STATUS AND TRENDS OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTION IN EUROPE WINFRIED SIX ORGANIC WASTE SYSTEMS ISWA Beacon Conference on Biological Treatment Perugia, Italy, MAY 10-12, 2006
WHAT IS THE STATE-OF-THE-ART OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF THE ORGANIC FRACTION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE IN EUROPE?
DETERMINATION OF CAPACITY CRITERIA HOUSEHOLD ORGANIC WASTE OR EQUIVALENT MORE THAN 10% HOUSEHOLD ORGANIC SOLID WASTE > 3000 T PER YEAR MINIMUM SIZE DESIGN CAPACITY USED UNLESS SPECIFIED OTHERWISE TOTAL CAPACITY FOR BIOWASTE, BUT ONLY DIGESTION CAPACITY FOR RESIDUAL WASTE PLANTS NOT ELIMINATED IF OPERATION STOPPED PLANTS AT LEAST UNDER CONSTRUCTION (ONLY PROGNOSIS FOR YEAR 2006)
CAPACITY IN EUROPE 124 PLANTS IDENTIFIED IN 13 COUNTRIES 3.905.000 T/YEAR CAPACITY IN 2006 CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT PERIOD INCREASE AVERAGE SIZE PLANTS/YEAR 91-95 33 KT/Y 13 KT/Y 2.6 96-00 186 KT/Y 21 KT/Y 8.8 01-05 428 KT/Y 43 KT/Y 10.4
2005 2006 2004 2003 4000000 3500000 3000000 2500000 2000000 1500000 1000000 500000 0 CUMULATIVE CAPACITY 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 2001 2002 ANNUAL CUMULATIVE 93 92 91 <1990 CAPACITY (TON/YEAR).
AVERAGE SIZE OF PLANTS. 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 ANNUAL SIZE AND NUMBER OF PLANTS IN EUROPE 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 <1990 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 # OF PLANTS INSTALLED ANNUALLY AVERAGE CAPACITY INSTALLED ANNUALLY NUMBER OF PLANTS.
80000 70000 60000 AVERAGE CAPACITY 50000 40000 30000 POLAND UK ITALY 1300000 1200000 1100000 1000000 900000 800000 700000 600000 500000 400000 300000 200000 100000 0 CAPACITY PER COUNTRY GERMANY PORTUGAL FRANCE AUSTRIA DENMARK SWEDEN FINLAND TOTAL CAPACITY AVERAGE CAPACITY 20000 10000 0 SWITZERLAND NETHERLANDS BELGIUM SPAIN TOTAL CAPACITY
CAPACITY PER MILLION INHABITANTS AND PERCENTAGE OF POTENTIAL THEORETICAL CAPACITY 10,00 30000 9,00 25000 8,00 7,00 20000 PERCENTAGE. 6,00 5,00 4,00 3,00 15000 10000 CAPACITY, 2,00 5000 1,00 0 0,00 POLAND UK ITALY FINLAND SWEDEN DENMARK AUSTRIA FRANCE PORTUGAL GERMANY SWITZERLAND NETHERLANDS BELGIUM SPAIN Capacity per million inhabitants % of potential
ANALYSIS OF INSTALLED CAPACITY MESOPHILIC (35-40 C) VERSUS THERMOPHILIC (50-55 C) DRY (> 15 % DS) VERSUS WET (< 15 % DS) TWO PHASE (ACIDIFICATION + METHANIZATION) VERSUS SINGLE PHASE (COMBINED) CODIGESTION (SOLID WASTE + OTHER SUBSTRATE) VERSUS SOLID WASTE DIGESTION (ONLY WASTE) MIXED OR RESIDUAL WASTE (NO SEPARATE COLLECTION) VERSUS BIOWASTE (SEPARATE COLLECTION OF ORGANICS)
MESOPHILIC VERSUS THERMOPHILIC 3000000 100 CUMULATIVE (TON/YEAR). 2500000 2000000 1500000 1000000 500000 % THERMO % MESO 80 60 40 20 % OF TOTAL 0 till 1990 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 0 MESO THERMO % MESO % THERMO
MESOPHILIC VERSUS THERMOPHILIC 65% MESOPHILIC VS 35% THERMOPHILIC IN 2006 LAST 2 YEARS: 44% THERMOPHILIC 96% OF THERMOPHILIC PLANTS ARE DRY FERMENTATION ONLY 1 DRY SYSTEM OPERATES MOSTLY MESOPHILICALLY
WET VERSUS DRY 2250000 100 2000000 CUMULATIVE (TON/YEAR). 1750000 1500000 1250000 1000000 750000 500000 % WET % DRY 80 60 40 20 % OF TOTAL 250000 0 till 1990 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 0 WET DRY % WET % DRY
WET VERSUS DRY DRY 57%, WET 43% IN 2003-2004: 60% WET 34% DRY LAST 2 YEARS: 54% DRY
ONE VERSUS TWO-PHASE 3500000 100 CUMULATIVE (TON/YEAR), 3000000 2500000 2000000 1500000 1000000 % TWO % ONE 80 60 40 20 % OF TOTAL 500000 0 till 1990 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 0 ONE TWO % ONE % TWO
ONE VERSUS TWO-PHASE 87% ONE-PHASE VS 13% TWO-PHASE LAST 3 YEARS: 16% TWO-PHASE
SINGLE FEEDSTOCK VERSUS CODIGESTION 3600000 100 3300000 % SOLID WASTE CUMULATIVE (TON/YEAR) 3000000 2700000 2400000 2100000 1800000 1500000 1200000 900000 600000 300000 % CODIGESTION 80 60 40 20 % OF TOTAL 0 till 1990 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 0 SOLID WASTE CODIGESTION % solid waste % codigestion
SINGLE FEEDSTOCK VERSUS CODIGESTION 93% ONLY SOLID WASTE VS 7% CODIGESTION LAST TWO YEARS: 6% CODIGESTION CODIGESTION WITH ENERGY CROPS (CORN)
BIOWASTE VERSUS RESIDUAL WASTE 2200000 100 2000000 CUMULATIVE (TON/YEAR) 1800000 1600000 1400000 1200000 1000000 800000 600000 400000 % RESIDUAL WASTE % BIOWASTE 80 60 40 20 % OF TOTAL 200000 0 till 1990 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 0 BIOWASTE RESIDUAL WASTE % biowaste % residual
BIOWASTE VERSUS RESIDUAL WASTE IN 1998: 87% BIOWASTE VS 13% RESIDUAL WASTE IN 2006: 48% BIOWASTE VS 52% RESIDUAL WASTE LAST TWO YEARS: 33% BIOWASTE VS 67% RESIDUAL WASTE
SUPPLIERS 27 DIFFERENT SUPPLIERS 3 SUPPLIERS HAVE MORE THAN 15 PLANTS OF SAME SYSTEM: VALORGA, KOMPOGAS AND DRANCO LINDE: DRY AND WET SYSTEM + 10 OF EACH FIVE COMPANIES: > 2/3 OF PLANTS AND 70% OF CAPACITY 22 COMPANIES FOR 30% OF CAPACITY, 12 COMPANIES HAVE NOT SOLD A PLANT SINCE 2002
SUPPLIERS DIVERSITY IN SUPPLIERS - 6 COMPANIES WITH DRY TECHNOLOGY - 21 COMPANIES WITH WET TECHNOLOGY
DIVERSITY IN APPLICATION MIXED WASTE + BIOWASTE + RESIDUAL WASTE RESTAURANT WASTE - CORN - INDUSTRIAL ORGANICS AS ADDITIONAL FEEDSTOCKS MIXED/RESIDUAL WASTE: PARTIAL STREAM DIGESTION (20 TO 70% OF ORGANICS) AND FULL STREAM DIGESTION (100% OF ORGANICS)
FULL STREAM DIGESTION RESIDUAL WASTE METALS RDF BIOGAS PROCESS WATER WATER CO 2 DRY SORTING ANAEROBIC DIGESTION DEWATERING AEROBIC COMPOSTING / DRYING INCINERATION OR LANDFILL
PARTIAL STREAM DIGESTION RESIDUAL WASTE METALS RDF CO 2 WATER WATER DRY SORTING AEROBIC COMPOSTING DRYING 20-70 % ANAEROBIC DIGESTION BIOGAS INCINERATION OR LANDFILL
DRANCO PLANT POHLSCHE HEIDE PARTIAL STREAM DIGESTION AND TUNNEL COMPOSTING WITHOUT WASTEWATER PRODUCTION
MAJOR DRIVING FORCES FOR ANAEROBIC DIGESTION PRODUCTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY: VALUE UP TO 40 TO 50 EURO PER TON DIGESTED ODORS: 200X LESS ODORS TO BE TREATED IN THE BIOFILTERS COMPARED TO AEROBIC TREATMENT SURFACE AREA: TWO TO FOUR TIMES LESS SURFACE AREA NEEDED RECOVERY OF BOTH COMPOST AND BIOENERGY REDUCTION OF ORGANICS GOING TO LANDFILL (EU-DIRECTIVE)
OUTSIDE OF EUROPE LESS THAN 10% OF CAPACITY INSTALLED IN EUROPE EMERGING COUNTRIES: JAPAN, KOREA, AUSTRALIA, ISRAEL, CANADA BUT STILL RATHER LIMITED
CASE STUDY: BRECHT II FACILITY
DRANCO: ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF SOLID WASTE
DRANCO BRECHT FACILITY LARGEST DIGESTION PLANT IN OPERATION ON BIOWASTE 2 UNITS: 15 000 T/Y AND 50 000 T/Y COMBINED INSTALLED POWER: 2MW SURFACE AREA: 2 HA 5 YEARS OF SUCCESFUL OPERATION ALL COMPOST CERTIFIED AND SOLD
OPERATION BRECHT II 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005* FEEDSTOCK (T/Y) - BIOWASTE - OTHER TOTAL 48 144 1 361 49 505 45 394 966 46 360 45 691 1 776 47 467 51 229 2 525 53 754 52 190 2 110 54 300 PRODUCTION OF BIOGAS - M³ BIOGAS (IN MILLIONS) - M³ BIOGAS/TON INCOMING - M³ BIOGAS/M³/DAY 6.1 122 6.9 5.8 125 6.6 6.0 127 7.4 6.9 127 7.4 - - - VOLUMETRIC CAPACITY USED 83% 83% 70% 81% - *2005 BASED ON 31 WEEKS
BRECHT II PLANT INPUT IN REACTOR & BIOGAS PRODUCTION -DRANCO PLANT BRECHT II- 1.200 240 1.100 220 1.000 200 900 180 tons 800 700 600 500 400 160 140 120 100 80 Nm³/ton input 300 60 200 40 100 20-1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 Week (2003) - Total reactor input Biogas production
BRECHT II PLANT TONS FED & BIOGAS PRODUCTION TONS/WEEK 1.600 300 1.400 250 TON 1.200 1.000 800 200 150 t m³ 600 400 200 100 50-23 28 33 38 43 48 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 2 7 12 17 22 27 32 37 42 47 52 2 7 12 17 22 27 32 37 42 47 52 week - tons fed biogas production per ton
RESULTS 5-YEARS CELEBRATION IGEAN-2 PLANT YEAR BIOWASTE TREATED BIOGAS PRODUCED BIOGAS PER TON ELECTRICITY PRODUCED (MWH) USE OF ENGINES (%) 1 42818 4.769.000 111 7813 89 2 46494 4.888.000 105 7891 89 3 46707 5.233.000 112 8311 88 4 47396 5.639.000 119 8820 95 5 52354 5.667.000 108 9055 97 TOTAL 235769 26.197.000-41890 - AVERAGE 47154 5.239.400 111 8378 92
CONCLUSION STATE-OF-THE-ART CONSIDERABLE GROWTH : AROUND 30% OF BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF SOLID WASTE IS ANAEROBIC EXPERIENCED SUPPLIERS WITH VARIETY OF TECHNOLOGIES INTEGRATED IN VARIOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT SCHEMES ACROSS MOST OF EUROPE AD OF SOLID WASTE HAS BECOME AN ESTABLISHED TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY, ON EQUAL FOOTING WITH AEROBIC COMPOSTING FOR EITHER BIOWASTE OR ORGANICS FROM MSW