GROUND GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE SLAG & SLAG CEMENT

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Elwin Lester Cummings
7 years ago
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1 GROUND GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE SLAG & SLAG CEMENT

2 GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE SLAG Blast Furnace Slag is an industrial by-product for production of pig iron from iron ore in blast furnaces. Raw iron is decomposed into molten iron and molten slag when it is melted at a temperature of 1500 o C along with limestone in a blast furnace. Molten Slag is cooled and dried by means of granulation so that it can be used as a bonding agent and transformed into the amorphous phase. Since this amorphous slag involves sufficient silica and alumina, it also shows some hydraulic properties if it is ground to obtain a fine-grained structure. Typical Composition and Characteristics of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag CaO SiO 2 Al 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 MgO Density g/cm 3 Specific Surface A. cm 2 /g Activity , The product activity of the granulated slag depends on the chemical structure of the amorphous phase, and Granulated Slag, along with cement, behaves as a binder in cement production if it is ground at a fineness of cement. The more active the slag is, the more resistant the concrete is.

Molten Slag is cooled and dried by means of granulation so that it can be used as a bonding agent and transformed into the amorphous phase.

3 GROUND GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE SLAG (GGBS) Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag is used as a mineral additive for concrete production and substitutes for cement. (TS EN ) Slag cement can be used as the main additive. (TS EN 197-1) Ground granulated blast furnace slag ensures that concrete has the following favorable features when it is used as a mineral additive at particular proportions in concrete. Fresh Concrete Increases fluidity; Facilitates workability and settlement; Increases impermeability; Decreases water need; Reduces shrinking when dried; Decreases heat of hydration; Slows down heat evolution; Increases density of concrete; Enables use of coarse aggregate in larger amounts. Results of Model Application Hardened Concrete Increases durability; Increases ultimate resistance; Provides strength development for up to 720 days; Increases lifetime of concrete (app. 200 years); Minimizes alkali-silica reactions in aggregate; Increases resistance to aggressive environments (cid, sulfate, chloride); Increases high temperature resistance; Reduces thermal cracks; Prevents diffusion of harmful liquids and gases; Increases freeze-thaw resistance by means of its nonporous structure. AMOUNT OF BINDER CEMENT Kg SLAG kg CONSISTENCY cm FRESH CONCRETE PROPERTIES STRENGTH (N/mm 2 ) DENSITY kg/m 3 AIR TEMPERATURE O C 2 DAYS 7 DAYS 28 DAYS 7/28 RATIO * Values in the table above are reference values obtained when GGBS is used as an additive in concrete production. * The slag used in samples has a specific surface area of 5,000±100 cm 2 /g and the type of cement used is CEM I.

(TS EN 197-1) Ground granulated blast furnace slag ensures that concrete has the following favorable features when it is used as a mineral additive at particular proportions in concrete.

4 Our company supplies high quality granulated blast furnace slag from ERDEMIR, which is the largest iron and steel production plant in Turkey and a company involved in our group, and makes it ready to use by grinding at a fineness of 5,000±100 cm 2 /g. Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) can be obtained from our Ereğli Grinding & Packaging Plant and Bolu factory in bulk form or in 1.5-tonne big bags.

use by grinding at a fineness of 5,000±100 cm 2 /g.

5 BLAST FURNACE SLAG CEMENT Furnace Slag Cement is a hydraulic binder, which is obtained by mixing portland clinker with some limestone and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). Blast Furnace Slag Cements are used in order to increase concrete strength, increase economic life and protect the environment. Concrete including slag cement is less permeable, has lower heat of hydration, is easily workable and has high resistance against aggressive environments and is more resistant to dangerous chemicals and harmful attacks in numerous shapes. The standard TS EN defines three types of Cements with Blast Furnace Slag Additive, namely CEM II, CEM III and CEM V main type cements. These cements include blast furnace slag as an additive and the ratio of blast furnace slag varies in the range Blast Furnace Slag Cement is designated as CEM III in the standard TS EN and this cement has three sub-types depending on the ratio of slag use (CEM III/A, CEM III/B, CEM III/C). The slag ratios in these three types of cement are given in the following table. Blast Furnace Slag Cement Cement Type Ratio of Blast Furnace Slag () CEM III/A min 36 max 65 CEM III/B min 66 max 80 CEM III/C min 81 max 95 Blast Furnace Slag Cement Cement Type Clinker Ratio () Ratio of Blast Furnace Slag () Resistance Class CEM III/A min 35 max 64 min 36 max 65 42,5N CEM III/B min 20 max 34 min 66 max 80 42,5N CEM III/B min 20 max 34 min 66 max 80 32,5N Portland Slag Cement CEM II/B min 65 max 79 min 21 max 35 52,5N Cements mentioned in the table can be obtained from our Ereğli Grinding & Packaging Plant and Bolu factory in bulk form, in 50 kg 25 kg bags or in 1.5-tonne big bags.

Concrete including slag cement is less permeable, has lower heat of hydration, is easily workable and has high resistance against aggressive environments and is more resistant to dangerous chemicals

6 BLAST FURNACE SLAG CEMENT & CONCRETE Slag cement increases workability of concrete since it is subject to fine grinding and has an amorphous structure. Improved workability facilitates compaction and product forming. Concrete elements have less surface voids and this facilitates their placement. Better distribution and higher fluidity are obtained. Freeze-thaw resistance increases since sizes of pours in concrete are smaller. Slag cement is also used effectively for self-compacting concrete applications. ADVANTAGES OF USE FOR BLAST FURNACE SLAG CEMENT High resistance against Sulfate and Acid attacks. Blast Furnace Slag Cement (Used as substitute for sulfate-resistant cement) delivers a very high performance against water including sulfate, chloride, carbonate, thermal water, seawater and defrosting materials. It has been proved that slag cement performs better than other cement types against the effects of dangerous environments involving acidic water, sulfated water and chloride water. Slag cement is particularly known for its advantage over other kinds against chloride permeability and sulfate effect. Prevention of chloride ion leakage into concrete. It also decreases the permeability of chloride ions that cause deterioration of steel equipment and carbonation depth. Effective against possible expansion due to alkali-silica reaction. It minimizes the alkali-silica reactions and so prevents hazardous volume expansion and formation of gel of hydrophilic calcium silicate which deteriorates concrete. For higher ratios of slag/clinker, the favorable effect is more significant. Longer strength development compared to CEM I type cement. Reaches and exceeds concrete strength of CEM I in 28 days. Increasing economic life of buildings. The resistive capability of concrete increases throughout its lifetime against abrasive physical and chemical incidents that originate from the ambient conditions where concrete is used. It increases the lifetime of a building up to 200 years. Increase of low temperature at early ages. Since it prevents high temperatures while mass concrete is poured, it provides some advantages. Low heat of hydration that prevents thermal cracks (app. 45 cal/g). It reduces the maximum temperature of concrete and prolongs the time to reach the maximum temperature by decreasing the heat of hydration. Light color, attractive appearance. A lighter color of concrete improves the decorative appearance and also provides cooler and more luminous buildings by means of its capability to reflect the light.

Freeze-thaw resistance increases since sizes of pours in concrete are smaller. Slag cement is also used effectively for self-compacting concrete applications.

7 Resistance to high temperature as in case of fire. Deformation is less compared to CEM I type cement when subject to fire and high temperatures. Impermeability. Voids containing calcium hydroxide in concrete are filled with silicate hydrates that are a result of slag cement hydration and prevent aggressive sulfate intake by decreasing the permeability of the paste.

8 SUCCESSFUL MAIN FIELDS OF USE FOR SLAG CEMENT Dams; Bridges; Port, jetty and dock constructions; Marina structures, sea walls, river-mouth road crossings; Treatment plants; Watering channels; Underwater concrete injections; Concrete wells; Highways; Underground structures; Underground concrete injections; Runway and apron constructions in airports; Mass concrete; Concrete for which aggregate silica reaction (ASR) caused by reactive aggregate is required to be minimum; Structures subject to acid rains or chloride attack; Nuclear waste encapsulation; Biogas plants; Agricultural constructions; Precast concrete. ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY SLAG CEMENT Slag cements are more affordable and environment friendly thanks to their large rate of additives and low rate of clinker use. They economize consumption of natural raw materials used for concrete production and of also fuel and electric energy. By means of decreasing fuel consumption, they prevent formation of harmful gases that are emitted into the atmosphere. Therefore, slag cement is widely used in developed countries. Cement Type CEM I CEM III/A (50 GGBS) CEM III7B (75 GGBS) Clinker Ratio Amount of CO2 emitted as a result of production of 1 tonne cement 720 kg 355 kg CO 2 Emission Gain kg Conversion rate: For 1 tonne clinker, app. 0.8 tonne CO 2 emission - For 1 tonne GGBS, app tonne CO 2 emission. 70

aggregate silica reaction (ASR) caused by reactive aggregate is required to be minimum; Structures subject to acid rains or chloride attack; Nuclear waste encapsulation; Biogas plants; Agricultural

9 TİPİK ANALİZ RAPORLARI (FORMLARIN ÜZERİNDE HEM İNGİLİZCE HEM DE TÜRKÇESİ OLDUĞUNDAN ÇEVRİLMEDİ) UYGUNLUK BELGELERİ (OKUNMUYOR)

10 BOLU ÇİMENTO SANAYİİ A.Ş. Date of Establishment: 1969 Active as from: 1974 Clinker Production Capacity: 1,500,000 tonne/year Cement Production Capacity: 4,000,000 tonne/year Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag Production Capacity: 1,000,000 tonne/year FACILITIES Head Office and Central Factory Mengen Yolu Üzeri Çaydurt Mevkii, BOLU Tel: (374) Fax: (374) Ankara Grinding & Packaging Plant Ankara Devlet Kara Yolu 28.km, Sarayköy / Kazan ANKARA Tel: (0312) Fax: Ereğli Grinding & Packaging Plant Hamza Fakıhlı Köyü, Organize Sanayi Bölgesi Kdz. Ereğli ZONGULDAK Tel: (0372) Fax:

Slag Production Capacity: 1,000,000 tonne/year FACILITIES Head Office and Central Factory Mengen Yolu Üzeri Çaydurt Mevkii, 14250 BOLU Tel: (374) 226 47 70 226 5060 Fax: (374) 226

Chapter Two Types of Cement The properties of cement during hydration vary according to:

Chapter Two Types of Cement The properties of cement during hydration vary according to: Chemical composition Degree of fineness It is possible to manufacture different types of cement by changing the