.1 21.2 wt% 10.2 9.8 wt% 8.7 8.3 wt% 4.7 4.5 wt% Transport flow rate: 4*270 m 3 /h Solids / Water mixing ratio: 1:1.1 Slurry mass density: 1.41 t/m 3 CIRCUMIX continuous hydraulic mixing technology 2009

Turceni Power Plant (Romania) 2310 MW Project Name: Project Owner: Location: Capacity: Specific electric self-consumption for CIRCUMIX Design ash mass flow/mixer Bottom ash Fly ash FGD dense gypsum Total ash Fuel type: Fuel ash properties Silica as SiO 2 Alumina as Al 2 O 3 Iron oxide as Fe 2 O 3 Calcium oxide as CaO Magnesium oxide as MgO Dense slurry properties: Applied technology: Commissioned in: Complete Dense Ash Slurry Handling System Delivery (equipment delivery and technology system) Turceni Power Plant Co. Ltd. Turceni, Romania 7*330 MW installed capacity 160 t/h ash flow 4*235 m 3 /h of dense slurry (2 in operation / 2 reserve) 4.9 km long slurry transport line 1.19 kw/t ash 30 t/h 110 t/h 20 t/h 160 t/h Brown coal Fly- ash Bottom ash 46.2 44.4 wt% 21.1 20.5 wt% 9.9 9.0 wt% 9.3 9.0 wt% 4.7 4.5 wt% Transport flow rate: 4*235 m 3 /h Solids / Water mixing ratio: 1:1 Slurry mass density: 1.41 t/m 3 CIRCUMIX continuous hydraulic mixing technology 2012 (Under construction)

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