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高 等 材 料 科 學 Course Objective... Introduce fundamental concepts in Material Science and Engineering You will learn about: material structure how structure dictates properties how processing can change structure This course will help you to: use materials properly realize new design opportunities with materials 2
Topic 1. Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering# 2.Atomic Structure and Bonding in Solid 3.The Structure of Metals # 4.Defects in Solids # 5.Diffusion in Solids 6. Mechanical Properties # 7.Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms in Metals # 8. Failure of Metals 9.Phase Diagrams for Metallic Systems # 10.Phase Transformations : Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Behavior # 11. Metal Alloys -Applications and Processing 12. Ceramic Materials -Structures and Properties 3
13. Ceramics Materials-Applications and Processing # 14. Structure of Polymers 15. Polymers -Characteristics, Applications, and Processing 16. Composite Materials 17.Corrosion and Degradation 18.Electrical Properties of Materials 19.Thermal Properties* 20.Magnetic Properties * 21.Optical Properties * 22.Materials Selection and Design Considerations * # 23.Economic, Environmental, and Social Issues in Materials Science and Engineering * # 4
quizzes % GRADING Based on core homework problems Midterm 40% Final 40% Report 20% 5
CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering 6
CHAPTER 1: Introduction Structural feature atomic bonding missing/extra atoms crystals (ordered atoms) second phase particles crystal texturing Dimension (m) < 10-10 10-10 10-8 -10-1 10-8 -10-4 > 10-6 7
1.1 History Perspective transportation,housing,clothing, communication,recreation,food production Stone Age Bronze Age Iron Age Natural material: stone, wood, clay, skins Modern materials: metals, plastics, glass, fiber. 8
1.2 Materials Science and Engineering Macroscopic: Microscopic: Six important properties of solid materials 1.Mechanical 2.Electrical 3.Thermal 4.Magnetic 5.Optical 6.Deteriorative 9
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Structure, Processing, & Properties Properties depend on structure ex: hardness vs structure of steel Hardness (BHN) 600 500 400 300 200 (a) 30 m (b) 30 m (c) 4 m (d) 100 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 Cooling Rate (C/s) Processing can change structure ex: structure vs cooling rate of steel 30 m Data obtained from Figs. 10.21(a) and 10.23 with 4wt%C composition, and from Fig. 11.13 and associated discussion, Callister 6e. Micrographs adapted from (a) Fig. 10.10; (b) Fig. 9.27;(c) Fig. 10.24; and (d) Fig. 10.12, Callister 6e. 12
ELECTRICAL Electrical Resistivity of Copper: Resistivity, (10-8 Ohm-m) 6 5 4 3 2 1 Cu + 3.32 at%ni Cu + 2.16 at%ni deformed Cu + 1.12 at%ni Cu + 1.12 at%ni ure?cu 0-200 -100 0 Adapted from Fig. 18.8, Callister 6e. (Fig. 18.8 adapted from: J.O. Linde, Ann Physik 5, 219 (1932); and C.A. Wert and R.M. Thomson, Physics of Solids, 2nd edition, McGraw-Hill Company, New York, 1970.) T ( 蚓 ) Adding impurity atoms to Cu increases resistivity. Deforming Cu increases resistivity. 13
Space Shuttle Tiles: --Silica fiber insulation offers low heat conduction. 100 m THERMAL Fig. 19.0, Callister 6e. (Courtesy of Lockheed Missiles and Space Company, Inc.) Thermal Conductivity of Copper: --It decreases when you add zinc! Thermal Conductivity (W/m-K) Adapted from Fig. 19.4W, Callister 6e. (Courtesy of Lockheed Aerospace Ceramics Systems, Sunnyvale, CA) (Note: "W" denotes fig. is on CD-ROM.) 400 300 200 100 0 0 10 20 30 40 Composition (wt%zinc) Adapted from Fig. 19.4, Callister 6e. (Fig. 19.4 is adapted from Metals Handbook: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous alloys and Pure Metals, Vol. 2, 9th ed., H. Baker, (Managing Editor), American Society for Metals, 1979, p. 315.) 14
Magnetic Storage: --Recording medium is magnetized by recording head. MAGNETIC Magnetic Permeability vs. Composition: --Adding 3 atomic % Si makes Fe a better recording medium! Fig. 20.18, Callister 6e. (Fig. 20.18 is from J.U. Lemke, MRS Bulletin, Vol. XV, No. 3, p. 31, 1990.) Magnetization Fe+3%Si Fe Magnetic Field Adapted from C.R. Barrett, W.D. Nix, and A.S. Tetelman, The Principles of Engineering Materials, Fig. 1-7(a), p. 9, 1973. Electronically reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. 15
OPTICAL Transmittance: --Aluminum oxide may be transparent, translucent, or opaque depending on the material structure. single crystal polycrystal: low porosity i polycrystal: high porosity Adapted from Fig. 1.2, Callister 7e. (Specimen preparation, P.A. Lessing; photo by S. Tanner.) 16
1.3 Why study materials science and engineering The Materials Selection Process 1. In-service condition Determine required Propertie Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, deteriorative. 2. Deterioration of material Properties Identify candidate Material(s) 3. Economics What will the finished product 17
1.4 Classification of Materials Three basic materials classes Metals Ceramics Polymers 18
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1.5 Advanced materials Composites Semiconductors Biomaterials 27
Smart Materials High-technology Computer, fiber-optic system, spacecraft, aircraft, rocketry LCD, Integrated circuits, protection system for the space shuttle orbiter 28
Shape memory alloys Piezoelectric ceramics:expand and contract in respond to an applied electric field or volotage. Magnetostrictive materials: 壓 磁 材 料 ( 行 為 如 壓 電 ) Electrorheological/magnetorheological fluids:dramatic changes in viscosity upon the application of electric and magnetic fields. 29
Nanotechnology 10-9 m (500 atom diameter) Top-down Bottom-up 30
1.7 Modern Materials Need 發 現 新 的 儲 存 發 展 新 的 對 環 境 考 衝 擊 較 低 替 代 材 料 耐 高 溫 之 引 擎 材 料 - 提 高 燃 料 效 率 高 效 率 之 太 陽 能 轉 換 為 電 能 之 材 料 努 力 做 資 源 回 收 及 發 展 新 的 回 收 技 術 31
Course Goals: SUMMARY Use the right material for the job. Understand the relation between properties, structure, and processing. Recognize new design opportunities offered by materials selection. 32