Chapter 13: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood

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1 Chapter 13: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood 13.1 Define senescence and describe current theories of biological aging, including those at the level of DNA and body cells, and those at the level of organs and tissues. (pp ) 13.2 Describe the physical changes of aging, paying special attention to the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, the immune system, and reproductive capacity. (pp ) 13.3 Describe the impact of SES, nutrition, obesity, and exercise on health in adulthood. (pp ) 13.4 Name the two most common substance abuse disorders in early adulthood, and discuss the health risks of each. (pp ) 13.5 Summarize young adults sexual attitudes and behaviors. (pp ) 13.6 Discuss prevalence rates and risk factors associated with sexually transmitted disease in early adulthood. (p. 447) 13.7 Describe research findings on sexually coercive behavior. (pp ) 13.8 Describe the symptoms, prevalence, and possible causes of premenstrual syndrome. (p. 449) 13.9 Explain how psychological stress affects health. (pp ) Summarize prominent theories on the postformal restructuring of thought in adulthood, including those of Perry and Labouvie-Vief. (pp ) Discuss the development of expertise and creativity in adulthood. (pp ) Describe the impact of a college education, and discuss factors associated with dropping out. (pp ) Trace the development of vocational choice, and review factors that influence it. (pp ) Discuss the vocational preparation and employment opportunities of non-college-bound youth in the United States and Canada. (pp ) Note: Answers to practice tests are at the end of this document. Chapter 13 Practice Test 1. Which of the statements regarding longevity and heredity is true? a. Kinship studies do not support the notion that longevity is genetically influenced. b. Longevity is enhanced by the inheritance of free radicals. c. The heritability of longevity is approximately.95, indicating that longevity is primarily determined by our genetic make up. d. Rather than inheriting longevity directly, people inherit risk factors that influence their chances of dying earlier or later. 1

2 2. When an adult suffers from atherosclerosis deposits of fatty plaque on the walls of the arteries it typically a. develops very rapidly in extreme old age, leading to sudden heart failure b. begins early in life and gradually progresses to become a serious illness c. develops very slightly before age 60, but can become serious after that d. begins after age 40 in individuals who showed no signs of it earlier 3. is the single most important preventable cause of death in industrialized nations. a. Lack of exercise c. Cigarette smoking b. Alcohol consumption d. A high-fat diet 4. Research has found that satisfaction with one s sex life is most strongly associated with a. being in an emotionally fulfilling relationship b. a history of experience with many partners c. novelty and spontaneity d. technique 5. Which of the following is true regarding sexual coercion? a. It occurs in all SES and ethnic groups. b. Most perpetrators are known well by their victims. c. Most victims are under age 30. d. all of the above 6. Worldwide studies of the occurrence of premenstrual syndrome find that a. it is much more common in the United States than in other countries b. it is more common in underdeveloped, non-industrial countries c. it is more common in Western, industrialized countries d. it is equally common all over the world 7. Tyson has listened to his uncle complain about problems caused by immigration. On the other hand, he s heard his boss talking about how our country is dependent upon immigrant labor, and how citizens should work to end the unfair treatment these workers receive. Instead of choosing between these opposing views, Tyson has formulated his own perspective that synthesizes elements of both. Tyson s thinking best illustrates which of William Perry s stages of epistemic cognition? a. relativistic thinking c. commitment within relativistic thinking b. dualistic thinking d. metacognitive dualism 8. A unique cognitive capacity that is required for mature creativity is the ability to a. formulate new, significant, and meaningful problems b. put ideas together at random to see what comes out c. ignore the practical issues involved in a solution d. apply standard solutions in unusual ways 2

3 9. In addition to gaining academic knowledge from their courses, college students also experience psychological changes, including a. greater self-understanding, enhanced self-esteem, and a firmer sense of identity b. identifying strengths and weaknesses of opposing sides of complex issues c. broader interests and greater awareness of their own thinking processes d. all of the above 10. The tentative period of occupational choice, during early and middle adolescence, begins with a focus on and shifts to include a focus on. a. parental values; personal values c. social value; income level b. interests; abilities and values d. fantasy; crystallization Chapter 14: Emotional and Social Development in Early Adulthood After reading this chapter, you should be able to: 14.1 Define emerging adulthood, and explain how cultural change has led to its development. (pp ) Describe Erikson s stage of intimacy versus isolation. (pp ) 14.3 Summarize Levinson s and Vaillant s psychosocial theories of adult personality development, including how they apply to both men and women s lives and their limitations. (pp ) 14.4 Describe the social clock and how it relates to adjustment in adulthood. (p. 471) 14.5 Discuss factors that affect mate selection and explain the role of romantic love in the young adult s quest for intimacy. (pp. 472, 474) 14.6 Describe findings on the relationship between childhood attachment patterns and adult romantic relationships. (p.473) 14.7 Explain how culture influences the experience of love. (p. 475) 14.8 Cite characteristics of adult friendships, including differences between same-sex, other-sex, and sibling friendships. (pp ) 14.9 Cite factors that influence loneliness, and explain its role in early adult development. (pp ) Trace phases of the family life cycle that are prominent in early adulthood, noting factors that influence these phases. (pp ) Discuss the diversity of adult lifestyles, focusing on singlehood, cohabitation, and childlessness. (pp ) Discuss trends in divorce and remarriage along with factors that contribute to them. (pp ) 3

4 14.13 Summarize the challenges associated with variant styles of parenthood, including stepparents, never-married single parents, and gay and lesbian parents. (pp ) Describe patterns of career development, and cite difficulties faced by women, ethnic minorities, and couples seeking to combine work and family. (pp ) Chapter 14 Practice Test 1. According to Erikson s theory, part of the intimacy versus isolation conflict is that a. the increase in casual sex among young adults has virtually redefined modern culture s concept of intimacy b. most people assume that isolation is a negative thing, when in fact it is the desired option in most cases c. intimacy requires individuals to give up some independence and redefine their identity in terms of two people d. All of the above 2. The major difference between Levinson s and Vaillant s theories of adult development is that Vaillant s theory a. is more relevant to development in other countries b. was based primarily on research with women c. denies a strict age-related schedule of change d. focuses more on the transitions than the eras 3. Ariana developed secure attachments to her parents when she was small. Chances are high that her love relationships will be characterized in terms of a. dependency, insecurity, and sacrifice b. jealousy, possessiveness, and fear c. trust, friendship, and happiness d. desperation, anxiety, and fear 4. Friendship continuity is greater for a. women, especially those who maintain many opposite-sex friendships b. men, especially those who maintain more opposite-sex friendships c. women, who also tend to see their friends more often d. men, because of their greater competitiveness 5. Loneliness peaks during the a. seventies, because most women outlive their spouses b. late teens and early twenties, partly because most people must develop new relationships as they move through school and work settings c. late forties and early fifties, as children leave home and parents have to deal with the empty nest d. seventies, because older adults must face the deaths of friends and family members 4

5 6. Shanda is a well-educated woman who is engaged and working as a pharmacist. She probably expects to form a(n) marriage. a. matriarchal c. egalitarian b. feministic d. traditional 7. As a mode of entry into committed partnership, cohabitation is chosen by more than percent of American couples in their twenties. a. 25 c. 50 b. 35 d A rising trend in divorce is marital breakups initiated by a. well-educated, economically independent women b. men in traditional marriages c. highly religious individuals d. homosexual partners 9. Because there is no warm attachment bond to build on, a. new stepparents often shift their attentions to the new spouse and ignore the stepchild b. a new stepparent often has difficulty using discipline effectively with a stepchild c. couples in remarriages have a more difficult time developing intimacy d. stepparents often try to spoil a stepchild in an attempt to win affection 10. According to Berk, American and Canadian women earn less than men primarily because a. women are not as interested as men in making lots of money b. of laws that allow differential pay for men and women c. of gender disparities in career development d. of gender bias in hiring and promotion Ch. 13: 1. d 2. b 3. c 4. a 5. d 6. d 7. c 8. a 9. d 10. b Ch. 14: 1. c 2. c 3. c 4. c 5. b 6. c 7. c 8. a 9. b 10. c 5