UK Yearbook 2015 Cattle

UK Yearbook 2015 Cattle

AHDB Beef and Lamb Stoneleigh Park Kenilworth Warwickshire CV8 2TL Tel: 024 7669 2051 beefandlamb.ahdb.org.uk Cover pictures: Cattle stockfotoart/shutterstock.com Sheep - Kelly Fletcher/Shutterstock.com Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board 2015. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including by photocopy or storage in any medium by electronic means) or any copy or adaptation stored, published or distributed (by physical, electronic or other means) without the prior permission in writing of the Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board, other than by reproduction in an unmodified form for the sole purpose of use as an information resource when the Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board is clearly acknowledged as the source, or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. All other trademarks, logos and brand names contained in this publication are the trademarks of their respective holders. No rights are granted without the prior written permission of the relevant owners. While the Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board seeks to ensure that the information contained within this document is accurate at the time of printing, no warranty is given in respect thereof and, to the maximum extent permitted by law, the Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board accepts no liability for loss, damage or injury howsoever caused (including that caused by negligence) or suffered directly or indirectly in relation to information and opinions contained in or omitted from this document. ISBN: 978-1-904437-86-9

Contents UK Yearbook 2015 Cattle Page 1. Introduction...1 2. Marketing Chain... 2.1 Meat balance sheet, UK, 2011-2014...2 2.2 Product flows in the cattle marketing chain, UK, 2014...2 3. Livestock Numbers... 3.1 Density of beef breeding cows, UK, June 2013...3 3.2 Cattle numbers by category, UK, June 2011-2014...4 3.3 Cattle numbers by region, UK, June 2011-2014...5 3.4 Cattle holdings and average herd size by region, UK, June 2010-2013...6 3.5 Beef cow holdings by herd size and region, UK...7 4. Slaughterings and Production... 4.1 Red meat production, UK, 2011-2014...8 4.2 Trends in red meat production, UK, 1991-2014...8 4.3 Cattle slaughterings, UK, 2011-2014...9 4.4 Cattle slaughterings by region, UK, 2011-2014...9 4.5 Changes in regional share of cattle slaughterings, UK, 1996-2014...10 4.6 Prime cattle average carcase weights, UK, 2011-2014...10 4.7 Liveweight/deadweight cattle marketings, GB, 1989-2014...11 4.8 Beef and veal production by region, UK, 2011-2014...11 5. Consumption... 5.1 Meat consumption, UK, 2011-2014...12 5.2 Trends in meat consumption, UK, 1991-2014...12 5.3 Per capita meat consumption, UK, 2011-2014...13 5.4 Self-sufficiency rates, UK, 2011-2014...13 5.5 Household expenditure on food and drink, UK, 2011-2013...14 5.6 Share of expenditure on main food groups, UK, 2013...14

Contents Page 5.7 Changes in source of retail meat purchases, UK, 2008-2014...15 5.8 Per capita beef consumption by region, UK, 2013...16 5.9 Weekly household expenditure on beef by region, UK, 2013...16 5.10 Retail expenditure profile for beef, UK, 2014...17 6. Livestock and Meat Prices... 6.1 Deadweight cattle prices, GB, 2011-2014...18 6.2 Deadweight cattle prices by region, GB, 2011-2014...19 6.3 Seasonality of beef prices, GB, 2011-2014...19 6.4 Liveweight cattle prices, GB, 2011-2014...20 6.5 Rearing calf prices, England and Wales, 2011-2014...20 6.6 Store cattle prices, England and Wales, 2011-2014...21 6.7 Farm to retail beef price spreads, GB, 2011-2014...21 7. Imports and Exports... 7.1 Volume and value of beef imports, UK, 2011-2014...22 7.2 Imports of fresh/frozen beef by source, UK, 2011-2014...22 7.3 Imports of processed beef and beef offal by source, UK, 2011-2014...23 7.4 Imports of beef by product, UK, 2014...23 7.5 Volume and value of beef exports, UK, 2011-2014...24 7.6 Exports of fresh/frozen beef by destination, UK, 2011-2014...24 8. Abattoirs... 8.1 Red meat abattoir numbers by type, England, 2011-2014...25 8.2 Size profile of red meat abattoirs, England, 2014...25 8.3 Size profile of abattoirs slaughtering cattle, England, 2014...25 9. Auction Markets... 9.1 Auction market throughputs by region, GB, 2014...26 9.2 Auction market centres by region, GB, 2011-2014...26 9.3 Auction markets held by region, GB, 2011-2014...27 9.4 Auction markets selling finished cattle by size, GB, 2014...27 9.5 Auction markets selling finished cattle by size, England, 2014...28 9.6 Auction markets selling finished cattle by size, Wales, 2014...28 9.7 Auction markets selling finished cattle by size, Scotland, 2014...29 9.8 Market share of largest auction markets selling prime cattle, GB, 2014...29

Contents 10. Carcase Classification... 10.1 Percentage distribution of prime beef carcases, GB, 2011-2014...30 10.2 Percentage distribution of prime beef carcases by conformation and fat class, GB, 2014... 30 10.3 Percentage change in distribution of prime beef carcases, GB, 1995-2014... 30 10.4 Percentage change in prime beef carcases meeting target specification, GB, 1995-2014...31 11. Notes...32

Introduction Introduction The latest edition of the AHDB Beef and Lamb yearbook delivers key statistics from 2014, a challenging year for the UK beef industry. Where the previous few years were characterised by record prices and 2013 had barely begun when horsegate hit the headlines, 2014 will be remembered as the year of the beef crisis. With increased domestic production and increased imports, the volume of beef on the UK market was higher than year earlier levels for much of last year. These increased supplies, at some times during the year, met a lacklustre demand, with the fine weather and strong prices discouraging consumers. As such, the supply/demand balance was, at times, out of kilter and very unfavourable for producers, with farmgate prices coming under serious and sustained pressure for a large part of the year. In July, the all prime average price was at its low point in the year at around 325p/kg on a deadweight basis, having fallen 50p/kg since the early part of the year. At this level, prices were at their lowest point since mid-2011. However, despite this, while processors were applying increasing penalties to some cattle which were outside market specifications, prices for steers and heifers meeting tight supermarket specifications still consistently fared better. The second half of the year saw a modestly improved situation to the first half, and farmgate prices demonstrated some seasonal strengthening in the run-up to the Christmas period. For the year as a whole, at 360p/kg the R4L average, while being behind that of the year earlier, was still significantly ahead of its average over the previous five-year period. The total number of prime cattle slaughtered at UK abattoirs in the year increased almost 2% on the year to 1.96 million head. In addition to the overall position of more prime cattle being slaughtered, on the back of improved conditions and lower feed costs, carcase weights for steers and heifers were also higher on the year earlier, up 6.8kg and 8.7kg, respectively, at 367.5kg and 324.6kg. The UK adult cattle kill for the year fell almost 2% to 597,000 head. The difficult weather conditions in 2012/13 impacted on adult cattle supplies, while high prices and limited supplies of feed led to an increase in slaughterings in 2013. Beef and veal production was 4% up on the year at 877,000 tonnes. Availability had a positive impact on export performance, increasing 6% on the year earlier. While the top five export destinations for the year as a whole continued to be other EU member states, their collective share of trade fell compared to the year earlier. Hong Kong became a more important market for British beef last year, as did a wide range of smaller markets. The year saw another positive move away from exporting carcases towards higher priced cuts. The unit value of exports fell slightly compared to the year earlier, which meant that the overall value of exports was broadly unchanged on the year at 375 million. With shortages of beef in markets such as the US and Australia this year, the prospects for beef exports could be promising. The recent announcement on the opening of the US market to Irish beef sends an important and positive signal to the other EU member states which have requested the US to re-establish access. The contents of the 2015 AHDB Beef and Lamb yearbook provide an overview of facts and figures from the beef and sheep meat sectors during 2014. We hope it serves as a useful reference guide for industry and other interested stakeholders. 1

Marketing Chain 2.1 Meat balance sheet, UK, 2011-2014 Beef and veal (000 tonnes) 2011 2012 2013 2014 Production 935.5 885.2 846.7 877.4 Imports 382.9 406.3 393.1 413.6 Fresh/frozen 291.7 291.8 298.8 314.9 Processed 91.3 114.6 94.3 98.7 Exports 176.0 147.9 131.8 142.0 Total consumption 1,142.5 1,143.6 1,108.0 1,149.1 Note: Total supplies of meat available for consumption, including imported processed meat. Net production figures are for standard 52-week years. Note: All fresh meat and processed products have been converted to carcase weight equivalent (cwe). Source: AHDB Beef and Lamb, Defra, GTIS/HMRC 2.2 Product flows in the cattle marketing chain, UK, 2014 (Volumes are cwe) Exc. from food chain 10,000 head Prime cattle slaughterings 1.96 million head Cows and bull disposals 607,000 head Calf disposals 232,000 head Value of product 2,795 million Cow and bull slaughter 597,000 head Calf slaughter 112,000 head (recorded) 120,000 (est unrecorded) Liveweight sales - 20% Prime cattle = 13% Cows/bulls = 31% 0.44 million head 439 million Meat exports Total 142,000 tonnes Carcase 132,000 tonnes Processed 10,000 tonnes Total 403 million Slaughtered production Total: 877,000 tonnes Prime cattle: 683,000 tonnes Cows/bulls: 189,000 tonnes Calves: 5,000 tonnes Wholesalers/ depots/traders Total beef & veal usage 1,149 million tonnes 8,061 million Deadweight sales - 80% Prime cattle = 87% Cows/bulls = 69% 2.56 million head 2,356 million Meat imports Total 414,000 tonnes Carcase 315,000 tonnes Processed 99,000 tonnes Total 1,212 million Source: AHDB Beef and Lamb, Defra, GTIS 2

Livestock Numbers 3.1 Density of beef breeding cows, UK, June 2013 Number per 100 hectares of farmed land. No Data <5 5-10 10-20 20-30 >30 Source: Defra, Dardni, Scottish Government, Welsh Government 3

Livestock Numbers 3.2 Cattle numbers by category, UK, June 2011-2014 (000 head) Jun 2011 Jun 2012 Jun 2013 Jun 2014 Female cattle aged 2 years or more: 4,305 4,229 4,177 4,228 Breeding herd (cattle which have calved): 3,482 3,463 3,393 3,411 Beef 1,687 1,666 1,611 1,569 Dairy 1,796 1,796 1,782 1,841 Other female cattle (not calved or in calf for first time): 822 766 784 817 Beef 412 379 398 409 Dairy 410 388 387 408 Female cattle aged between 1 and 2 years: 1,372 1,394 1,414 1,373 Beef 862 871 876 834 Dairy 510 524 538 539 Female cattle less than 1 year: 1,532 1,549 1,492 1,499 Beef 993 1,001 938 936 Dairy 539 548 554 563 All male cattle: 2,779 2,779 2,761 2,737 2 years and over 386 369 384 424 1 to 2 years 1,050 1,030 1,060 1,011 Under 1 year 1,343 1,381 1,316 1,302 Total cattle and calves 9,988 9,952 9,844 9,837 Source: Defra, Dardni, Scottish Government, Welsh Government 4

Livestock Numbers 3.3 Cattle numbers by region, UK, June 2011-2014 (000 head) Dairy cows Beef cows Total cattle & calves England 2011 1,129 759 5,416 2012 1,121 742 5,373 2013 1,113 720 5,364 2014 1,143 710 5,374 Wales 2011 220 187 1,123 2012 224 183 1,113 2013 223 174 1,095 2014 234 168 1,103 Scotland 2011 164 471 1,859 2012 167 462 1,840 2013 166 447 1,797 2014 170 437 1,793 Northern Ireland 2011 282 269 1,590 2012 285 279 1,625 2013 279 270 1,588 2014 294 255 1,567 Note: Dairy and beef cows defined as breeding females over 2 years old with offspring. Source: Defra, Dardni, Scottish Government, Welsh Government 5

Livestock Numbers 3.4 Cattle holdings and average herd size by region, UK, June 2010-2013 No. of dairy cow holdings Average dairy herd size No. of beef cow holdings Average beef herd size Total cattle holdings England 2010 15,115 77 27,999 27 43,114 2011 14,360 79 27,459 28 41,819 2012 13,570 82 26,514 28 40,084 2013 13,225 84 26,990 27 40,215 Wales 2010 3,604 76 9,733 25 13,337 2011 3,450 80 9,395 25 12,845 2012 3,255 84 9,114 25 12,369 2013 3,130 87 8,910 25 12,040 Scotland 2010 2,306 73 9,936 47 12,242 2011 2,153 76 9,825 48 11,978 2012 2,033 82 9,660 48 11,693 2013 1,902 87 9,481 47 11,386 Northern Ireland 2010 3,647 77 14,927 17 18,574 2011 3,530 80 15,389 18 18,919 2012 3,520 81 15,665 18 19,185 2013 3,425 82 15,356 18 18,781 Note: Dairy herd sizes are based on number of holdings with dairy cattle rather than number of registered dairy producers. Dairy and beef cows defined as breeding females over 2 years old with offspring. Source: Defra, Dardni, Scottish Government, Welsh Government 6

Livestock Numbers 3.5 Beef cow holdings by herd size and region, UK 11% England (June 2013) 26,990 beef cow holdings 4% 40% 1-9 10-29 30-49 50-99 100+ 14% 31% 29% Wales (June 2013) 8,910 beef cow holdings 10% 3% 38% 1-9 10-19 20-49 50-99 100+ 20% 19% Scotland (June 2013) 9,481 beef cow holdings 21% 13% 24% 1-4 5-19 20-49 50-99 100+ 23% 25% Northern Ireland (June 2013) 15,356 beef cow holdings 5% 1% 44% 1-9 10-19 20-49 50-99 100+ 25% Note: Beef cows defined as breeding females over 2 years old with offspring. Source: Defra, Dardni, Scottish Government, Welsh Government 7

Slaughterings and Production 4.1 Red meat production, UK, 2011-2014 (000 tonnes) Beef and veal Lamb and mutton Pig meat Offal Total red meat (a) 2011 936 289 806 145 2,030 2012 885 275 825 139 1,985 2013 847 290 833 138 1,970 2014 877 298 863 143 2,038 Note: Figures are 52-week year equivalents (a) Excludes offal Source: Defra 4.2 Trends in red meat production, UK, 1991-2014 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 0 1991 1992 1993 000 tonnes 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Source: Defra Beef and veal Lamb and mutton Pig meat 8

Slaughterings and Production 4.3 Cattle slaughterings, UK, 2011-2014 (000 head) Prime cattle Cows and bulls Calves Total cattle and calves 2011 2,114 643 81 2,838 2012 1,965 642 74 2,681 2013 1,927 607 91 2,625 2014 1,960 597 112 2,669 Note: Figures are 52-week year equivalents Source: Defra, Dardni, Scottish Government, Welsh Government 4.4 Cattle slaughterings by region, UK, 2011-2014 (000 head) UK England Wales Scotland N Ireland 2011 2,838 1,710 158 524 446 2012 2,681 1,592 155 480 441 2013 2,625 1,558 148 474 432 2014 2,669 1,629 150 468 408 Note: Figures are 52-week year equivalents Note: Regional breakdown does not include heavy calves as data not available Source: Defra, Dardni, Scottish Government, Welsh Government 9

Slaughterings and Production 4.5 Changes in regional share of cattle slaughtering, UK, 1996-2014 1996 14% 21% 2% 63% England Wales Scotland Northern Ireland 15% 2014 18% 6% 61% England Wales Scotland Northern Ireland Source: Defra, Dardni, Scottish Government, Welsh Government 4.6 Prime cattle average carcase weights, UK, 2011-2014 (kg dw) Steers Heifers Young bulls Prime cattle 2011 364.6 319.1 344.4 344.7 2012 367.1 320.3 346.4 347.0 2013 360.7 315.9 338.8 340.6 2014 367.5 324.6 344.8 348.7 Note: Figures are 52-week year equivalents Source: Defra, Dardni, Scottish Government, Welsh Government 10

Slaughterings and Production 4.7 Liveweight/deadweight cattle marketings, GB, 1989-2014 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 Liveweight Deadweight Source: Defra, AHDB Beef and Lamb 4.8 Beef and veal production by region, UK, 2011-2014 (000 tonnes) UK England Wales Scotland N Ireland 2011 935.5 559.9 44.6 183.9 147.1 2012 885.1 525.6 44.3 169.5 145.8 2013 846.7 501.2 40.6 165.9 138.9 2014 877.4 532.0 42.6 169.6 133.3 Note: Figures are 52-week year equivalents Source: Defra, Dardni, Scottish Government, Welsh Government 11

Consumption 5.1 Meat consumption, UK, 2011-2014 (000 tonnes) Beef and veal Lamb Pig meat Poultry Total meat 2011 1,142 292 1,559 2,070 5,065 2012 1,144 277 1,564 2,091 5,075 2013 1,108 296 1,532 2,103 5,039 2014 1,149 298 1,570 2,129 5,146 Note: Total supplies of meat available for consumption, both in and outside the home. Includes imported meat products. Source: Defra 5.2 Trends in meat consumption, UK, 1991-2014 2,500 2,000 000 tonnes 1,500 1,000 500 0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Beef & veal Lamb Pig meat Poultry Source: Defra 12

Consumption 5.3 Per capita meat consumption, UK, 2011-2014 (kg per person) Beef and veal Lamb Pig meat Poultry Total meat 2011 18.2 4.7 24.9 33.0 80.7 2012 18.0 4.3 24.6 32.8 79.7 2013 17.3 4.6 23.9 32.8 78.6 2014 17.8 4.6 24.4 33.1 79.9 Note: Includes meat in meals eaten both in and outside the home. Includes imported meat products. Source: AHDB, Defra, GTIS 5.4 Self-sufficiency rates, UK, 2011-2014 % Beef and veal Lamb Pig meat Poultry Total meat 2011 81.9 98.9 51.7 75.2 70.8 2012 77.4 99.5 52.7 76.9 70.8 2013 76.4 97.8 54.4 79.0 72.0 2014 76.4 99.9 55.0 77.1 71.5 Source: AHDB 13

Consumption 5.5 Household expenditure on food and drink, UK, 2011-2013 Average pence per person per week 2011 2012 2013 Total food and non alcoholic drink 2,492 2,598 2,662 Total food 2,441 2,542 2,608 Total beverages 51 56 54 Meat, poultry and meat products 578 606 621 Bread, cereals and cereal products 333 348 356 Vegetables, incl potatoes 343 358 375 Milk, cheese and eggs 295 299 303 Sugar, preserves and confectionery 122 125 127 Fruit 215 224 230 Fish 120 124 129 Oils and fats 53 55 55 Other food and drink 381 403 412 Note: Total beverages does not include alcoholic or soft drinks. Source: Defra Food Survey 5.6 Share of expenditure on main food groups, UK, 2013 15.9% 23.8% 2.2% 4.9% 8.8% 4.9% 11.8% 14.1% 13.7% Meat and poultry Vegetables Sugar, preserves and confectionery Fish Other Source: Defra Food Survey Bread and cereals Milk, cheese and eggs Fruit Oils and fats 14

Consumption 5.7 Changes in source of retail meat purchases, UK, 2008-2014 2008 3.9% 11.3% 0.3% 4.7% 2.5% 2.3% 74.9% Top 5 multiples Freezer centres Total independents and symbols Other retailers (non-grocers) Hard discounters Other multiples Total butchers 2014 0.7% 9.8% 7.7% 4.0% 2.0% 8.0% 67.8% Top 5 multiples Freezer centres Total independents and symbols Other retailers (non-grocers) Hard discounters Other multiples Total butchers Source: Kantar World Panel 15

Consumption 5.8 Per capita beef consumption by region, UK, 2013 kg per person Note: Carcase meat only. Excludes meat in meals outside the home. Source: Defra, Dardni, Scottish Government, Welsh Government g per person per week United Kingdom 5.0 97 England 4.9 95 Wales 4.5 86 Scotland 5.2 100 Northern Ireland 8.0 153 5.9 Weekly household expenditure on beef by region, UK, 2013 1.50 /per person/per week 1.25 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.00 England Wales Scotland Northern Ireland Note: Carcase meat only. Excludes meat in meals outside the home. Source: Defra, Dardni, Scottish Government, Welsh Government 16

Consumption 5.10 Retail expenditure profile for beef, UK, 2014 2014 Fresh/frozen beef 2,171 million 11% 3% 37% 21% 28% Mince Steaks Roasts Stewing Other 2014 Processed beef 1,764 million 19% 9% 17% 6% 4% 23% 17% 5% Burgers and grills Chilled main meal accompaniments (a) Chilled ready meals Frozen ready meals Meat and pastry products Frozen meat products Sliced cooked meats Other (b) (a) Includes single protein meal solutions (b) Includes beef and pastry products and snacks Source: Kantar World Panel 17

Livestock and Meat Prices 6.1 Deadweight cattle prices, GB, 2011-2014 Steers Young bulls (p per kg) R4L Overall R4L Overall 2011 314.4 309.1 303.8 291.5 2012 350.3 344.7 335.2 326.5 2013 395.4 389.3 376.7 366.2 2014 360.5 351.1 329.7 318.0 Heifers Cull cows (p per kg) R4L Overall -O4L Overall 2011 312.0 307.3 239.6 231.7 2012 347.5 343.1 268.8 265.0 2013 390.8 386.5 272.9 251.7 2014 357.4 353.1 238.5 221.9 Source: AHDB Beef and Lamb 18

Livestock and Meat Prices 6.2 Deadweight cattle prices by region, GB, 2011-2014 (p per kg) Steers Young bulls Heifers Cull cows England and Wales 2011 305.2 290.4 302.9 224.3 2012 339.9 324.9 338.3 242.0 2013 383.6 363.4 381.0 241.1 2014 343.8 315.0 345.7 214.3 Scotland 2011 318.7 299.0 317.2 248.4 2012 356.2 337.8 354.2 273.7 2013 403.1 385.0 399.1 276.0 2014 368.8 338.7 369.9 239.3 Source: AHDB Beef and Lamb 6.3 Seasonality of beef prices, GB, 2011-2014 p per kg dw 425 400 375 350 325 300 275 250 225 200 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2011 2012 2013 2014 Note: Based on GB monthly deadweight cattle prices for steers. Source: AHDB Beef and Lamb 19

Livestock and Meat Prices 6.4 Liveweight cattle prices, GB, 2011-2014 (p per kg) All prime cattle Steers Young bulls Heifers Cull cows 2011 169.00 169.31 162.12 173.25 113.84 2012 189.50 189.87 181.99 194.47 121.00 2013 204.38 206.80 191.03 212.23 122.06 2014 182.82 183.22 165.70 195.29 107.50 Source: AHDB Beef and Lamb, LAA, IAAS 6.5 Rearing calf prices, England and Wales, 2011-2014 Friesian/Holstein X Hereford X Continental X ( per head) Bulls Heifers Bulls Heifers Bulls Heifers 2011 47.20 50.51 156.16 102.56 221.08 161.10 2012 61.45 80.85 195.83 142.84 256.52 199.76 2013 48.08 64.38 183.12 127.89 239.72 184.36 2014 38.94 64.38 175.85 122.24 231.05 176.97 Source: AHDB Beef and Lamb, LAA 20

Livestock and Meat Prices 6.6 Store cattle prices, England and Wales, 2011-2014 Yearlings 18 Months ( per head) Steers Heifers Steers Heifers Friesian/Holstein X 2011 350.47 360.12 489.67 477.77 2012 441.57 392.61 598.62 559.89 2013 387.22 334.61 558.16 494.87 2014 362.75 310.82 520.38 455.19 Hereford X 2011 511.09 398.48 660.93 536.61 2012 643.19 514.12 764.65 625.76 2013 619.05 478.36 774.03 622.73 2014 655.16 492.93 795.53 633.81 Continental X 2011 680.65 574.30 807.42 702.82 2012 825.38 698.00 919.39 794.41 2013 840.32 702.72 963.61 819.33 2014 856.06 720.18 952.43 828.22 Source: AHDB Beef and Lamb, LAA 6.7 Farm to retail beef price spreads, GB, 2011-2014 21 (p per kg) Ave. farm price Ave. retail price (a) Actual price spread Producer share of retail price (%) Others share of retail price (%) (b) 2011 306.7 584.9 278.2 52.4 47.6 2012 342.3 633.6 291.3 54.1 45.9 2013 385.8 668.7 283.0 57.7 42.3 2014 348.3 701.5 353.2 49.6 50.4 (a) Retail prices converted to an untrimmed carcase equivalent and adjustment made for drip loss. (b) This is the share received by rest of supply chain, including retailers, processers and wholesalers. Source: AHDB Beef and Lamb

Imports and Exports 7.1 Volume and value of beef imports, UK, 2011-2014 Fresh/frozen Processed Offal (000 tonnes) ( million) (000 tonnes) ( million) (000 tonnes) ( million) 2011 235.4 858.1 71.3 212.3 24.2 17.7 2012 236.3 867.4 89.5 271.7 26.7 17.6 2013 241.3 953.1 74.2 222.6 24.5 14.1 2014 254.8 981.6 77.4 229.8 19.3 14.8 Note: Volumes are shipped product weight Source: GTIS 7.2 Imports of fresh/frozen beef by source, UK, 2011-2014 (000 tonnes) 2011 2012 2013 2014 Fresh/frozen beef & veal 235.4 236.3 241.3 254.8 of which: bone-in 47.8 51.3 49.7 54.3 boneless 187.6 185.0 191.6 200.5 frozen 62.8 68.5 67.3 67.2 fresh/chilled 172.6 167.7 174.0 187.6 of which from: EU-28 210.0 213.4 209.8 227.3 Irish Republic 167.5 159.9 161.0 179.0 Netherlands 18.0 20.7 15.1 16.8 Germany 8.6 11.9 10.8 9.0 Poland 2.8 7.2 7.5 8.2 Spain 3.8 3.6 5.0 2.0 Non-EU 25.4 22.9 31.5 27.5 Australia 6.5 5.6 7.2 7.3 Namibia 4.6 3.9 6.3 5.1 Brazil 2.1 3.7 5.5 4.2 Uruguay 7.1 6.1 4.9 3.1 Botswana 0.4 0.0 4.2 3.6 New Zealand 4.1 3.1 3.3 4.0 Note: Volumes are shipped product weight Source: GTIS 22

Imports and Exports 7.3 Imports of processed beef and beef offal by source, UK, 2011-2014 (000 tonnes) 2011 2012 2013 2014 Corned beef 32.7 34.4 28.7 29.6 of which from: Brazil 27.8 29.4 27.7 28.4 France 2.4 2.8 0.3 0.8 Argentina 1.1 1.3 0.3 0.0 Other processed beef 38.6 55.1 45.5 47.8 of which from: Irish Republic 25.1 39.2 32.4 35.5 Brazil 4.5 3.1 2.8 2.4 Beef offal 24.2 26.7 24.5 19.3 of which from: Irish Republic 18.3 20.9 20.3 13.3 Netherlands 2.8 2.4 1.7 2.5 Note: Volumes are shipped product weight Source: GTIS 7.4 Imports of beef by product, UK, 2014 2014 23.3% 41.4% 1.1% 5% 0.1% 10.1% 19% Note: Volumes are shipped product weight Source: GTIS 23 Chilled boneless Frozen boneless Chilled carcases Frozen carcases Chilled bone-in Frozen bone-in Procesed

Imports and Exports 7.5 Volume and value of beef exports, UK, 2011-2014 Note: Volumes are shipped product weight Source: GTIS Fresh/frozen beef and veal Offal (000 tonnes) ( million) (000 tonnes) ( million) 2011 143.6 437.5 33.4 38.9 2012 119.8 388.9 32.2 33.3 2013 105.3 372.9 33.1 41.0 2014 112.1 374.6 44.0 62.6 7.6 Exports of fresh/frozen beef by destination, UK, 2011-2014 (000 tonnes) 2011 2012 2013 2014 Fresh/frozen beef & veal 143.6 119.8 105.3 112.1 of which: bone-in 73.1 62.7 49.2 47.3 boneless 70.6 57.1 56.1 64.8 frozen 22.1 19.5 17.8 20.5 fresh/chilled 121.5 100.3 87.6 91.6 of which to: EU-28 138.1 113.9 100.7 104.0 Irish Republic 34.9 41.3 33.9 36.3 Netherlands 56.9 38.1 32.9 33.6 France 13.3 10.5 11.5 9.8 Belgium 8.0 7.9 7.6 6.4 Italy 7.8 6.9 5.9 6.5 Germany 3.5 2.5 3.5 3.4 Spain 1.3 1.7 1.5 1.7 Note: Volumes are shipped product weight Source: GTIS 24

Abattoirs 8.1 Red meat abattoir numbers by type, England, 2011-2014 2011 2012 2013 2014 Abattoir numbers 198 195 193 186 Throughput (000 GBU) 7,320 7,394 7,583 7,629 Average throughput (GBU) 36,971 37,919 39,292 41,021 Types of abattoirs Killing cattle 168 167 166 157 Killing sheep 166 162 159 152 Killing pigs 125 121 119 115 Source: AHDB Beef and Lamb 8.2 Size profile of red meat abattoirs, England, 2014 8.3 Size profile of abattoirs slaughtering cattle, England, 2014 25 Size group (GBU) Number of abattoirs Total throughput (GBU) Average throughput (GBU) Share of throughput (%) 1-1,000 44 18,095 411 0.2 1,001-5,000 38 95,173 2,505 1.2 5,001-10,000 15 113,269 7,551 1.5 10,001-20,000 23 337,361 14,668 4.4 20,001-30,000 12 315,652 26,304 4.1 30,001-50,000 18 692,021 38,446 9.1 50,001-100,000 20 1,439,865 71,993 18.9 >100,000 16 4,618,536 288,659 60.5 Total 186 7,629,972 41,021 100.0 Source: AHDB Beef and Lamb Size group (head) Number of abattoirs Total throughput (head) Average throughput (head) Share of throughput (%) 1-1,000 77 21,575 280 1.4 1,001-5,000 32 79,336 2,479 5.1 5,001-10,000 15 95,365 6,358 6.2 10,001-20,000 9 129,076 14,342 8.3 20,001-30,000 6 159,605 26,601 10.3 30,001-50,000 7 286,856 40,979 18.5 >50,000 11 775,492 70,499 50.1 Total 157 1,547,305 9,855 100.0 Source: AHDB Beef and Lamb

Auction Markets 9.1 Auction market throughputs by region, GB, 2014 (000 head) England Wales Scotland GB Steers 60 5 10 74 Heifers 85 5 14 104 Young bulls 74 1 2 77 Total prime cattle 219 10 26 255 Cull cows 124 15 42 181 New season lambs 2,465 940 525 3,931 Old season lambs 1,426 389 411 2,227 Total sheep 3,891 1,330 937 6,158 Cull ewes 1,272 406 271 1,949 Total clean pigs 48 - - 48 Cull sows 10 - - 10 Note: Data relates to finished markets only Source: AHDB Beef and Lamb, LAA, IAAS 9.2 Auction market centres by region, GB, 2011-2014 England Wales Scotland GB 2011 73 27 18 118 2012 71 26 18 115 2013 72 28 18 118 2014 71 26 18 115 Note: Data relates to finished markets only Source: AHDB Beef and Lamb, LAA, IAAS 26

Auction Markets 9.3 Auction markets held by region, GB, 2011-2014 England Wales Scotland GB 2011 4,074 1,268 986 6,328 2012 4,151 1,265 956 6,372 2013 4,211 1,350 970 6,531 2014 4,225 1,346 978 6,549 Note: Data relates to finished markets only Source: AHDB Beef and Lamb, LAA, IAAS 9.4 Auction markets selling finished cattle by size, GB, 2014 Size group (head) Number of auction centres Total marketings (head) Average throughput (head) Share of throughput (%) 1-2,500 46 30,983 674 7.1 2,501-5,000 19 67,762 3,566 15.6 5,001-7,500 10 62,130 6,213 14.3 7,501-10,000 5 44,230 8,846 10.2 10,001-12,500 7 78,330 11,190 18.0 >12,500 8 152,048 19,006 34.9 Total 95 435,483 4,584 100.0 Source: AHDB Beef and Lamb, LAA, IAAS 27

Auction Markets 9.5 Auction markets selling finished cattle by size, England, 2014 Size group (head) Number of auction centres Total marketings (head) Average throughput (head) 9.6 Auction markets selling finished cattle by size, Wales, 2014 Share of throughput (%) 1-2,500 25 19,983 799 5.8 2,501-5,000 14 49,435 3,531 14.4 5,001-7,500 7 42,099 6,014 12.3 7,501-10,000 4 35,694 8,924 10.4 10,001-12,500 4 43,982 10,996 12.8 >12,500 8 152,048 19,006 44.3 Total 62 343,241 5,536 100.0 Source: AHDB Beef and Lamb, LAA Size group (head) Number of auction centres Total marketings (head) Average throughput (head) Share of throughput (%) 1-2,500 12 6,562 547 26.3 2,501-5,000 3 9,883 3,294 39.6 5,001-7,500 - - - - 7,501-10,000 1 8,536 8,536 34.2 10,001-12,500 - - - - >12,500 - - - - Total 16 24,981 1,561 100.0 Source: AHDB Beef and Lamb, LAA 28

Auction Markets 9.7 Auction markets selling finished cattle by size, Scotland, 2014 Size group (head) Number of auction centres Total marketings (head) Average throughput (head) Share of throughput (%) 1-2,500 9 4,438 493 6.6 2,501-5,000 2 8,444 4,222 12.6 5,001-7,500 3 20,031 6,677 29.8 7,501-10,000 - - - - 10,001-12,500 3 34,348 11,449 51.1 >12,500 - - - - Total 17 67,261 3,957 100.0 Source: AHDB Beef and Lamb, IAAS 9.8 Market share of largest auction markets selling prime cattle, GB, 2014 Head % share Total throughput 254,927 100.0 Top 3 52,386 20.5 Top 5 80,021 31.4 Top 10 124,914 49.0 10 largest auction markets (a): Bridgnorth Northallerton Darlington Sedgemoor Ludlow Selby Market Drayton Thirsk Newark York (a) In alphabetical, not size order. Source: AHDB Beef and Lamb, LAA, IAAS 29

Carcase Classification 10.1 Percentage distribution of prime beef carcases, GB, 2011-2014 (%) Steers Heifers Young bulls 2011 54 33 13 2012 56 32 12 2013 55 33 12 2014 57 33 11 Source: AHDB Beef and Lamb 10.2 Percentage distribution of prime beef carcases by conformation and fat class, GB, 2014 Fat class Increasing fatness Prime cattle 1 2 3 4L 4H 5L 5H Total Conformation class Improving conformation E 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 U+ 0.1 0.9 2.1 1.6 0.2 0.0 0.0 5.0 -U 0.1 1.5 5.9 7.9 2.1 0.1 0.0 17.7 R 0.1 2.5 11.5 19.3 7.1 0.5 0.1 41.1 O+ 0.1 1.6 6.1 9.8 3.3 0.3 0.0 21.3 -O 0.1 2.2 5.3 3.7 0.5 0.0 0.0 11.8 P+ 0.1 0.8 0.8 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 -P 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 Total 0.7 10.0 32.2 42.8 13.3 1.0 0.1 Source: AHDB Beef and Lamb 10.3 Percentage change in distribution of prime beef carcases, GB, 1995-2014 Fat class (%) 1 & 2 3 4 5 1995 5.6 23.7 68.2 2.7 2014 10.7 32.2 56.1 1.1 Source: AHDB Beef and Lamb Conformation class (%) E U R O P 1995 0.3 14.5 39.2 43.4 2.5 2014 0.9 22.7 41.1 33.1 2.2 30

Carcase Classification 10.4 Percentage change in prime beef carcases meeting target specification, GB, 1995-2014 1995 15.6% 8.6% 41.7% 34.1% Target: E-R conformation and 1-4L fat Lean but of poor conformation Too fat Too fat and of poor conformation 2014 10.1% 4.1% 54.5% 31.3% Target: E-R conformation and 1-4L fat Lean but of poor conformation Too fat Too fat and of poor conformation Source: AHDB Beef and Lamb 31

Notes Notes The Marketing chain The information given in this section has been produced by AHDB Beef and Lamb. It includes data derived from a number of sources as detailed elsewhere in the publication. In addition, and in order to give as full a picture as possible of the UK meat market, data in some areas has been estimated, based on various surveys and known information. Livestock numbers The survey and census figures are collected for the United Kingdom and its regions by the various Agriculture Departments: Defra, Dardni, the Scottish Government and the Welsh Government. The census of agricultural holdings is carried out in June each year. December data is sample data. Slaughterings and production Slaughterings and production figures are provided by the UK Agriculture Departments; data for OTMS and OCDS cattle is sourced from RPA. Further analysis, such as average carcase weights and the deadweight/liveweight marketing split, has been undertaken by AHDB Beef and Lamb. Consumption The data shown comes from a variety of sources, which are shown underneath each table. Due to the different methodologies employed by the various sources, it is sometimes not possible to make comparisons between the tables. It is, therefore, important that note is taken of the footnotes to the tables which indicate, for example, whether imported processed products are included or not, and if consumption both in and outside the home has been measured. Livestock and meat prices All data is sourced from AHDB Beef and Lamb unless otherwise indicated. Deadweight producer prices are collected from a sample of abattoirs, while liveweight producer prices are collected from a large sample of auction markets. For more information about how this data is collected, contact the Market Intelligence Department of AHDB Beef and Lamb. Prices from auction markets were not available throughout most of 2001 because the incidence of Foot and Mouth Disease led to the closure of all auction markets. The recording of cull cow prices restarted in 2006 when measures imposed because of BSE were relaxed and cull cows were marketed once more. 32

Notes Imports and exports Statistics for trade between the UK and non-eu countries are collected by HM Revenue & Customs at the point of entry and exit. For trade with other EU countries, the data is taken from Global Trade Information Services (GTIS). The trade figures are subject to revision as more information becomes available. Abattoirs Statistics shown are based on data collected by AHDB Beef and Lamb. For comparison purposes, some of the throughput figures are quoted in GB Livestock Units (GBU) where 1 GBU = 1 cattle beast = 2 pigs = 5 sheep. All data for the cattle sector excludes OTMS/OCDS cattle. Auction markets All data is based on sales of finished stock only from markets which reported prices to AHDB Beef and Lamb. For comparison purposes, some of the throughput figures are quoted in GB Livestock Units (GBU) where: 1 GBU = 1 cattle beast = 2 pigs = 5 sheep. Carcase classification All data is sourced from AHDB Beef and Lamb, based on carcases classified by Meat and Livestock Commercial Services Ltd. For cattle, the sampling rate of carcases in 2014 was 1 in 3 and 450,094 carcases were analysed. For sheep, the sampling rate was 1 in 25 with 148,614 carcases analysed. 33