Chapter 10: Emotional and Social Development in Middle Childhood After reading this chapter, you should be able to: 10.1 Explain Erikson s stage of industry versus inferiority, noting major personality changes. (p. 330) 10.2 Describe school-age children s self-concept and self-esteem, as well as factors that influence children s self-evaluations; define attributions. (pp. 330-334) 10.3 Cite changes in understanding and expression of emotion in middle childhood, including the importance of both problem-centered and emotion-centered coping for managing emotions. (pp. 335-336) 10.4 Describe changes in moral understanding during middle childhood, including factors that influence the extent to which children tend to hold racial and ethnic biases. (pp. 336-339) 10.5 Describe changes in peer relations during middle childhood, including characteristics of peer groups and friendships. (pp. 339-340) 10.6 Describe the categories of peer acceptance (including subtypes), noting how each is related to social behavior; discuss ways to help rejected children. (pp. 340-343) 10.7 Describe changes in gender-stereotyped beliefs and gender identity during middle childhood, noting sex differences and cultural influences. (pp. 343-345) 10.8 Discuss changes in the parent-child relationship during middle childhood; define coregulation; describe how influential children perceive their parents to be in their lives. (p. 345) 10.9 Discuss children s adjustment to divorce or blended families, noting the influence of parent and child characteristics, as well as social supports within the family and surrounding community. (pp. 346-350) 10.10 Explain how maternal employment and life in dual-earner families affect school-age children, noting the influence of social supports within the family and surrounding community, including child care for school-age children. (pp. 350-351) 10.11 Discuss factors related to child sexual abuse, its consequences for children s development, and ways to prevent and treat it. (pp. 352-354) 10.12 Cite factors that foster resilience in middle childhood. (p. 354) Note: Answers to practice tests are at the end of this document. Chapter 10 Practice Test 1. According to Erikson, a child who has a realistically positive self-concept, takes pride in doing things well, and has a sense of moral responsibility has developed a. autonomy c. identity b. basic trust d. industry 1
2. During childhood and adolescence, perceived correlates more strongly with overall selfworth than any other self-esteem factor. a. physical/athletic competence c. physical appearance b. academic competence d. social competence 3. During middle childhood, children s understanding of emotions changes in that they become aware that a. others facial expressions indicate their feelings b. people can feel more than one emotion at a time c. pride and guilt occur only when others are present d. basic emotions are related to personal responsibility 4. Children who are more prone to racial and ethnic biases. a. think of people in terms of group distinctions b. view people s behavior as due to fixed traits c. have overly high self-esteem d. all of the above 5. During middle childhood, become(s) a defining feature of one-to-one friendships. a. availability to play c. proximity b. shared interests d. trust 6. children often misinterpret the innocent behaviors of peers as hostile. a. Rejected-aggressive c. Controversial b. Rejected-withdrawn d. Popular-antisocial 7. School-aged children are likely to view which of the following activities as just as bad as violation of a moral rule? a. four-year-old Allison wearing her father s slippers b. four-year-old Kimberly wearing her mother s lipstick c. four-year-old David playing with dolls d. four-year-old Sally playing with trucks 8. When asked to identify the most influential people in their lives, fifth and sixth graders most often nominated a. media celebrities c. their parents b. their teachers d. their peers 9. The overriding factor in positive adjustment following divorce is a. children s relationships with extended family, teachers, and friends b. children s cognitive and social maturity c. children s temperament d. effective parenting 2
10. Research on child sexual abuse indicates that a. the abuser is most often a parent or someone the parent knows well b. most sexually abused children experience only a single incident c. both boys and girls are equally likely to be sexually abused d. reported cases are highest in adolescence Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence After reading this chapter, you should be able to: 11.1 Discuss changing conceptions of adolescence over the past century. (p. 362) 11.2 Describe pubertal changes in body size, proportions, motor performance, and sexual maturity; cite factors that influence the timing of puberty. (pp. 363-367) 11.3 Describe brain development and changes in sleep patterns in adolescence. (pp. 367-368) 11.4 Discuss adolescents reactions to the physical changes of puberty, including sex differences. (pp. 368-370) 11.5 Discuss the impact of maturational timing on adolescent adjustment, noting sex differences and immediate and long-term outcomes. (pp. 370-371) 11.6 Describe the nutritional needs of adolescents, and cite factors related to serious eating disorders. (pp. 371-373) 11.7 Discuss social and cultural influences on adolescent sexual attitudes and behavior. (pp. 373-376) 11.8 Describe factors related to the development of sexual orientation, and discuss the unique adjustment problems of gay, lesbian, and bisexual adolescents. (pp. 376 & 377) 11.9 Discuss the risk of sexually transmitted disease in adolescence. (pp. 376-377) 11.10 Discuss factors related to teenage pregnancy, the consequences of early childbearing for adolescent parents and their children, and prevention and intervention strategies. (pp. 378-380) 11.11 Distinguish between substance use and abuse, describe personal and social factors related to each, and cite prevention and treatment strategies. (pp. 380-381) 11.12 Describe the major characteristics of formal operational thought. (pp. 382-383) 11.13 Discuss recent research on formal operational thought and its implications for the accuracy of Piaget s formal operational stage. (pp. 383-384) 11.14 Explain how information-processing researchers account for cognitive change in adolescence, emphasizing the development of scientific reasoning. (pp. 384-386) 11.15 Describe cognitive and behavioral consequences of adolescents newfound capacity for abstract thinking; distinguish between the imaginary audience and the personal fable. (pp. 386-388) 3
11.16 Note sex differences in mental abilities at adolescence, along with biological and environmental factors that influence them. (pp. 388-389, 390) 11.17 Discus family, peer, school, and employment influences on academic achievement during adolescence. (pp. 392-396) Chapter 11 Practice Test 1. The early adolescent growth spurt affects leg length before the torso. This growth pattern a. is a continuation of the growth pattern established in early childhood b. is contributes to changes in adolescent perspective taking c. is consistent with the cephalocaudal trend d. is a reversal of the cephalocaudal trend 2. Threats to accelerate puberty, whereas threats to delay it. a. emotional health; physical health c. boys; girls b. physical health; emotional health d. girls; boys 3. Which of the following is true about sleep and adolescence? a. Research indicates that adolescents need about 9 hours of sleep a night to be at their best. b. Sleep deprived adolescents cognitive functioning is most impaired in the mornings. c. Brain development causes adolescents to stay up later and sleep in later. d. All of the above are true. 4. Jordan is popular with agemates, holds many leadership positions in school, and is an athletic star. Jordan displays characteristics consistent with a. an early maturing child of either sex c. an early maturing boy b. an early maturing girl d. a late maturing boy 5. Research findings support which of the following statements regarding sexual orientation? a. Sexual orientation is influenced by heredity. b. About 2 to 3 percent of teenagers identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual. c. Most homosexual adolescents are not gender deviant in other aspects of their behavior. d. All of the above are true. 6. In the United States, one of every sexually active adolescents contracts an STD each year. a. 6 c. 18 b. 12 d. 30 7. A researcher hides a poker chip in her hand and asks children to indicate whether this statement is true, false, or uncertain: Either the chip is green or it is not green. A concrete operational child will say it is. A formal operational child will say it is. a. true; uncertain c. false; uncertain b. uncertain; true d. true; false 4
8. The adolescent capacity for scientific reasoning a. results solely from an increase in working-memory capacity, regardless of schooling or other experiences b. develops as an abrupt change, similar to earlier Piagetian stages c. is a purely cognitive attainment that is unrelated to the individual s personality d. develops out of many specific experiences that require adolescents to match theories against evidence and evaluate their thinking 9. The imaginary audience characteristic of adolescent thinking is most likely responsible for adolescents a. increased argumentativeness with their parents b. greater willingness to engage in risky behavior c. ability to solve problems with many variables d. extreme sensitivity to public criticism 10. Which statement is/are true about part-time work during high school? a. A heavy work schedule is not harmful as long as it s limited to low-level, repetitive tasks. b. About 10 percent of U.S. high school students work part-time during the school year. c. The more hours students work, the more likely they are to drop out of school. d. All of the above. Chapter 12: Emotional and Social Development in Adolescence After reading this chapter, you should be able to: 12.1 Discuss Erikson s theory of identity development. (p. 402) 12.2 Describe changes in self-concept and self-esteem during adolescence. (pp. 402-403) 12.3 Describe the four identity statuses, the adjustment outcomes of each, and factors that influence identity development. (pp. 403-405) 12.4 Describe Kohlberg s theory of moral development, distinguishing between the preconventional, conventional, and postconventional levels of moral reasoning. (pp. 407-409) 12.5 Describe findings on whether there are gender differences in moral reasoning. (pp.409-410) 12.6 Describe influences on moral reasoning and its relationship to moral behavior. (pp. 410-414) 12.7 Explain why early adolescence is a period of gender intensification, and cite factors that promote the development of an androgynous gender identity. (p. 414-415) 12.8 Describe adolescent striving for autonomy, changes in parent-child relationships, and discuss familial influences on adolescent development. (pp. 415-416) 12.9 Describe the characteristics of adolescent friendships and peer groups, and discuss the contributions of each to emotional and social development. (pp. 417-420) 12.10 Describe adolescent dating relationships. (pp. 420-421) 5
12.11 Discuss adolescent depression and suicide, along with approaches for prevention and treatment. (pp. 421-423) 12.12 Discuss factors related to delinquency, and describe strategies for prevention and treatment. (pp. 423-426) Chapter 12 Practice Test 1. Erikson called the psychological conflict of adolescence a. identity versus role confusion c. identity versus desires b. self-esteem versus identity d. desires versus reality 2. During adolescence, self-esteem tends to a. rise and become more differentiated c. focus only on self-worth b. drop to its lowest point in life d. remain stable 3. Which type of identity status is associated with a dogmatic, inflexible cognitive style? a. identity achievement c. identity diffusion b. identity foreclosure d. moratorium 4. In response to the Heinz dilemma, Juanita explains, He shouldn t steal it, because if he does he could go to jail. She is at which of Kohlberg s levels of moral development? a. post-conventional c. unconventional b. pre-conventional d. conventional 5. Recent research that measures the moral development of males and females with both hypothetical and real-life moral dilemmas finds that a. females fall behind males only on hypothetical dilemmas b. females fall behind males on both measures c. males fall behind females in development d. both sexes emphasize justice and caring 6. In striving for, teenagers are seeking to establish themselves as separate, self-governing individuals. a. identity foreclosure c. formal operations b. identity diffusion d. autonomy 7. When asked about the meaning of friendship, teenagers stress which of the following characteristics? a. common interests and activities c. kindness and happiness b. attractiveness and popularity d. intimacy and loyalty 6
8. Amanda and her girlfriends are becoming interested in dating. Which of the following is most likely? a. They will become members of a mixed-sex clique before they begin solo dating. b. They will experience intense peer pressure to engage in early sexual activity. c. By age 14, most of them will become involved with a steady boyfriend. d. They have not yet achieved intimacy with same-sex friends. 9. The rate of adolescent suicide is a. about the same now as it was 50 years ago b. about the same for boys and for girls c. much higher for boys than for girls d. much higher for girls than for boys 10. Both police arrests and self-reports show that delinquency a. rises over early and middle adolescence and then declines. b. rises in late adolescence and emerging adulthood. c. is equally common among boys and girls. d. is often exaggerated and overreported. Answers to Practice Tests Ch. 10: 1. d 2. c 3. b 4. d 5. d 6. a 7. c 8. c 9. d 10. a Ch. 11: 1. d 2. a 3. d 4. c 5. d 6. a 7. b 8. d 9. d 10. c Ch. 12: 1. a 2. a 3. b 4. b 5. d 6. d 7. d 8. a 9. c 10. a 7